11. The System of Temporary Clearings, and the Deterioration of the Agricultural Landscape under the Late Empire

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS vii
3. LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES xiii
4. FOREWORD TO THE SERIES BY CHARLES S. MAIER xix
5. INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION xxvii
6. PREFACE 1
7. I. NATURAL LANDSCAPE AND AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE 15
8. II. ANCIENT ITALY
9. 1. The Agricultural System of Tallow and the Landscape of Greek Colonization 19
10. 2. Greek Colonization and the Agricultural Landscape of the Mediterranean Garden in Sicily 22
11. 3. The Etruscan Urban Expansion, the Gallic Invasion, and the Landscape of the Piantata in Central and Northern Italy 24
12. 4. The Landscape Plan of the Roman Conquest 27
13. 5. Roads and Aqueducts in the Roman Agricultural Landscape 29
14. 6. The Roman Torm of the Italian Agricultural Landscape 32
15. 7. The Lands of Common Pasturage, and the Agricultural Landscape of Pasturage in Ancient Rome 35
16. 8. The Rustic Villa and the Landscape of the Plantation 38
17. 9. The "Bel Paesaggio" of the Villa Urbana 40
18. 10. The Sylvan-Pastoral Landscape of the Saltus 42
19. 11. The System of Temporary Clearings, and the Deterioration of the Agricultural Landscape under the Late Empire 44
20. 12. The Barbarian Invasions and the Ruins of the Italian Agricultural Landscape 47
21. III. THE EARLY M I D D L E AGES AND THE FEUDAL ERA
22. 13. The Disaggregation of the Agricultural Landscape and Pictorial Landscape in Byzantine Italy 51
23. 14. Castra, Curtes, Massae: Centers of Reorganization of the Agricultural Landscape in Lombard and Byzantine Italy 55
24. 15. The Landscape of the Wildwood, and Hunting in the Early Middle Ages 58
25. 16. The Cultivation of Lesser Cereals, and the Medieval Agricultural Landscape of Open Fields 60
26. 17. The Hilltop Town in the Pastoral-Agricultural Landscape of the Italian Middle Ages 62
27. 18. The Agricultural Landscape of Closed Fields of the Italian Medieval City 65
28. 19. The Medieval Agricultural Landscape of Closed Fields: The Low-Growing Vineyard 68
29. 20. The Medieval Agricultural Landscape of Closed Fields: Kitchen Gardens 70
30. 21. The Arab Invasions, and the Medieval Landscape of the "Mediterranean Garden" 72
31. 22. The Castle in the Agricultural Landscape of Feudal Italy 74
32. 23. The Revival of Plantations of Trees in the Agricultural Landscape of Feudal Italy 78
33. 24. The Age of Improvement and the Great Clearings and Reorganization of the Agricultural Landscape in the Eleventh through Thirteenth Centuries 80
34. 25. The Landscape of Large-Scale Pasturage in the Feudal Era 84
35. IV. THE AGE OF THE COMMUNES
36. 26. Feudal Strongholds and Villas in the Landscape of the Early Communal Age 89
37. 27. Individual Clearings, Plantations, and Settlements in the Agricultural Landscape of the Early Communal Period 92
38. 28. Systematization in the Plain, and the Planting of Trees Festooned with Vines 95
39. 29. Individual Tillage, and Extensive Systematization on the Hillsides 98
40. 30. The Suburban Agricultural Landscape 101
41. 31. The Landscape of the Countryside 104
42. 32. The Pastoral Landscape of the Communal Period 107
43. 33. The Landscape of the Woods and Hunting 110
44. 34. The Revival of Cultivation of Grain, and the Landscape of Closed Fields in the Communal Period and the Renaissance 113
45. V. THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE
46. 35. The Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: Enclosures, Systematization a Rittochino on Hillsides, and the Landscape of Irregular fields a Pigola in the Early Renaissance 119
47. 36. The Landscape of Enclosed Fields in the Plain and Systematization in Porche 122
48. 37. Toward a Redressed Balance of Forage: The Landscape of Enclosed Pastures and Meadows 125
49. 38. Improvements and Irrigation in the Renaissance Agricultural Landscape 129
50. 39. The Irrigated Meadows of Lombardy and the Po Valley in the Age of the Renaissance 133
51. 40. The Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: The Piantata of the Po Valley 136
52. 41. The Agricultural "Bel Paesaggio" of the Italian Renaissance 140
53. 42. The "Bel Paesaggio" in Tuscany 143
54. 43. The "Bel Paesaggio* of the Veneto 145
55. 44. The "Bel Paessagio" of the Italian-Style Villa 147
56. 45. An Agricultural Panorama of the Renaissance: Pastoral Landscapes 150
57. 46. The Landscape of Clearings in Hills and Mountains 154
58. 47. The Deterioration of the Landscape of Hills and Mountains in the Renaissance Period 157
59. 48. Systematization in the Hills and Mountains during the Italian Renaissance 160
