Effects of Contrastive Emphasis on Jaw Opening
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of contrastive emphasis on the amount of vertical jaw displacement, as measured from X-ray microbeam data, for 3 American English speakers. Jaw opening in short utterances with one word emphasized (in initial, middle, and final positions) was compared with that of similar utterances with no words emphasized. The results suggest that emphasis involves not only a significant increase in jaw opening on the word emphasized but also possibly a reduction of jaw opening on the word following emphasis. Emphasis in addition may affect the amount of jaw opening of the utterance as a whole, in terms of a decrement in jaw opening on all the remaining words in the utterance following the emphasized word. The relationship between jaw opening and hierarchical levels of prosodic structure is tentatively discussed.
verified
References
1 Beckman, M.E.: The parsing of prosody. Lang. Cogn. Processes 11: 17–67 (1996).10.1080/016909696387213Search in Google Scholar
2 Beckman, M.E.; Edwards, J.: Intonational categories and the articulatory control of duration; in Tohkura, Vatikiotis-Bateson, Sagisaka, Speech perception, production and linguistic structure, pp. 359–375 (Ohmsha IOS Press, Osaka 1992].Search in Google Scholar
3 Beckman, M.E.; Edwards, J.; Fletcher, J.: Prosodic structure and tempo in a sonority model of articulatory dynamics; in Docherty, Ladd, Papers in laboratory phonology II: segment, gesture, prosody, pp. 68–86 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992).10.1017/CBO9780511519918.004Search in Google Scholar
4 Cutler, A.; Butterfield, S.: Rhythmic cues to speech segmentation: evidence from juncture misinterpretation. J. Memory Lang. 31: 218–236 (1992).10.1016/0749-596X(92)90012-MSearch in Google Scholar
5 Edwards, J.; Beckman, M.; Fletcher, J.: The articulatory kinematics of final lengthening. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 89: 369–382 (1991).10.1121/1.400674Search in Google Scholar
6 Erickson, D.; Fujimura, O.: On defining emphasis. 5th Conf. on Lab. Phonol., Northwestern University, Chicago 1996a.Search in Google Scholar
7 Erickson, D.; Fujimura, O.: Maximum jaw displacement in contrastive emphasis. Proc. ICSLP96, Philadelphia 1996b, vol. 1, pp. 141–144.Search in Google Scholar
8 Erickson, D.; Fujimura, O.; Pardo, B.: Articulatory correlates of prosodic control: emotion and emphasis. Lang. Speech (in press).Search in Google Scholar
9 Erickson, D.; Lehiste, I.: Contrastive emphasis in elicited dialogue: durational compensation. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., Stockholm, 1995, vol. 4, pp. 352–355.Search in Google Scholar
10 Erickson, D.; Lenzo, K.; Fujimura, O.: Manifestations of contrastive emphasis in jaw movement. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 95: 2822 (1994).10.1121/1.409686Search in Google Scholar
11 Fox, R.; Josephson, J.: An abductive articulatory recognition system. Lab. for Artifical Intelligence Res. Tech. Rep. (Ohio State University, Columbus 1992).Search in Google Scholar
12 Fox, R.; Josephson, J.; Erickson, D.: An abductive articulatory system: a preliminary study. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 90: 2311 (1991).10.1121/1.401069Search in Google Scholar
13 Fox, R.K.: Layered abduction for speech recognition from articulation; doct.diss. The Ohio State University (unpublished, 1992).Search in Google Scholar
14 Fujimura, O.: A linear model of speech timing; in Channon, Shockey, In honor of Ilse Lehiste, pp. 109–123 (Foris Publications, Providence 1987).10.1515/9783110886078.109Search in Google Scholar
15 Fujimura, O.: Phonology and phonetics: a syllable-based model of articulatory organization. J. acoust. Soc. Japan (E) 13: 39–48 (1992).10.1250/ast.13.39Search in Google Scholar
16 Fujimura, O.: C/D model: a computational model of phonetic implementation; in Ristad, Language computations, pp. 1–20 (American Mathematical Society Providence 1994).10.1090/dimacs/017/01Search in Google Scholar
17 Fujimura, O.: The syllable: its internal structure and role in prosodic organization; in Palek, Proceedings of LP’94: Item Order in (Natural) Languages, pp. 53–93 (Charles University Press, Prague 1995).Search in Google Scholar
18 Fujimura, O.; Erickson, D.: Prosodic organization of speech signals: recent development in the C/D model. Sigphon, Santa Cruz 1996.Search in Google Scholar
19 Fujimura, O.; Erickson, D.: Acoustic phonetics; in Hardcastle, Laver, The handbook of phonetic sciences, pp. 65–115 (Blackwell, Oxford 1997).Search in Google Scholar
20 Fujimura, O.; Ishida, H.; Kiritani, S.: Computer-controlled radiography for observation of movements of articulatory and other human organs. Comp. Biol. Med. 3: 371–384 (1973).10.1016/0010-4825(73)90003-6Search in Google Scholar
21 Harrington, J.; Fletcher, J.; Beckman, M.E.: Manner and place conflicts in the articulation of accent in Australian English; in Broe, Pierrehumbert, Papers in Lab. Phonol. 5 (in press).Search in Google Scholar
22 Harrington, J.; Palethorpe, S.; Fletcher, J.; Beckman, M.E.: Competing hypotheses concerning the articulation of stress in English. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 99: 2494 (1996).10.1121/1.415636Search in Google Scholar
23 Hattori, S.: Prosodeme, syllable structure and laryngeal phonemes. 1st World Congr. Phoneticians, Tokyo 1960.Search in Google Scholar
