Chapter 8. Rewards 2: The Biology of Nectar

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents v
3. Preface vii
4. Acknowledgments ix
5. Part I. Essentials of Flower Design and Function
6. Chapter 1. Why Pollination is Interesting 3
7. Chapter 2 Floral Design and Function 11
8. Chapter 3. Pollination, Mating, and Reproduction in Plants 55
9. Part II. Floral Advertisements and Floral Rewards
10. Chapter 5. Advertisements 1: Visual Signals and Floral Color 105
11. Chapter 6. Advertisements 2: Olfactory Signals 134
12. Chapter 7. Rewards 1: The Biology of Pollen 154
13. Chapter 8. Rewards 2: The Biology of Nectar 190
14. Chapter 9. Other Floral Rewards 221
15. Chapter 10. Rewards and Costs: The Environmental Economics of Pollination 234
16. Part III. Pollination Syndromes?
17. Chapter 11. Types of Flower Visitors: Syndromes, Constancy, and Effectiveness 261
18. Chapter 12. Generalist Flowers and Generalist Visitors 288
19. Chapter 13. Pollination by Flies 304
20. Chapter 14. Pollination by Butterflies and Moths 322
21. Chapter 15. Pollination by Birds 337
22. Chapter 16. Pollination by Bats 356
23. Chapter 17. Pollination by Nonflying Vertebrates and Other Oddities 370
24. Chapter 18. Pollination by Bees 378
25. Chapter 19. Wind and Water: Abiotic Pollination 418
26. Chapter 20. Syndromes and Webs: Specialists and Generalists 434
27. Part IV. Floral Ecology
28. Chapter 21. The Timing and Patterning of Flowering 483
29. Chapter 22. Living with Other Flowers: Competition and Pollination Ecology 503
30. Chapter 23. Cheating by Flowers: Cheating the Visitors and Cheating Other Flowers 524
31. Chapter 24. Flower Visitors as Cheats and the Plants’ Responses 542
32. Chapter 25. The Interactions of Pollination and Herbivory 554
33. Chapter 26. Pollination Using Florivores: From Brood Site Mutualism to Active Pollination 565
34. Chapter 27. Pollination in Different Habitats 575
35. Chapter 28. The Pollination of Crops 605
36. Chapter 29. The Global Pollination Crisis 620
37. Appendix 639
38. Glossary 643
39. References 663
40. Subject Index 751
41. Index of Animal Genera 768
42. Index of Plant Genera 771