FREE-FALL SNOW CRYSTALS

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS v
3. PREFACE vii
4. ONE. Snow Crystal Science
5. COMPLEX SYMMETRY 2
6. A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNOW CRYSTAL SCIENCE 6
7. TWENTY-FIRST- CENTURY SNOWFLAKES 17
8. NO TWO ALIKE? 24
9. TWO. Ice Crystal Structure
10. ICE CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 31
11. SURFACE PREMELTING 36
12. ICE ENERGETICS 37
13. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS 44
14. SURFACE ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS 45
15. SNOW CRYSTAL TWINNING 48
16. THREE. Diffusion-Limited Growth
17. FACETING AND BRANCHING 60
18. FREE DENDRITES 64
19. DIFFUSION IN SNOW CRYSTAL GROWTH 71
20. THE SPHERICAL SOLUTION 74
21. ADDITIONAL ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS 79
22. SOLVABILITY THEORY 80
23. SNOW CRYSTAL AERODYNAMICS 85
24. ORDER AND CHAOS 88
25. FOUR. Attachment Kinetics
26. ICE KINETICS 112
27. LARGE-FACET ATTACHMENT KINETICS 116
28. STRUCTURE-DEPENDENT ATTACHMENT KINETICS 123
29. EXPLAINING THE NAKAYA DIAGRAM 132
30. THE MORPHOLOGICAL NEXUS AT −5°C 135
31. SNOW CRYSTAL CARTOGRAPHY 141
32. DISLOCATION-MEDIATED GROWTH 141
33. CHEMICAL VAPOR EFFECTS 143
34. FIVE. Computational Snow Crystals
35. A PROGRESSION OF SNOW CRYSTAL MODELS 148
36. SPHERICAL CELLULAR AUTOMATA 159
37. CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC CELLULAR AUTOMATA 163
38. THREE-DIMENSIONAL CELLULAR AUTOMATA 176
39. SIX. Laboratory Snow Crystals
40. FREE-FALL SNOW CRYSTALS 185
41. SUBSTRATE SUPPORT 191
42. LEVITATION 196
43. CONTINUOUS DIFFUSION CHAMBERS 198
44. SNOW CRYSTAL IMAGING 201
45. SEVEN. Simple Ice Prisms
46. PRECISION ICE GROWTH MEASUREMENTS 209
47. A TALE OF TWO EXPERIMENTS 214
48. SIMPLE-PRISM CONVERGENCE 231
49. EIGHT. Electric Ice Needles
50. SNOWFLAKE ON A STICK 235
51. E-NEEDLE FORMATION 240
52. AN E-NEEDLE DUAL DIFFUSION CHAMBER 248
53. THE NAKAYA DIAGRAM ON E-NEEDLES 254
54. SIMPLEST E-NEEDLE GROWTH 262
55. AN ANALYSIS EXAMPLE: E-NEEDLES AT −15°C 264
56. E-NEEDLE VIGNETTES 267
57. NINE. Designer Snow Crystals
58. THE PLATE-ON- PEDESTAL METHOD 278
59. ILLUMINATION AND POSTPROCESSING 285
60. POP GROWTH BEHAVIORS 291
61. IDENTICAL-TWIN SNOW CRYSTALS 302
62. POP ART 306
63. TEN. Natural Snowflakes
64. SNOWFLAKE WATCHING 330
65. ELEVEN. Snowflake Photography
66. FINDING SNOWFLAKES 389
67. OPTICS AND LENSES 397
68. ILLUMINATION MATTERS 405
69. APPENDIX. List of Variables and Physical Constants 423
70. BIBLIOGRAPHY 427
71. INDEX 437