DGS enabled compact implantable antenna with minimal SAR for biomedical applications
-
Sapna B. Abdulkareem
and
Ramasamy Kuppusamy
Abstract
In this article, a circular compact implantable microstrip antenna is presented for bio telemetry. The proposed slotted circular patch antenna with a split ring in ground plane is constructed on dual sided Roger 6,010 with superstrate on the radiating patch leading to a volume of 33.35 mm3. The antenna resonates at 2.46 GHz ISM band with |S11| = −31.22 dB and has a gain of −37.9 dBi. According to IEEE and FCC regulations, human safety is ensured by evaluating the radiation absorption rate in the body and is considerably below the SAR threshold of 1.6 W/kg or 2 W/kg for 1 g or 10 g of body tissues. The maximum input power level for SAR limitation is 8.5 mW for 1 g and 11.5 mW for 10 gms of tissues. Homogeneous and heterogeneous body models are used for practical analysis. Antenna performance is analyzed on various body tissues, such as the liver, heart, muscle, and head phantom and validated using pork liver, heart, minced meat and with saline water. A link budget analysis is also performed for transmission coverage of the antenna using HFSS simulation and experimentally validated with LabVIEW and NI-USRP module. The findings indicate that the antenna is appropriate for implantable application for real time environment covering up to 15 m.
Funding source: All India Council for Technical Education
Award Identifier / Grant number: File No.8-122/FDC/ RPS/POLICY-1/2021-2022
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by All India Council for Technical Education, under research promotion scheme. File No. 8-122/FDC/RPS/POLICY-1/2021–2022.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this article.
-
Research funding: All India Council for Technical Education, under research promotion scheme. File No. 8-122/FDC/ RPS/POLICY-1/2021–2022.
-
Data availability: Data will be provided on request from the authors.
References
[1] A Kiourti and K. S. Nikita, “A review of implantable patch antennas for biomedical telemetry: challenges and solutions,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 210–228, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2012.6293992.Search in Google Scholar
[2] A Kiourti and K. S. Nikita, “Implantable antennas: a tutorial on design, fabrication, and in vitro\/in vivo testing,” IEEE Microw. Mag., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 77–91, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2014.2308765.Search in Google Scholar
[3] N. A. Malik, P Sant, T. Ajmal, and M. Ur-Rehman, “Implantable antennas for bio-medical applications,” IEEE J. Electromagn., RF, Microw. Med. Biol., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 84–96, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2020.3026588.Search in Google Scholar
[4] M. R. K. Munisamy and A Gudipalli, “A review on miniature bio-implant antenna performance enhancement and impact analysis on body fluids in medical application, Measurement,” Sensors, vol. 28, 2023, Art. no. 100849, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2023.100849.Search in Google Scholar
[5] M Jasim, A. J. A. Al-Gburi, M. Hanif, Z. A. Dayo, M. M. Ismail, and Z. Zakaria, “An extensive review on implantable antennas for biomedical applications: health considerations, geometries, fabrication techniques, and challenges,” Alex. Eng. J., vol. 112, pp. 110–139, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.10.105.Search in Google Scholar
[6] R Li, Y. X. Guo, B. Zhang, and G. Du, “A miniaturized circularly polarized implantable annular-ring antenna,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 2566–2569, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2734246.Search in Google Scholar
[7] H Zhang, L Li, C Liu, Y. Guo, and S. Wu, “Miniaturized implantable antenna integrated with split resonate rings for wireless power transfer and data telemetry,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 710–714, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.3038.Search in Google Scholar
[8] S. Bakogianni and S Koulouridis, “On the design of miniature MedRadio implantable antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 3447–3455, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2702718.Search in Google Scholar
[9] K. Liu, et al.., “Design of conformal spiral dual-band antenna for wireless capsule system,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 117349–117357, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/Access.2021.3106735.Search in Google Scholar
[10] M. H. B. Ucar and E Uras, “Multilayer Archimedean spiral antenna design for dual-band intra-arm implantable biotelemetric smart health care monitoring system covering MICS and ISM bands,” Frequenz, vol. 76, nos. 7–8, pp. 441–452, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2021-0184.Search in Google Scholar
[11] M. H. B. Uçar and E Uras, “Numerical analysis, prototype implementation and in-vitro measurement of MICS/ISM band microstrip implant antennas for medical implant communication systems,” J. Facul. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 2177–2191, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.848585.Search in Google Scholar
[12] Z. J. Yang, S. Q. Xiao, L. Zhu, B. Z. Wang, and H. L. Tu, “A circularly polarized implantable antenna for 2.4-GHz ISM band biomedical applications,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 2554–2557, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2017.2732460.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Z Song, Y Wang, Y Shi, and X Zheng, “A miniaturized dual-band circularly polarized implantable antenna for use in hemodialysis,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 14, p. 4743, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144743.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[14] N Ganeshwaran, J. K. Jeyaprakash, M. G. N. Alsath, and V Sathyanarayanan, “Design of a dual-band circular implantable antenna for biomedical applications,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 119–123, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2955140.Search in Google Scholar
[15] F Faisal, M Zada, A Ejaz, Y. Amin, S. Ullah, and H. Yoo, “A miniaturized dual-band implantable antenna system for medical applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 1161–1165, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2938591.Search in Google Scholar
