Modernization of Ukrainian Trademark Law: A New Generation of Protection
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and
Abstract
This article examines the current state of Ukrainian trademark law to enhance further Ukrainian integration into the European and global intellectual property law systems. Ukraine must be seen as a jurisdiction with a high level of trademark protection, as the momentum has swung in favor of Ukraine's admission to the European Union (EU). It also serves as a case study of a country transitioning from an older, obsolete trademark system to a modern one. The article explores the facets of trademark law, both substantive and procedural, that make up a modern, progressive trademark protection law system. The article uses United States (US) and EU trademark laws as benchmarks to compare the development of Ukraine's law on the subject. It explores recent legislative reforms and existing proposals to enhance trademark protection. Particular attention is paid to the 2020 and 2023 Amendments that recognize trademark dilution as a separate cause of action and provide a more precise delineation of the fair use of a trademark, as well as the modernization of the registration process and actions related to trademark opposition and infringement. Additionally, issues related to the revocation, invalidity, and enforcement of trademarks are analyzed. The article concludes that, when fully implemented, the existing intellectual property reform legislation will improve the efficiency of trademark protection in Ukraine.
- 1
The Euromaidan revolution was a people-led uprising that led to the resignation of a pro-Russian president who had broken his promise to integrate with the EU.
- 2
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Trademarks” (2020), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/815-20#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 3
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights” (2023), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2974-20#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 4
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883, WIPO (1883), https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/textdetails/12633.
- 5
Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, WIPO (1989), https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/textdetails/12603.
- 6
- 7
Trademark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/100/82/.
- 8
18 U.S.C. § 1117 (in cases where the trademark-related counterfeiting was done in a wilfull or grossly negligent manner), https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I.
- 9
Ibid.
- 10
United States Patent and Trademark Office, 79 Fed. Reg. 9678 (Feb. 20, 2014), https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/trademarks/notices/NPRM_Changes_in_Requirements.pdf.
- 11
Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-98, 109 Stat. 985, https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/1295#:~:text=Federal%20Trademark%20Dilution%20Act%20of%201995%20%2D%20Amends%20the%20Trademark%20Act,dilution%20of%20its%20distinctive%20quality.
- 12
15 U.S.C. § 1125 (c)(2)(B).
- 13
Ibid.
- 14
Ibid.
- 15
Ibid.
- 16
New Kids on the Block v. News America, 745 F. Supp. 1540 (C.D. Cal. 1990), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/745/1540/1612234/.
- 17
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L. No. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501, https://www.congress.gov/106/plaws/publ113/PLAW-106publ113.pdf.
- 18
Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-321, 120 Stat. 1730, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/15320.
- 19
Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc., 537 U.S. 418 (2003), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/537/418/.
- 20
European Patent Convention (Oct. 5, 1973), https://www.epo.org/en/legal/epc-1973/2006/convention.html.
- 21
EUIPO, accessed May 18, 2024, https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/trade-marks-in-the-european-union.
- 22
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine, “On Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (Dec. 15, 1993), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/3689-12#Text or https://ukrpatent.org/atachs/tm-law-of-ukraine.pdf.
- 23
B.I. Safro and T.S. Keaty, “What's in a Name? Protection of Well-Known Trademarks under International and National Law,” Tulane Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property 6 (2004): 33–34, https://journals.tulane.edu/TIP/issue/view/316.
- 24
See EU Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, “Ukraine: IP Country Fact Sheet,” at Chapter 02, https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/News/Ukraine-guide_en.pdf.
- 25
Trade Marks Regulations. Intellectual Property Rules on Drafting, Filing and Consideration of Trademarks Applications, State Departments for Intellectual Property (1995), https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/tmr1995230/.
- 26
Constitution of Ukraine (June 28, 1996), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 27
Civil Code of Ukraine (Jan. 16, 2003), https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/19455. (Ukrainian language).
- 28
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “On Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (n 22).
- 29
Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks (1957), https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/nice/index.html.
- 30
Civil Code of Ukraine (n 27).
- 31
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine, “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine regarding the Creation of the National Intellectual Property Authority” (2023), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/703-20#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 32
“Intellectual Property Law Reform in Ukraine,” Mikhailyuk, Sorokolat & Partners (Aug. 25, 2020), https://mspcorporate.com/news/IP_Law_reform_in_Ukraine.html.
- 33
G. Mykhailiuk, “Methods of Protecting the Rights to Commercial Signage: Experience of France and Ukraine,” NaUKMA Research Papers Law 4, no. 6 (Dec. 2019): 52–58, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337749063_Methods_of_Protecting_the_Rights_to_Commercial_Signage_Experience_of_France_and_Ukraine#fullTextFileContent.
- 34
DLF Attorneys-at-Law, “Trademark Protection in Ukraine,” § 2.2, at 5 (Oct. 2016), https://dlf.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Trademark-protection-in-Ukraine-Doing-business-in-Ukraine.pdf.
