The World at First Light

A magisterial history of the Renaissance and the birth of the modern world

The cultural epoch we know as the Renaissance emerged at a certain time and in a certain place. Why then and not earlier? Why there and not elsewhere? In The World at First Light, historian Bernd Roeck explores the cultural and historical preconditions that enabled the European Renaissance. Roeck shows that the rediscovery of ancient knowledge, including the science of the medieval Arab world, played a critical role in shaping the beginnings of Western modernity. He explains that the Renaissance emerged in a part of Europe where competing states and cities formed relatively open societies. Most of the era’s creative minds—from Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to Copernicus and Galileo—came from the middle classes. The art of arguing flowered, the basso continuo to intellectual and cultural breakthroughs.

Roeck argues that two revolutions shaped the Renaissance: a media revolution, triggered by Gutenberg’s invention of movable type—which itself was a driving force behind the scientific revolution—and the advent of modern science. He also reports on the dark side of the era—hatred of Jews, witch panic, religious wars, and the atrocities of colonialism. In a series of meditative counterfactuals, Roeck considers other cultural rebirths throughout the first millennium, from the Islamic empire to the Carolingians, examining why the epic developments of the Renaissance took place in the West and not elsewhere. The complicated legacy of the Renaissance, he shows, encompasses the art of critical thinking as learned from the ancients, the emergence of the modern state, and the genesis of democracy.

“The World at First Light is a work of enormous erudition and the fascinating product of a lifetime of scholarship. Everyone interested in the idiosyncratic history of Europe and the origins of the modern world should read it. Not because it would be beyond criticism—which major history book is?—but because one can learn so much from studying it and from engaging with its many challenging claims.”—Peer Vries, author of State, Economy and the Great Divergence: Great Britain and China, 1680s–1850s

“Combining a broad overview with vivid vignettes, Bernd Roeck’s emphasis on the modernity of the Renaissance gives him a good claim to be regarded as the Burckhardt of the early twenty-first century.”—Peter Burke, Emmanuel College Cambridge

"Bernd Roeck masterfully reimagines the epoch of the Renaissance, revealing a vibrant tapestry of global connections, intellectual revolutions, and cultural dialogues. A compelling book for anyone seeking to understand the enduring legacy of one of European history's most pivotal periods.” —Anja-Silvia Goeing, Harvard University

“This superbly researched and brilliantly written new history helps us to understand how ‘the grand dialogue’ with antiquity and Islamic cultures changed the world and contributed to shape the Western modernity. This magisterial book will undoubtedly leave its mark on Renaissance historiography.”—Véronique Ferrer, Université Paris Nanterre et Institut Universitaire de France