Abstract
The founding of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) in 1919 followed so closely on the heels of the discovery of X‑ray diffraction (XRD) in 1912 that one might hypothesize a causal link. Was MSA born out of this scientific revolution? The formation of our Society conventionally is attributed to the desire for a professional journal and the need to emerge from the shadow of the Geological Society of America, but these issues were not new in 1919. This review argues that MSA’s birth can be understood by an exploration of two historical strains: (1) Although modern notions of atomism traditionally are associated with the emergence of the kinetic theory of gases in the late 19th century, mineralogists had invoked ordered atomic spheres as the fundamental metaphor for crystalline structures over a century earlier, leading directly to W.L. Bragg’s discovery of the atomic design in halite; and (2) in contrast to the broader chemistry community, mineralogists were uniquely poised to embrace X‑ray diffraction and the revolution in crystallography that attended it. This revelation gave rise to a sense of distinct identity.
An examination of MSA’s early records unambiguously reveals that U. S. mineralogists were closely attuned to the crystallographic insurgency as it took place across the Atlantic. In particular, Edgar T. Wherry, one of the organizers of the American Mineralogist and of the Society, actively disseminated information about the new discoveries to his colleagues in the United States. Other founders of MSA similarly championed the transformative character of the new crystallography, thereby warranting the establishment of a specialized professional society. The continuing force of the revolution is revealed in a counter-reaction a century later, as mineralogists have renewed their focus on phases at the boundary between crystals and glasses, leading to reconsiderations of the meaning of crystallinity.
Acknowledgments and Funding
Dedicated to J. Alexander Speer on his retirement as Executive Director of MSA in thanks for his many years of selfless service. Early drafts of this paper were greatly improved by stimulating discussions with and helpful comments by Charlie Burnham and Jeffrey Post. I also thank journal reviewers Charles Geiger and Keith Putirka, whose criticisms tightened the focus of the manuscript, and associate editor Warren Huff for handling this unusually long contribution. The author acknowledges support from National Science Foundation Grant EAR1552211.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Regolith-hosted rare-earth elements: The phyllosilicate connection
- MSA Centennial Review Paper
- Heirs of the revolution: X-ray diffraction and the birth of the Mineralogical Society of America
- Deep Earth carbon reactions through time and space
- Magmatic carbon outgassing and uptake of CO2 by alkaline waters
- New insights into the evolution of Mississippi Valley-Type hydrothermal system: A case study of the Wusihe Pb-Zn deposit, South China, using quartz in-situ trace elements and sulfides in situ S-Pb isotopes
- Celestine discovered in Hawaiian basalts
- Microstructural controls on the chemical heterogeneity of cassiterite revealed by cathodoluminescence and elemental X-ray mapping
- Hornblende as a tool for assessing mineral-melt equilibrium and recognition of crystal accumulation
- The role of clay minerals in formation of the regolith-hosted heavy rare earth element deposits
- The tetrahedrite group: Nomenclature and classification
- Caseyite, a new mineral containing a variant of the flat-Al13 polyoxometalate cation
- Incorporation of Mg in phase Egg, AlSiO3OH: Toward a new polymorph of phase H, MgSiH2O4, a carrier of water in the deep mantle
- Imaging trace-element zoning in pyroxenes using synchrotron XRF mapping with the Maia detector array: Benefit of low-incident energy
- Discussion
- “Kamchatite” diamond aggregate from northern Kamchatka, Russia: New find of diamond formed by gas phase condensation or chemical vapor deposition—Discussion
- Reply
- On “Kamchatite” diamond aggregate from northern Kamchatka, Russia: New find of CVD-formed diamond in nature—Reply to K.D. Litasov, T.B. Bekker, and H. Kagi
- Memorial of Enver Murad 1941–2019
- Errata
Articles in the same Issue
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Regolith-hosted rare-earth elements: The phyllosilicate connection
- MSA Centennial Review Paper
- Heirs of the revolution: X-ray diffraction and the birth of the Mineralogical Society of America
- Deep Earth carbon reactions through time and space
- Magmatic carbon outgassing and uptake of CO2 by alkaline waters
- New insights into the evolution of Mississippi Valley-Type hydrothermal system: A case study of the Wusihe Pb-Zn deposit, South China, using quartz in-situ trace elements and sulfides in situ S-Pb isotopes
- Celestine discovered in Hawaiian basalts
- Microstructural controls on the chemical heterogeneity of cassiterite revealed by cathodoluminescence and elemental X-ray mapping
- Hornblende as a tool for assessing mineral-melt equilibrium and recognition of crystal accumulation
- The role of clay minerals in formation of the regolith-hosted heavy rare earth element deposits
- The tetrahedrite group: Nomenclature and classification
- Caseyite, a new mineral containing a variant of the flat-Al13 polyoxometalate cation
- Incorporation of Mg in phase Egg, AlSiO3OH: Toward a new polymorph of phase H, MgSiH2O4, a carrier of water in the deep mantle
- Imaging trace-element zoning in pyroxenes using synchrotron XRF mapping with the Maia detector array: Benefit of low-incident energy
- Discussion
- “Kamchatite” diamond aggregate from northern Kamchatka, Russia: New find of diamond formed by gas phase condensation or chemical vapor deposition—Discussion
- Reply
- On “Kamchatite” diamond aggregate from northern Kamchatka, Russia: New find of CVD-formed diamond in nature—Reply to K.D. Litasov, T.B. Bekker, and H. Kagi
- Memorial of Enver Murad 1941–2019
- Errata