Volume 35, Issue 3

Objectives To evaluate the depression and anxiety symptoms, or both in adolescents and young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to those without PCOS. Contents A comprehensive electronic search was conducted to identify observational studies on PCOS patients (January 1991–December 2020). The population study included adolescents and young women (14–29 years of age) in two groups of cases (with PCOS) and controls (without PCOS) who were diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam or National Institutes of Health criteria (NIH). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both, reported separately, were of interest. Mean (SD) of depression or anxiety symptoms, or both, as measured by a quantitatively validated scale for both the case and control groups. All eligible studies were quality assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool. The initial database search resulted in the discovery of 1,582 papers, of which 806 were selected after screening the titles and abstracts and removing duplicates. A total of 49 papers were found to be suitable for full-text reading. This meta-analysis included ten studies comprising 941 adolescent/young women (391 with PCOS and 550 without PCOS). The standard mean difference (SMD) and its corresponding confidence interval (CI) at 95 % were used to compare depression or anxiety symptoms, or both, between two groups. Summary and outlook The results, which included 192 cases, demonstrated that adolescents/young women with PCOS had significantly more depressive symptoms than those without PCOS (n=360) (SMD 0.72; 95 % CI, 0.09–1.34; Z=2.25, p=0.025; Heterogeneity: I 2 =89.7 %; p=0.000). Also, the results which included 299 cases demonstrated that adolescents/young women with PCOS had significantly more anxiety symptoms than those without PCOS (n=421) (SMD 0.59; 95 % CI, 0.13–1.05; Z=2.51, p=0.012; Heterogeneity: I 2 =86.1 %; p=0.000). This meta-analysis demonstrates that adolescent/young women with PCOS have significantly more depression or anxiety symptoms than those without PCOS.

Objectives Paediatric Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (pCFS) is a common condition that significantly disrupts a healthy psychosocial development. Psychiatric symptoms associated with pCFS are conceptualized as either part of its complex etiology, its consequence, or as a comorbidity. However, patients with this condition are rarely seen by psychiatrists. This scoping review aims to explore the role of psychiatry in the diagnosis and treatment of pCFS. Content A scoping review of literature was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane and PsycINFO. Databases were searched for articles describing psychiatric involvement in the diagnosis or treatment of children and adolescents (age ≤ 18) with pCFS. A grey literature search was also conducted to identify additional guidelines and national recommendations to identify the role of psychiatry in the diagnosis and treatment of pCFS. Summary The search provided 436 articles of which 16 met inclusion criteria. Grey literature search identified 12 relevant guidelines. Most studies and guidelines did not include any psychiatric involvement in the care of patients with pCFS. If psychiatry was mentioned, it was used interchangeably with psychological interventions or in the context of treating distinct psychiatric comorbidities and suicidal ideation. Outlook The role of psychiatry in diagnosis and treatment of pCFS is poorly defined. Future research is required to understand how psychiatrists can contribute to the care of patients with pCFS.

Objectives Global access to sexual and reproductive health is an essential human right, especially to adolescent girls. For improvement sexual and reproductive self-care needs to determine the related factors on utilization and acceptance by adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the SRH self-care and its predictors among adolescent girls in Neyshabur city at Northeast of Iran. Methods The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study performed on 265 girl students from 15 girls’ high schools in Neyshabour, in Razavi Khorasan province, Northeastern Iran. The sampling method was multistage probability sampling. Data were collected using demographic information and female adolescents’ sexual reproductive self-care scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression model. The significant level was p<0.05 using SPSS 16 . Results The results of the present study showed that the mean score of the sexual reproductive health self-care was 61.23 of 100 ± 10.5, it had a significantly relationship with fathers education high school [ B =−7.241 CI: (−11.088 to −3.393)], diploma [ B =−7.221 CI: −10.707 to −3.735] than academic. The rank of children birth in the family first [ B =6.012 CI: (0.931–11.092)] second [ B =4.436 CI: (1.437–8.309)] than third and above. Economic status of household Excellent [ B =3.159 CI: (2.193–8.511)], Favorable [ B =5.866 CI: (1.355–10.378)], relatively favorable [ B =2.705 CI: (1.802–7.213)] than poor level economic. Conclusions sexual and reproductive health is associated to father’s education, the rank of children birth in the family, and economic status. So these variables will help to strategies and progress educational programs.