[16] M Bahrouni, et al.., “Modeling of a compact implantable dual-band antenna for biomedical applications,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1475, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061475.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Lamkaddem, A. E. Yousfi, V. González-Posadas, and D. Segovia-Vargas, “Miniaturized dual band implantable antenna for implanted biomedical devices,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 15026–15036, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3357488.Search in Google Scholar
[18] M. Bteich, et al.., “A non-invasive flexible glucose monitoring sensor using a broadband reject filter,” IEEE J. Electromagn., RF Microw. Med. Biol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 139–147, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2020.3023053.Search in Google Scholar
[19] W Cui, R Liu, L Wang, M. Wang, H. Zheng, and E. Li, “Design of wideband implantable antenna for wireless capsule endoscope system,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2706–2710, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2949630.Search in Google Scholar
[20] S Das and D Mitra, “A compact wideband flexible implantable slot antenna design with enhanced gain,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 4309–4314, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2018.2836463.Search in Google Scholar
[21] I. A. Shah, M Zada, and H Yoo, “Design and analysis of a compact-sized multiband spiral-shaped implantable antenna for scalp implantable and leadless pacemaker systems,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 4230–4234, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2908252.Search in Google Scholar
[22] O. F. Celik and S. C. Basaran, “Compact triple-band implantable antenna for multitasking medical devices,” J. Electr. Eng., vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 166–173, 2022, https://doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0022.Search in Google Scholar
[23] I. A. Shah, et al.., “Efficient wirelessly-powered biotelemetric system for IoMT-enabled leadless pacemakers in dynamic cardiac environments,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 6917–6929, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3491735.Search in Google Scholar
[24] S. A. A. Shah, I. A. Shah, S. Hayat, and H. Yoo, “Ultra-miniaturized implantable antenna enabling multiband operation for diverse industrial IoMT devices,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 1352–1362, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3349782.Search in Google Scholar
[25] S. A. A. Shah and H Yoo, “Scalp-implantable antenna systems for intracranial pressure monitoring,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 2170–2173, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2801346.Search in Google Scholar
[26] M Zada, I. A. Shah, A Basir, and H. Yoo, “Ultra-compact implantable antenna with enhanced performance for leadless cardiac pacemaker system,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 1152–1157, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2020.3008070.Search in Google Scholar
[27] S. Manaf Ali Shah, M. Zada, J. Nasir, O. Owais, and H. Yoo, “Four-port triple-band implantable MIMO antenna for reliable data telemetry in wireless capsule endoscopy and deep tissue applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 6229–6241, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2024.3413341.Search in Google Scholar
[28] M. Masud Rana, M. Ariful Islam, and I. M. Mehedi, “Dual-band implantable antenna loaded with patch slots for wireless biotelemetry systems,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, vol. 141, pp. 151–162, 2024, https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC23112003.Search in Google Scholar
[29] A. Z. A. Zaki, et al.., “Design and modeling of ultra-compact wideband implantable antenna for wireless ISM band,” Bioengineering, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 216–235, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020216.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[30] S. Ahmad, et al.., “A wideband bear-shaped compact size implantable antenna for in-body communications,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 2859–2872, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062859.Search in Google Scholar
[31] A. D. Butt, J. Khan, S. Ahmad, A. Ghaffar, A. J. Abdullah Al-Gburi, and M. Hussein, “Single-fed broadband CPW-fed circularly polarized implantable antenna for sensing medical applications,” PLoS ONE, vol. 18, no. 4, 2023, Art. no. e0280042, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280042.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[32] S. Ahmad, et al.., “Novel implantable antenna with miniaturized footprint size for wideband biomedical telemetry applications,” Frequenz, vol. 77, nos. 5–6, pp. 293–301, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2022-0043.Search in Google Scholar
[33] H. L. Z. Wang, Y. Feng, Y.-X. Guo, and Y. X. Guo, “Design of a compact dual-polarized wearable antenna with spatial diversity reception for into-body communications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 71, no. 10, pp. 7911–7923, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2023.3303032.Search in Google Scholar
[34] M Ciflik, S. C Basaran, and O Dandin, “Optically control tissue-independent reconfigurable antenna for body-centric communications at 2.4 GHz ISM band,” AEU - Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 178, 2024, Art. no. 155304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155304.Search in Google Scholar
[35] Lada, et al.., “Porcine liver anatomy applied to biomedicine,” J. Surg. Res., vol. 250, pp. 70–79, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2019.12.038.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[36] W Wang, W He, Y Ruan, and Q. Geng, “First pig-to-human heart transplantation,” The Innovat., vol. 3, no. 2, 2022, Art. no. 100223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100223.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[37] M Ngadi, S. R. Dev, V. G. Raghavan, and S. Kazemi, “Dielectric properties of pork muscle,” Int. J. Food Prop., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 12–20, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2010.528112.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