24 Hattori, S.: The surface prosodeme, the base prosodeme, and the intonation-pattern of prosodeme. Sci. Lang. J. Tokyo Inst. for Adv. Stud. Lang., pp. 71–96 (1979).Search in Google Scholar
25 House, J.; Hawkins, S.: An integrated phonological-phonetic model for text-to-speech synthesis. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., Stockholm 1995, vol. 2, pp. 326–329.Search in Google Scholar
26 Jong, K. de: The supraglottal articulation of prominence in English: linguistic stress as localized hyperarticulation. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 97: 491–504 (1995).10.1121/1.412275Search in Google Scholar
27 Jong, K. de; Beckman, M.E.; Edwards, J.: The interplay between prosodic structure and coarticulation. Lang. Speech 36: 197–212 (1993).10.1177/002383099303600305Search in Google Scholar
28 Kahn, D.: Syllable-based generalizations in English phonology (Garland Publishing, New York 1980).Search in Google Scholar
29 Kiritani, S.; Itoh, K.; Fujimura, O.: Tongue-pellet tracking by a computer-controlled x-ray microbeam system. J acoust. Soc. Am. 57: 1516–1520 (1975).10.1121/1.380593Search in Google Scholar
30 Kozhevnikov, V.A.; Chistovich, L.A.: Speech: articulation and perception (Moscow-Leningrad). (Translated by Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, No. JPRS 30.543, 1965.)Search in Google Scholar
31 Lehiste, I.: Suprasegmentals (MIT Press, Cambridge 1970).Search in Google Scholar
32 Lenzo, K.; Erickson, D.: Measuring articulatory tract motion. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 95: 2818 (1994).10.1121/1.409671Search in Google Scholar
33 Liberman, M.; Prince, A.: On stress and linguistic rhythm. Ling. Inquiry 8: 249–336 (1977).Search in Google Scholar
34 Lieberman, P.: Intonation, perception and language (MIT Press, Cambridge 1967).Search in Google Scholar
35 Lindblom, B.: Economy of speech gestures; in MacNeilage, The production of speech, pp. 217–245 (Springer, New York 1983).10.1007/978-1-4613-8202-7_10Search in Google Scholar
36 Macchi, M.: Segmental and suprasegmental features and lip and jaw articulations; doct. diss. New York University (unpublished, 1985).Search in Google Scholar
37 Macchi, M.: Labial articulation patterns associated with segmental features and syllable structure in English. Phonetica 45: 109–121 (1988).10.1159/000261821Search in Google Scholar
38 MacNeilage, P.F.: The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production. Brain Behav. Sci. (in press).Search in Google Scholar
39 Maekawa, K.: Effects of focus on duration and formant frequency in Japanese; in Sagisaka, Campbell, Higuchi, Computing prosody, pp. 129–153 (Springer, New York 1997).10.1007/978-1-4612-2258-3_10Search in Google Scholar
40 Nadler, R.; Abbs, J.H.; Fujimura, O.: Speech movement research using the new x-ray microbeam system. Proc. 11th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., Tallinn 1987, vol. 1, pp. 221–224.Search in Google Scholar
41 Nooteboom, S.: The prosody of speech: melody and rhythm; in Hardcastle, Laver, The handbook of phonetic sciences, pp. 640–673 (Blackwell, Oxford 1997).Search in Google Scholar
42 Patel, A.D.; Löfqvist, A.; Naito, W.: The acoustics and kinematics of regularly-timed speech: testing an information-based theory of speech timing. J. acoust. Soc. Am. (in press).Search in Google Scholar
43 Pierrehumbert, J.; Beckman, M.E.: Japanese tone structure (MIT Press, Cambridge 1988).Search in Google Scholar
44 Poser, J.P.: The phonetics and phonology of tone and intonation in Japanese; doct. diss. MIT (unpublished, 1984).Search in Google Scholar
45 Selkirk, E.O.: The syllable (Foris, Dordrecht 1982).10.1515/9783112423325-010Search in Google Scholar
46 Stetson, R.H.: Motor phonetics (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1951).Search in Google Scholar
47 Summers, W.V.: Effects of stress and final consonant voicing on vowel production: articulatory and acoustic analyses. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 82: 847–863 (1987).10.1121/1.395284Search in Google Scholar
48 Vatikiotis-Bateson, E.; Kelso, J.A.S.: Rhythm type and articulatory dynamics in English, French, and Japanese. ATR Auditory and Visual Perception Res. Lab., Tech. Rep. (TR-A-0147) (1992).Search in Google Scholar
49 Westbury, J.: The significance and measurement of head position during speech production experiments using the x-ray microbeam system. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 89: 1782–1791 (1991).10.1121/1.401012Search in Google Scholar
50 Westbury, J.; Fujimura, O.: An articulatory characterization of contrastive emphasis. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 85: S98 (1989).10.1121/1.2027241Search in Google Scholar
© 1998 S. Karger AG, Basel
Articles in the same Issue
- Original Paper
- Non-Sibilant Fricatives in English: Spectral Information above 10 kHz
- Do Airstream Mechanisms Influence Tongue Movement Paths?
- Effects of Contrastive Emphasis on Jaw Opening
- Further Section
- Libri
- Publications Received for Review
Articles in the same Issue
- Original Paper
- Non-Sibilant Fricatives in English: Spectral Information above 10 kHz
- Do Airstream Mechanisms Influence Tongue Movement Paths?
- Effects of Contrastive Emphasis on Jaw Opening
- Further Section
- Libri
- Publications Received for Review