60. 49. The Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: Systematization in Irregular Banks (a Ciglioni,) on Hillsides in the Age of the Renaissance 163
61. 50. The Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: Systematization in the Mountains through Lunettes and Grading 165
62. 51. Systematization in the Hills in Terraces, and the "Works of Construction" of the Renaissance Period 169
63. 52. The Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: Road Building, and the Systematization of Hills Plowed ''Crosswise" fa Cavalcapoggioj and "Roundabout" (a Girapoggioj 171
64. 53. Plantations in the Hills in Central and Northern Italy, and the Landscape of Irregular Fields in the Late Renaissance 174
65. 54. The Mediterranean Landscape of Preserves, and the "Mediterranean Garden" 177
66. 55. The Era of the Great Geographical Discoveries: The Spread of Indian Corn, and the Landscape of Agricultural Systems with Continuous Rotation 180
67. VI. THE AGE OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION AND FOREIGN DOMINATION
68. 56. Marshlands and Improvement between the Renaissance and Counter-Reformation: The Landscape of Marshes, Wetlands, and Rice Fields 185
69. 57. Agricultural Systems of Temporary Clearings, and the New Extension of Pastoral Landscapes between the Fifteenth and Eighteenth Centuries 189
70. 58. The New Feudalism and the Landscape of the Italian Villa of the Renaissance and Counter-Reformation 194
71. 59. Classic and Romantic Landscape in Italian Reality and Art of the Seventeenth Century 199
72. 60. Open Fields, Farms, and Preserves in the Italian Agricultural Landscape of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 202
73. 61. The Landscape of Industrial Crops and Agricultural Systems of Continuous Rotation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 206
74. 62. Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: The Southern Landscape of the "Mediterranean Garden" 210
75. 63. The Alberata of Tuscany, Umbria, and the Marche, and Systematization of Fields with Trees in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 213
76. 64. The Piantata of the Po Valley in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 216
77. 65. Ecclesiastical Mortmain, and the Disordered Italian Landscape of the Age of Enlightenment 221
78. VII. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM AND REFORMS
79. 66. The Landscape of the Eighteenth-Century Villa, and the Italian Mode of Development of Capitalism in the Countryside 227
80. 67. The Landscape of Farms in the Po Valley, and the Crisis of Sharecropping in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 232
81. 68. The Age of Reforms in Italy, and the Agricultural Landscape of Closed Fields in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 236
82. 69. Capitalism in the Countryside: Deforestation, Clearings, and Erosion of the Mountainous Landscape in the Age of Reforms 241
83. 70. The Landscape of Landfills: Colmate di Piano in Tuscany during the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 246
84. 71. The Origins of the Contemporary Landscape: Systematization in the Hills in Banks and Terraces 251
85. 72. Hillsides Plowed a Tagliapoggio in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century 256
86. VIII. THE AGE OF THE RISORGIMENTO
87. 73. The Po Valley Landscape of Irrigated Meadows, and Cultivation with Continuous Rotation in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 261
88. 74. The Landscape of the Po Valley: From the Sharecropping Farm to the Great Capitalistic Rented Holding 267
89. 75. Landfills in the Hills, and Arrangements a Prode and a Spina in Tuscany in the Age of the Risorgimento 273
90. 76. The Overthrow of Feudalism in the South, and the Agricultural Landscape of Open Fields in the Age of the Risorgimento 280
91. IX. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
92. 77. The Railroads in the Italian Agricultural Landscape in the Age of the Risorgimento and Italian Unification 291
93. 78. The Piantata in the Dryer Zones of the Po Valley in the Age of the Risorgimento and Italian Unification 295
94. 79. The Agricultural Landscape of the Irrigated Zones of the Po Valley, and Rice Fields 304
95. 80. The Alberata of Tuscany, Umbria, and the Marche in the Risorgimento and Italian Unification 314
96. 81. The Landscapes of the South in the Risorgimento and Italian Unification 321
97. 82. The Landscape o/Campi a Pigola: Irregular Fields in United Italy 331
98. 83. Improvements in the Po Valley, and the Agricultural Landscape of the Larga in United Italy 336
99. X. AN AGRICULTURAL PANORAMA OF CONTEMPORARY ITALY
100. 84. The Agricultural Landscapes of Contemporary Italy 349
101. GLOSSARY 381
102. INDEX 385