2.2 Constitution Act, 1867, Sections 96–101

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Table of Contents vii
3. Preface to the New Edition xv
4. 1 The Rule of Law in the Canadian Constitution
5. Introduction10 1
6. 1.1 Roncarelli v. Duplessis 10
7. 1.2 John Locke, “Of the Extent of the Legislative Power” 15
8. 1.3 Thomas Jefferson, “The Declaration of Independence” 18
9. 1.4 A.V. Dicey, “The Rule of Law” 18
10. 1.5 “Strong- and Weak-Form Judicial Review” 22
11. 1.6 “Principles to Ensure the Law is Not Abused in Canada” 23
12. 1.7 Thomas M.J. Bateman, “Liberal versus Post- Liberal Constitutionalism: Applying the Charter to Civil Society” 32
13. 1.8 Key Terms 51
14. 2 The Canadian Judicial System
15. Introduction 53
16. 2.1 “The Role and Functions of Final Appellate Courts: The Supreme Court of Canada” 62
17. 2.2 Constitution Act, 1867, Sections 96–101 72
18. 2.3 The Canadian Judicial System 73
19. 2.4 The Criminal and Civil Court Processes 75
20. 2.5 Key Terms 78
21. 3 Precedents, Legal Reasoning, and Judicial Decision-Making
22. Introduction 80
23. 3.1 “Two Models of Judicial Decision- Making” 98
24. 3.2 Harrison v. Carswell 105
25. 3.3 “Stare Decisis: The Use of Precedents” 108
26. 3.4 “Architect of the Common Law” 111
27. 3.5 “Fact Finding in Adjudication” 118
28. 3.6 “Judicial Review and Civil Liberties” 123
29. 3.7 “Checks and Balances in Constitutional Interpretation” 135
30. 3.8 “Originalism: It’s Not What You Think” 144
31. 3.9 “Decision-Making in the Supreme Court of Canada” 147
32. 3.10 “Studying Judicial Behaviour” 151
33. 3.11 Key Terms 159
34. 4 Judicial Recruitment and Selection
35. Introduction 161
36. 4.1 “The Politics of Reforming Judicial Appointments” 183
37. 4.2 “A Reflection of Canadian Society? An Analysis of Federal Appointments to Provincial Superior Courts by the Liberal Government of Justin Trudeau” 191
38. 4.3 Elevating Language Over All Other Forms of Diversity 200
39. 4.4 Bilingualism and Diversity: The Supreme Court Can— and Should—Have Both 203
40. 4.5 The Honourable Michelle O’Bonsawin’s Questionnaire 206
41. 4.6 Will Women Judges Really Make a Difference? 212
42. 4.7 Key Terms 218
43. 5 Judicial Independence, Ethics, and Discipline
44. 5.1 The Independence of the Judiciary 236
45. 5.2 The McClung Affair 242
46. 5.3 A Self-Harming of Judicial Independence: The Legacy of the Inquiry into Lori Douglas 248
47. 5.4 The Inquiry into Justice Robin Camp 252
48. 5.5 For Judge ‘Knees Together’ Camp: Education Is power 263
49. 5.6 Bad People Make Bad Judges 265
50. 5.7 The Resignation of Supreme Court Justice Russell Brown 268
51. 5.8 The Challenge of Judging Supreme Court of Canada Judges 273
52. 5.9 The Use of Former Supreme Court Justices by Governments: Assessing the Dangers 275
53. 5.10 By Staying on Hong Kong Court, Beverley McLachlin Follows the Wrong ‘Principle’ 283
54. 5.11 Key Terms 285
55. 6 Interest Groups and Access to Judicial Power
56. 6.1 The Canadian Reference Power 302
57. 6.2 Interventions and the Public Interest 309
58. 6.3 The Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund 316
59. 6.4 The Policy Consequences of LEAF’s Legal Mobilization 324
60. 6.5 Interventions at the Supreme Court of Canada 333
61. 6.6 Defending the Court Challenges Program 342
