A comprehensive review on superficial mycoses, classification, conventional/new therapeutic approaches and fungal-drug resistance
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Noor Ul Islam
,
Muhammad Ikram
and
Riaz Ullah
Abstract
Mycoses (fungal infections) are highly emerging threat to public health globally. Among six million fungal species, less than 1 % is pathogenic and infects peoples. Most of them affecting skin, nail and hair, which are very common diseases known as superficial mycosis. These diseases include superficial candidiasis (vaginal, cutaneous, oropharyngeal), malasseziaspp (seborrhoeic, pityriasis versicolor) and dermatophytosis (ring warm, tinea pedis, tinea capitis). In particular cases, superficial infections may cause invasive infections, whose occurrence is growing partly owing to an escalation in at-risk populations. This review article aimed to provide information on the superficial fungal diseases, their types, some common fungal diseases, laboratory diagnosis, various anti-fungal drugs, new therapeutic options, herbal and conventional treatment, drug delivery, fungal drug-resistance and management.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Muhammad Zahoor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand Pakistan for his suggestions for writing this review article.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors have helped in writing and proof reading. MI, RU and NUI did literature survey. MZ conceptualize the study.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: Such tools have not been used.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: Not applicable.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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