Containing advice on curing rattlesnake bites with amethysts and making saltpeter for gunpowder from concentrated human urine, The Indian Militia is a manual in four parts, the first of which outlines the ideal qualities of the militia commander. Addressing the organization and outfitting of conquest expeditions, Book Two includes extended discussions of arms and medicine. Book Three covers the proper behavior of soldiers, providing advice on marching through peaceful and bellicose territories, crossing rivers, bivouacking in foul weather, and carrying out night raids and ambushes. Book Four deals with peacemaking, town-founding, and the proper treatment of conquered peoples. Appended to these four sections is a brief geographical description of all of Spanish America, with special emphasis on the indigenous peoples of New Granada (roughly modern-day Colombia), followed by a short guide to the southern coasts and heavens. This first English-language edition of The Indian Militia includes an extensive introduction, a posthumous report on Vargas Machuca’s military service, and a selection from his unpublished attack on the writings of Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas.

Bernardo de Vargas Machuca (c. 1550–1622) was a soldier from Simancas, Spain, who served in Italty and in numerous South American pacification campaigns. Kris Lane is Associate Professor of History at the College of William & Mary. He is the author of Quito, 1599: City and Colony in Transition and Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750. Timothy F. Johnson is a teaching assistant in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of California, Davis.

Bernardo de Vargas Machuca (c. 1550–1622) was a soldier from Simancas, Spain, who served in Italty and in numerous South American pacification campaigns. Kris Lane is Associate Professor of History at the College of William & Mary. He is the author of Quito, 1599: City and Colony in Transition and Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750. Timothy F. Johnson is a teaching assistant in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of California, Davis.