Pyrite trace-element and sulfur isotope geochemistry of paleo-mesoproterozoic McArthur Basin: Proxy for oxidative weathering
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Indrani Mukherjee
, Ross R. Large
Abstract
Redox-sensitive trace elements and sulfur isotope compositions obtained via in situ analyses of sedimentary pyrites from marine black shales are used to track atmosphere-ocean redox conditions between ∼1730 and ∼1360 Ma in the McArthur Basin, northern Australia. Three black shale formations within the basin (Wollogorang Formation 1730 ± 3 Ma, Barney Creek Formation 1640 ± 3 Ma, and Upper Velkerri Formation 1361 ± 21 Ma) display systematic stratigraphic variations in pyrite trace-element compositions obtained using LA-ICP-MS. The concentrations of several trace elements and their ratios, such as Se, Zn, Se/Co, Ni/Co, Zn/Co, Mo/Co, Se/Bi, Zn/Bi, Ni/Bi, increase from the stratigraphically lower Wollogorang Formation to the Upper Velkerri Formation. Cobalt, Bi, Mo, Cu, and Tl show a consistent decrease in abundance while Ni, As, and Pb show no obvious trends.
We interpret these trace element trends as a response to the gradual increase of oxygen in the atmosphere-ocean system from ∼1730 to 1360 Ma. Elements more mobile during erosion under rising atmospheric oxygen show an increase up stratigraphy (e.g., Zn, Se), whereas elements that are less mobile show a decrease (e.g., Co, Bi). We also propose the increase of elemental ratios (Se/Co, Ni/Co, Zn/Co, Mo/Co, Ni/Bi, and Zn/Bi) up stratigraphy are strong indicators of atmospheric oxygenation.
Sulfur isotopic compositions of marine pyrite (δ34Spyrite) from these formations, obtained using SHRIMP-SI, are highly variable, with the Wollogorang Formation exhibiting less variation (δ34S = –29.4 to +9.5‰; mean –5.03‰) in comparison to the Barney Creek (δ34S = –13.8 to +41.8‰; mean +19.88‰) and Velkerri Formations (δ34S = –14.2 to +52.8‰; mean +26.9‰). We propose that the shift in mean δ34S to heavier values up-section corresponds to increasing deep water oxygenation from ∼1730 to 1360 Ma. Incursion of oxygenated waters possibly caused a decrease in the areal extent of anoxic areas, at the same time, creating a possibly efficient reducing system. A stronger reducing system caused the δ34S of the sedimentary pyrites to become progressively heavier. Interestingly, heavy δ34S in pyrites overlaps with the increase in the concentration of certain trace elements (and their ratios) in sedimentary pyrites (Se, Zn, Se/Co, Ni/Co, Zn/Co, Mo/Co, Ni/Bi, and Zn/Bi). This study concludes that there was a gradual increase of atmospheric oxygen accompanied by ocean oxygenation through the first ∼400 million years of the Boring Billion (1800–1400 Ma) in the McArthur Basin.
Funding
This research was funded by Australian Research Council (ARC) project DP 150102578 awarded to R.R.L. Costs of analyses were also partly covered by an SEG Hugo Dummett Fellowship awarded to I.M.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the help and support offered to us by the NTGS core facility staff. We also acknowledge help, advice, and instruction from Leonid Danyushevsky, Ivan Belousov, Sarah Gilbert, Elena Lounjeva, and Paul Olin in the LA-ICP-MS laboratory and from Ron Berry and Mihir Deb for their useful comments and suggestions. We also thank the reviewers of the manuscript for their comments and excellent suggestions.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Seeking the most hydrous, primitive arc melts: The glass is half full
- Hydrous LABZ beneath a subduction zone was reconstructed for the first time
- U, Th, and K partitioning between metal, silicate, and sulfide and implications for Mercury’s structure, volatile content, and radioactive heat production
- Valleyite: A new magnetic mineral with the sodalite-type structure
- An analysis of the magnetic behavior of olivine and garnet substitutional solid solutions
- Pyrite trace-element and sulfur isotope geochemistry of paleo-mesoproterozoic McArthur Basin: Proxy for oxidative weathering
- Compressional behavior and spin state of δ-(Al,Fe)OOH at high pressures
- Reconstruction of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary zone beneath Ichinomegata maar, Northeast Japan, by geobarometry of spinel peridotite xenoliths
- High-pressure phase stability and elasticity of ammonia hydrate
- A multi-methodological study of kurnakovite: A potential B-rich aggregate
- Identification of the occurrence of minor elements in the structure of diatomaceous opal using FIB and TEM-EDS
- Nixonite, Na2Ti6O13, a new mineral from a metasomatized mantle garnet pyroxenite from the western Rae Craton, Darby kimberlite field, Canada
- Goldschmidtite, (K,REE,Sr)(Nb,Cr)O3: A new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Koffiefontein, South Africa
- Edscottite, Fe5C2, a new iron carbide mineral from the Ni-rich Wedderburn IAB iron meteorite
- Letter
- The stability of Fe5O6 and Fe4O5 at high pressure and temperature
- New Mineral Names
Articles in the same Issue
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Seeking the most hydrous, primitive arc melts: The glass is half full
- Hydrous LABZ beneath a subduction zone was reconstructed for the first time
- U, Th, and K partitioning between metal, silicate, and sulfide and implications for Mercury’s structure, volatile content, and radioactive heat production
- Valleyite: A new magnetic mineral with the sodalite-type structure
- An analysis of the magnetic behavior of olivine and garnet substitutional solid solutions
- Pyrite trace-element and sulfur isotope geochemistry of paleo-mesoproterozoic McArthur Basin: Proxy for oxidative weathering
- Compressional behavior and spin state of δ-(Al,Fe)OOH at high pressures
- Reconstruction of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary zone beneath Ichinomegata maar, Northeast Japan, by geobarometry of spinel peridotite xenoliths
- High-pressure phase stability and elasticity of ammonia hydrate
- A multi-methodological study of kurnakovite: A potential B-rich aggregate
- Identification of the occurrence of minor elements in the structure of diatomaceous opal using FIB and TEM-EDS
- Nixonite, Na2Ti6O13, a new mineral from a metasomatized mantle garnet pyroxenite from the western Rae Craton, Darby kimberlite field, Canada
- Goldschmidtite, (K,REE,Sr)(Nb,Cr)O3: A new perovskite supergroup mineral found in diamond from Koffiefontein, South Africa
- Edscottite, Fe5C2, a new iron carbide mineral from the Ni-rich Wedderburn IAB iron meteorite
- Letter
- The stability of Fe5O6 and Fe4O5 at high pressure and temperature
- New Mineral Names