62. 6.7 The Court Challenges Program Rises Once Again 344
63. 6.8 The SNC Lavalin Controversy: The Shawcross Principle and Prosecutorial Independence 346
64. 6.9 Wokeness Captures Alberta’s Law Society 355
65. 6.10 Shameful Backlash to Lawyers’ Indigenous Culture Course Shows Why We Need It 358
66. 6.11 Key Terms 360
67. 7 Judicial Review and Federalism
68. 7.1 The “Living Tree” Approach to Interpreting the BNA Act 376
69. 7.2 The “Watertight Compartments” Approach to Interpreting the BNA Act 377
70. 7.3 The Anti-Inflation Case: The Anatomy of a Constitutional Decision 377
71. 7.4 Re Constitution of Canada, 1981: The Patriation Reference 390
72. 7.5 The Exemplar of the Secession Reference 399
73. 7.6 Criminal Law, Federalism, and Assisted Reproduction 406
74. 7.7 What the Supreme Court’s Carbon Tax Ruling Means 413
75. 7.8 R. v. Comeau: The Scope of Trade Between Provinces and s. 121 418
76. 7.9 Key Terms 421
77. 8 Indigenous Law and the Judicial Process
78. 8.1 Political Failure, Judicial Opportunity: The Supreme Court of Canada and Aboriginal and Treaty Rights 435
79. 8.2 The Durability of Terra Nullius: Tsilhqot’in v. British Columbia 442
80. 8.3 Is the Sky the Limit? Aboriginal Legal Rights in Resource Development 450
81. 8.4 The Duty to Consult and Reconciliation: The Supreme Court’s Idea of the Purpose and Practice of Consulting Indigenous Peoples 461
82. 8.5 Her Majesty’s Justice Be Done: Métis Legal Mobilization and the Pitfalls to Indigenous Political Movement Building 467
83. 8.6 Charting Unknown Waters: Indigenous Rights and the Charter at Forty 474
84. 8.7 Key Terms 483
85. 9 Courts, Partisanship, and Politics
86. 9.1 Packing the Supreme Court 496
87. 9.2 Much Ado About Little 498
88. 9.3 Marc Nadon and the New Politics of Judicial Appointment 500
89. 9.4 Stephen Harper v. Beverley McLachlin 508
90. 9.5 Is the Liberal Party the Charter Party? 512
91. 9.6 Canada’s Supreme Court Is Off-Balance as ‘Large and Liberal’ Consensus on the Charter Falls Apart 517
92. 9.7 Why ‘Liberal’ and ‘Conservative’ Are Unhelpful Terms in Canadian Courts 526
93. 9.8 Key Terms 530
94. 10 Reconciling Judicial Review and Constitutional Democracy
95. 10.1 Courts, Legislatures, and the Protection of Human Rights 540
96. 10.2 What’s Wrong with the Charter Revolution and the Court Party? 543
97. 10.3 The Charter Revolution and the Clash of Constitutionalisms 547
98. 10.4 Robust Public Debate Needed on Use of Notwithstanding Clause 551
99. 10.5 Notwithstanding Judicial Benediction: Why We Need to Dispel the Myths around Section 33 of the Charter 554
100. 10.6 Dialogue or Monologue? Hogg and Thornton versus Morton 561
101. 10.7 Checking the Court: Justifying Parliament’s Role in Constitutional Interpretation 572
102. 10.8 40 Years On, Canada’s Charter of Rights Is a Beacon to the World 579
103. 10.9 After 40 years, the Charter Is Still One of the Worst Bargains in Canadian History 581
104. 10.10 The Charter and Canada’s New Political Culture: Are We All Ambassadors Now? 584
105. 10.11 Key Terms 599
106. Appendices
107. A Constitution Act, 1867, ss. 91–95, 133 601
108. B Canadian Bill of Rights, 1960 608
109. C Constitution Act, 1982 611
110. D Online Resources 624
111. Index 626