- 35
Elena Polosmak, “The Battle for Odessa: The Story of Trademark Registration in Ukraine,” IP Watchdog (June 28, 2017), https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2017/06/28/battle-odessa-trademark-registration-ukraine/id=84891.
- 36
Ibid.
- 37
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine, “On Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (n 22).
- 38
Oleg Zhukhevych, Olga Danish, and Olga Kreshchenko, “Ukraine,” in International Comparative Legal Guide: Trademark Laws and Regulations 2024 (London: Global Legal Group, 2024, https://iclg.com/practice-areas/trade-marks-laws-and-regulations/ukraine.
- 39
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (n 4).
- 40
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine, “On the Protection of Rights to Appellation of the Origin of Goods” (June 16, 1999), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/752-14#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 41
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Trademarks” (n 2).
- 42
E. Polosmak, “The Battle for Odessa” (n 35).
- 43
M. Maltykh and I. Alfiorov, “Ukraine Amends Trademark Law,” PETOŠEVIĆ (Sep. 7, 2020), https://www.petosevic.com/resources/news/2020/09/4333.
- 44
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Trademarks” (n 2).
- 45
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine” (n 31).
- 46
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Concept of Reforming of the State System of Intellectual Property Legal Protection in Ukraine” (June 1, 2016), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/402-2016-%D1%80#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 47
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Plan of Measures on Implementation of the Concept of Reforming of the State System of Intellectual Property Legal Protection in Ukraine 2016” (2016a), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/632-2016-%D1%80#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 48
R. Drobyazko and O. Stolyarenko, “Ukraine Establishes New National Intellectual Property Authority,” European Business Authority (Sep. 11, 2020), https://eba.com.ua/en/ukrayina-stvoryuye-novyj-natsionalnyj-organ-intelektualnoyi-vlasnosti.
- 49
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Trademarks” (n 2).
- 50
A. Polikarpov and A. Kolodenska, “Ukraine Amends Trademark and Patent Legislation,” CEE Legal Matters (Sep. 24, 2020), https://ceelegalmatters.com/ukraine/14638-ukraine-amends-trademark-and-patent-legislation.
- 51
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Trademarks” (n 2).
- 52
Ibid.
- 53
I. Alfioriv, “Mattel Inc. Overcomes Obstacle to Barbie Trademark Registration in Ukraine,” PETOŠEVIĆ (Oct. 9, 2019), https://www.petosevic.com/resources/news/2019/10/4190.
- 54
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Trademarks” (n 2).
- 55
Mattel, Inc. v. Adventure Apparel, 00 Civ. 4085 (RWS) (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2001), https://casetext.com/case/mattel-inc-v-adventure-apparel-2.
- 56
G. Prokhorova, “Non-Use Trademark Cancellation in Ukraine: Trends, Challenges, and Solutions,” International Trademark Association (May 15, 2019), https://www.inta.org/perspectives/non-use-trademark-cancellation-in-ukraine-trends-challenges-and-solutions (password protected).
- 57
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (n 22).
- 58
Ibid.
- 59
Ibid.
- 60
Ibid.
- 61
See Zhukhevych, Danish, and Kreshchenko, International Comparative Legal Guide (n 38).
- 62
Ibid.
- 63
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “On Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (n 22), art. 14.
- 64
Zhukhevych, Danish, and Kreshchenko, International Comparative Legal Guide (n 38).
- 65
S. Stepanenko, “Trademarks Management: Struggle against Parasitism,” Journal of European Economy 13, no. 1 (2014): 80–82, https://jeej.wunu.edu.ua/index.php/enjee/article/view/726.
- 66
DLF Attorneys-at-Law, “Trademark Protection in Ukraine,” § 3.3, at 12 (Oct. 2016), https://dlf.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Trademark-protection-in-Ukraine-Doing-business-in-Ukraine.pdf.
- 67
Ibid., § 2.2, at 5.
- 68
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Criminal Code of Ukraine, (2001), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 69
DLF Attorneys-at-Law, “Trademark Protection in Ukraine,” § 4, at 13 (Oct. 2016), https://dlf.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Trademark-protection-in-Ukraine-Doing-business-in-Ukraine.pdf.
- 70
“Cyber Police Will Cooperate with the Ukrainian National Office of Intellectual Property and Innovations,” National Police of Ukraine (Feb. 4, 2023), https://www.npu.gov.ua/news/kiberpolitsiia-spivpratsiuvatyme-z-ukrainskym-natsionalnym-ofisom-intelektualnoi-vlasnosti-ta-innovatsii. (Ukrainian language).
- 71
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Code of Administrative Offences (2001), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/80731-10#Text. (Ukrainian language).
- 72
Supreme Court of Ukraine, Cassation Commercial Court (July 15, 2019), https://verdictum.ligazakon.net/document/83059424. (Ukrainian language).
