Democracy Evolves: From Sweden to Switzerland

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS vii
3. Introduction xi
4. 1. The Twentieth Century’s Seminal Catastrophe: The First World War
5. Battles and War Crimes: Military Action: 1914–16 1
6. War Aims, Ideological Warfare, Opposition to the War 7
7. A Year to Remember: The Russian Revolution; the United States Enters the War 19
8. Freedom for Civilized Nations: Woodrow Wilson’s New World Order 52
9. Two Countries Lie in Ruins; One is Reborn: Germany, Austria–Hungary and Poland at the End of the First World War 60
10. Trust Gambled Away and Violence Unleashed: The Legacy of the First World War 86
11. 2. From the Armistice to the World Economic Crisis: 1918–33
12. The Pace of Revolution Slows: Germany on the Way to the Weimar Republic 92
13. A Blighted New Beginning: Austria and Hungary in 1918/19 105
14. The Struggle for Independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland 110
15. The East Remains Red: The Russian Civil War and the Foundation of the Third International 112
16. The Victors Move to the Right: The Western Powers on the Eve of the Paris Peace Talks 118
17. A Fragile Peace: From Versailles to the League of Nations 122
18. Protest, Prohibition, Prosperity: The United States in the 1920s 151
19. The International Revolution is Delayed: The Rise of the Soviet Union and the Divisions within Left- wing Parties in Europe 160
20. Three Elections and a Secession: Post- war Britain 180
21. Confrontations and Compromises: France 1919–22 188
22. A Democracy Self- destructs: Italy’s Road to Fascism 193
23. A Republic Put to the Test: Germany 1919–22 201
24. A Year of Decisions: 1923. From the Occupation of the Ruhr to the Dawes Plan 223
25. Right Against Left: Culture and Society in the Weimar Republic 237
26. Authoritarian Transformation (I): The New States of Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Baltic Region 245
27. Authoritarian Transformation (II): From the Balkans to the Iberian Peninsula 277
28. Democracy Evolves: From Sweden to Switzerland 301
29. Fascism in Power: Italy under Mussolini 320
30. From Poincaré to Poincaré: France between 1923 and 1929 338
31. From Empire to Commonwealth: Britain under Baldwin 351
32. From Dawes to Young: Germany under Stresemann 360
33. Socialism in One Country: The Soviet Union under Stalin 1924–33 383
34. Boom, Crisis and Depression: The United States 1928–33 400
35. The Logic of the Lesser Evil: Germany under Brüning 412
36. Stagnation and Criticism of the System: France’s Third Republic 1929–33 433
37. The Power of Continuity: Britain in the Early 1930s 442
38. Weimar’s Downfall: Hitler’s Road to Power 452
39. Storm Clouds in the Far East: Japan Invades Manchuria 477
40. 3. Democracies and Dictatorships: 1933–9
41. A New Deal for America: Roosevelt’s Presidency 1933–6 484
42. The Process of Seizing Power: The Establishment of the National Socialist Dictatorship 1933–4 502
43. Rome’s Second Empire: Fascist Italy and the War in Abyssinia 531
44. The Great Terror: Stalin Builds Up his Dominion over the Soviet Union 540
45. Setting the Course for War: National Socialist Germany 1934–8 553
46. Early Signs of Appeasement: Britain 1933–8 571
47. Mobilization of the Right, Popular Front on the Left: France 1933–8 581
48. Battlefield of Extremes: The Spanish Civil War 1936–9 602
49. A Model for Germany: The Anti- Semitic Policies of Fascist Italy 621
50. Neighbours at Risk: Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Third Reich 1935–8 624
51. Roosevelt’s Realpolitik: The United States from 1936 to 1938 632
52. Reaching Out Across Borders: From the Austrian Anschluss to the Munich Agreement 639
53. The ninth of November 1938: The History and Consequences of the Jewish Pogroms in Germany 651
54. An Alliance of Opposites: The Second World War is Unleashed 655
55. 4. Fault Lines in Western Civilization: The Second World War and the Holocaust
56. War as Annihilation: The Fifth Partition of Poland 673
57. From ‘Drôle de guerre’ to the Battle for Norway 679
58. France’s Collapse: The Campaign in the West 685
59. Tokyo, Washington, Berlin: A Change in International Politics 1940–41 696
60. From ‘Barbarossa’ to Pearl Harbor: The Globalization of the War 711
61. Genesis of Genocide: The ‘Final Solution’ (I) 723
62. A Change of Direction: The Axis Powers go on the Defensive 736
63. Home Fronts: Nations at War 742
64. Occupation, Collaboration, Resistance (I): Eastern Central Europe, South- east and North- west Europe 755
65. Occupation, Collaboration, Resistance (II): France 772
66. ‘To cause this nation to vanish from the face of the earth’: The ‘Final Solution’ (II) 783
67. Collapse of a Dictatorship: Italy 1943–4 797
68. The Allies Advance: Eastern Asia and Europe 1943–4 806
69. The twentieth of July 1944: German Resistance to Hitler 815
70. The Partition of Europe (I): The Allies’ Post- war Plans 822
71. Completion of a Mission: The ‘Final Solution’ (III) 832
72. The End of the War (I): The Fall of the Third Reich 837
73. The Partition of Europe (II): Radical Changes and Deportations 847
74. New Beginnings and Traditions: Germany after Capitulation 856
75. Potsdam: The Decision of the Three Great Powers 861
76. The End of the War (II): The Atom Bomb and Japan’s Capitulation 870
77. Guilt and Atonement: The Caesura of 1945 (I) 878
78. West, East, Third World: The Caesura of 1945 (II) 894
79. From World War to World War: Retrospective of an Exceptional Period 903
80. List of abbreviations 917
81. Notes 922
82. Index 938