Objectives Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem that affects more than one-third of women globally. Young women who experience IPV face the same consequences as older women. Previous studies on IPV have not studies young women exclusively, thus, we aimed to report the prevalence of IPV and predictors among young women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey, using multistage cluster technique was conducted to determine the past-year prevalence of IPV among unmarried young women (n=736) from 20 communities in five Local Government Areas in Ibadan, Nigeria. The independent variables were respondents and their partners’ background information. Dependent variables were experience of physical, sexual, psychological and any IPV. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression (α 0.05 ). Results Psychological IPV was the most prevalent form of IPV (50.1 %). Prevalence of any IPV was 56.3 %. At the bivariate level, having children, acceptance of IPV, ever had sex, age at first sex, experience at sexual debut, partners being with other women while being with the respondents, partners alcohol use, and partners witness of abuse as a child were significantly associated with IPV. However, only acceptance of IPV, experience at sexual debut, and partners being with other women while being with the respondents remained significant at the multivariate level. Conclusions IPV is a common occurrence among young women. Both individual and partners characteristics, especially acceptance of IPV contribute significantly to experience of IPV among young women. Hence, interventions targeted at reduction of IPV acceptance will greatly reduce the prevalence of IPV.

Objectives We evaluated the trends in the prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts among adolescents in Houston, Texas, USA, from 2011 to 2019. Furthermore, we assessed the risk factors associated with suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt among adolescents in Houston in 2019. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of Houston district’s Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) from 2011 to 2019. It included 11,178 adolescents aged 11–15 years in Houston middle schools. The overall and stratified (by gender, race, and ethnicity) prevalence rates were evaluated between 2011 and 2019. Factors associated with suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts in 2019 were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Results Suicidal ideation among adolescents increased by 2.74 % from 23.14 % in 2011–25.88 % in 2019. In 2019, we observed a 4.40 % increase in the prevalence of suicidal ideation from 2017 (21.48 %). The prevalence of suicidal plan increased by 3.76 % in 2019 (17.69 %) from 2011 (13.93 %) and by 3.99 % from 2017 (13.70 %). Suicide attempts among adolescents in Houston fluctuated from 2011 to 2019. However, there was a 1.19 % increase in prevalence in 2019 (11.62 %) compared to 2017 (10.43 %). Suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt were significantly associated with being female, Black, or African American, having ever carried a weapon, being bullied on school property, being bullied online, having ever had a cigarette, having ever had alcohol, having taken cocaine, and having used prescription pain medicine illegally/inappropriately. Conclusions This study found increasing rates of suicide ideation, plan, and attempts among Houston adolescents in middle schools between 2011 and 2019.

Objectives Smoking habit is known to be a risk factor for the development of multiple diseases and conditions, premature death, and worse quality of life. The prevalence of smoking in PLWH is 2–3 times higher than in the general population. The study aimed to evaluate how the prevalence of smoking has changed among PLWH over the past decade. Methods The data of n=204 PLWH hospitalized from November 2018 to November 2019 was analyzed. All patients filled out the survey including age, gender, the number of cigarettes smoked, the number of years as a smoker, and the impact of HIV diagnosis on the number of cigarettes smoked. The data was compared to a similar analysis performed in our department in 2009. Results The study showed a decrease in the prevalence of smoking among PLWH over the past decade. In comparison to 2009, a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of smoking individuals among ever and never smokers was observed both in males and in females. Conclusions The prevalence of smoking cigarettes among PLWH in our department has significantly decreased since 2009 but remains much higher than in the general population. Smoking cessation interventions provided by HIV care professionals are necessary and should be continued among PLWH.

Objectives Most research has focused on determining how popularity and peer pressure impact behaviours, rather than identifying a key feature such as dental aesthetics and studying its impacts in relation to popularity and peer pressure. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 527 children from four schools located in Lahore, Pakistan. A 14-point questionnaire was developed, using existing measures of peer pressure, and popularity. The selected questions were modified to investigate the issues of dental aesthetics and integrated into the WHO oral health questionnaire for children. Results More than 50 % of the participants indicated popularity issues regarding dental aesthetics. 63.5 % of the responses indicated an influence of relatives and friends, whereas 38 % responses reported of harassment and bullying at schools. Regression analysis shows that the females were 1.99 times more likely to get comments from relative or friends about their teeth and 2.17 times more likely to be bullied or harassed at school due to their teeth when compared to the males. Fathers with a higher education brought about higher popularity and peer pressure issues. Mothers with a higher education were less likely to cause popularity and peer pressure issues than mothers with a lower education. Popularity and peer pressure were both significantly related to higher dental visitation. Conclusions Popularity and peer pressure have a direct link to dental aesthetics in an individual and are impacted by gender, family relatives and parental influences. The area of popularity and peer pressure related to dental aesthetics can be targeted in health education programs to empower children to adopt better oral health behaviours.