- 73
I. Tomarov, “Trademark v. Medicine Registration Certificate: Case law review” (June 22, 2020), https://www.vkp.ua/en/publication/trademark-v-medicine-registration-certificate-case-law-review.
- 74
Ruling Case no. 522/561/17, Supreme Court of Ukraine (Dec. 12, 2018), https://zakononline.com.ua/court-decisions/show/78977577. (Ukrainian language).
- 75
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights” (n 3).
- 76
“IPR Enforcement Directive,” European Parliament and of the Council (2004), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32004L0048R%2801%29.
- 77
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “On Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (n 22).
- 78
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “Law on Amendments on Strengthening the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights” (n 3).
- 79
Ibid.
- 80
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, “On Protection of Rights to Trademarks for Goods and Services” (n 22).
- 81
A. Chernoknyzhnaya, “The Procedure and Specific Features of Cancelation of the Registered Trademarks on the Ground of Non-Use in Ukraine,” IPR Group (Digest #01, 2018), https://iprgroup.info/the-procedure-and-specific-features-of-cancelation-of-the-registered-trademarks-on-the-ground-of-non-use-in-ukraine.
- 82
R. Drobyazko and M. Koval-Lavok, “Ukraine: Trademark Law Makeover,” European Business Association (Sep. 2, 2020), https://eba.com.ua/en/ukrayina-pokrashhennya-zakonodavstva-u-sferi-ohorony-prav-na-torgovelni-marky.
- 83
European Union, Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the One Part, and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the Other Part (June 27, 2014), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A22014A0529%2801%29.
- 84
M. Maltykh and I. Alfiorov, “Ukraine Amends Trademark Law” (n 43).
- 85
A. Polikarpov and A. Kolodenska, “Ukraine Amends Trademark and Patent Legislation” (n 50).
- 86
EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017, European Parliament and of the Council (June 14, 2017), https://www.ippt.eu/legal-texts/eu-trade-mark-regulation-2017.
- 87
G. Prokhorova, “Non-Use Trademark Cancellation in Ukraine” (n 56).
- 88
M. Maltykh and I. Alfiorov, “Ukraine Amends Trademark Law” (n 43).
- 89
Zhukhevych, Danish, and Kreshchenko, International Comparative Legal Guide (n 38).
- 90
Ibid.
- 91
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Law of Ukraine, “On the Court System and the Status of Judges” (2016b), https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1402-19#Text. (Ukrainian language).
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Articles in the same Issue
- Miscellaneous
- In Memoriam: Thomas H. Reynolds (1935–2022)
- State Sponsored Cyber Surveillance: The Right to Privacy of Communications and International Law
- Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Cleantech: A Pathway for Developing Countries
- Digital Platforms and Global Law
- Article
- Historical Trajectories and Modern Dynamics of Islamic Financial Law in Central Asia
- Expectations versus Reality: Sex Offender Registration in India and the United States
- The Ghost of Article 12 in the Indian Constitution: the Verticality v. Horizontality Conundrum
- Modernization of Ukrainian Trademark Law: A New Generation of Protection
- Restitution of Conjugal Rights v. Individual Autonomy: Looking Through the Constitutional Lens in India
- Persons Who Commit Military Property Theft: The Case of Ukraine
- Accountability of Public Officials for Committing Criminal Offenses Against Justice
- International Calendar
- INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR
- Editorial Comment
- EDITORIAL COMMENT 52.1 (IJLI)
- Front Cover (OFC, IFC) and matter
- JLI volume 52 issue 1 Cover and Front matter
- Back Cover (IBC, OBC) and matter
- JLI volume 52 issue 1 Cover and Back matter
Articles in the same Issue
- Miscellaneous
- In Memoriam: Thomas H. Reynolds (1935–2022)
- State Sponsored Cyber Surveillance: The Right to Privacy of Communications and International Law
- Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Cleantech: A Pathway for Developing Countries
- Digital Platforms and Global Law
- Article
- Historical Trajectories and Modern Dynamics of Islamic Financial Law in Central Asia
- Expectations versus Reality: Sex Offender Registration in India and the United States
- The Ghost of Article 12 in the Indian Constitution: the Verticality v. Horizontality Conundrum
- Modernization of Ukrainian Trademark Law: A New Generation of Protection
- Restitution of Conjugal Rights v. Individual Autonomy: Looking Through the Constitutional Lens in India
- Persons Who Commit Military Property Theft: The Case of Ukraine
- Accountability of Public Officials for Committing Criminal Offenses Against Justice
- International Calendar
- INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR
- Editorial Comment
- EDITORIAL COMMENT 52.1 (IJLI)
- Front Cover (OFC, IFC) and matter
- JLI volume 52 issue 1 Cover and Front matter
- Back Cover (IBC, OBC) and matter
- JLI volume 52 issue 1 Cover and Back matter