Exploring Individual and Family-related Characteristics of Hybrid Entrepreneurs
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Ondřej Dvouletý
and
Dieter Bögenhold
Abstract
This research contributes to the knowledge of individuals called hybrid entrepreneurs who combine primary paid employment with secondary self-employment activity. We work with a dataset of 30 countries participating in the 2017 European Union Labour Force Survey. We conduct a multivariate analysis of individual and family-related characteristics of hybrid entrepreneurs. Our results highlight that hybrid entrepreneurs are a specific subgroup of the population of self-employed individuals. While the hybrid entrepreneurs are also a relatively heterogeneous group themselves, we show that most of them do business in the agricultural sector and live in rural areas. Their business activities seem to be on average younger than those being run by primarily self-employed individuals. This likely reflects the temporary nature of many hybrid entrepreneurship endeavours. Interestingly hybrid entrepreneurs have, on average, higher levels of education, but this finding relates mainly to those being involved in non-agricultural activities. Women are less likely to pursue hybrid entrepreneurship, which is even less likely associated with having caring responsibilities for children. Future research should provide more longitudinal insights into the family-kids related aspects of hybrid entrepreneurship.
Funding source: Internal Grant Agency of Faculty of Business Administration, Prague University of Economics and Business
Award Identifier / Grant number: IP300040
Appendix 1: Determinants of hybrid entrepreneurship in agriculture, forestry and Fishing (Logistic regression models: hybrid entrepreneurs vs self-employed)
| Model number | Model (1) | Model (2) | Model (3) | Model (4) | Model (5) | Model (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variables/Dependent variable: Hybrid Self-employed=1 (i.e. works mainly as an employee and is self-employed in the second job) | ||||||
| 20–24 years of age | 0.229 (0.989) | 0.225 (0.999) | 0.389 (1.038) | 0.391 (1.052) | 0.637 (1.185) | 0.610 (1.186) |
| 25–29 years of age | 0.413 (0.926) | 0.484 (0.932) | 0.541 (0.948) | 0.655 (0.955) | 0.460 (1.108) | 0.351 (1.108) |
| 30–34 years of age | 0.853 (0.945) | 0.899 (0.953) | 1.143 (0.964) | 1.228 (0.975) | 0.911 (1.149) | 0.824 (1.151) |
| 35–39 years of age | 1.459 (0.924) | 1.518 (0.932) | 1.437 (0.935) | 1.542 (0.944) | 1.423 (1.082) | 1.327 (1.086) |
| 40–44 years of age | 1.172 (0.916) | 1.211 (0.924) | 1.273 (0.941) | 1.346 (0.952) | 1.085 (1.052) | 1.005 (1.059) |
| 45–49 years of age | 1.276 (0.908) | 1.311 (0.918) | 1.360 (0.933) | 1.427 (0.946) | 1.062 (1.055) | 0.982 (1.061) |
| 50–54 years of age | 0.866 (0.909) | 0.901 (0.920) | 1.007 (0.932) | 1.081 (0.948) | 0.510 (1.066) | 0.437 (1.077) |
| 55–59 years of age | 0.792 (0.919) | 0.827 (0.928) | 0.779 (0.946) | 0.849 (0.959) | 0.727 (1.069) | 0.648 (1.076) |
| 60–64 years of age | 0.332 (0.961) | 0.374 (0.969) | 0.515 (1.006) | 0.600 (1.017) | 0.281 (1.123) | 0.203 (1.128) |
| Female | −0.629*** (0.165) | −0.637*** (0.165) | −0.669*** (0.176) | −0.677*** (0.176) | −1.188*** (0.210) | −1.182*** (0.211) |
| non-EU European Nationality | 0.134 (0.829) | 0.126 (0.825) | 0.858 (1.009) | 0.763 (0.988) | −0.432 (0.868) | −0.442 (0.878) |
| Primary Education | 0.859 (0.669) | 0.869 (0.669) | 0.855 (0.781) | 0.869 (0.778) | −0.614 (0.586) | −0.605 (0.580) |
| Lower Secondary Education | 1.206+ (0.658) | 1.216+ (0.656) | 1.457+ (0.770) | 1.469+ (0.766) | −0.862 (0.671) | −0.837 (0.660) |
| Upper Secondary Education | 1.495* (0.654) | 1.511* (0.653) | 1.801* (0.767) | 1.824* (0.763) | −1.276+ (0.714) | −1.249+ (0.699) |
| Post-secondary Non-tertiary Education | 1.268 (0.807) | 1.305 (0.803) | 2.125* (0.827) | 2.159** (0.824) | −2.179* (0.886) | −2.160* (0.876) |
| Short-cycle Tertiary Education | 1.976* (0.831) | 1.988* (0.825) | 2.809** (1.015) | 2.818** (1.007) | −0.794 (0.873) | −0.762 (0.867) |
| Bachelor´s or Equivalent Level | 1.881* (0.759) | 1.903* (0.758) | 2.324** (0.881) | 2.369** (0.876) | −1.318 (0.810) | −1.296 (0.803) |
| Master´s or Equivalent Level | 1.481* (0.728) | 1.500* (0.727) | 1.736* (0.876) | 1.781* (0.871) | −1.674* (0.811) | −1.647* (0.802) |
| Doctoral or Equivalent Level | 2.522* (1.108) | 2.548* (1.128) | 4.543*** (1.064) | 4.686*** (1.046) | −0.669 (1.295) | −0.638 (1.266) |
| Plant and machine operators and assemblers | 1.348*** (0.251) | 1.345*** (0.250) | 1.544*** (0.274) | 1.542*** (0.270) | −0.132 (0.385) | −0.110 (0.383) |
| Craft and related trades workers | 1.657*** (0.245) | 1.641*** (0.245) | 1.733*** (0.253) | 1.709*** (0.251) | 0.215 (0.411) | 0.242 (0.414) |
| Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers | −5.188*** (0.426) | −5.183*** (0.427) | −5.275*** (0.429) | −5.266*** (0.432) | −5.554*** (0.502) | −5.538*** (0.488) |
| Service and sales workers | 0.566+ (0.295) | 0.560+ (0.294) | 0.966** (0.304) | 0.959** (0.300) | −1.072** (0.379) | −1.047** (0.379) |
| Clerical support workers | 1.850*** (0.511) | 1.859*** (0.507) | 1.675** (0.521) | 1.686** (0.518) | 0.236 (0.500) | 0.236 (0.504) |
| Technicians and associate professionals | 1.485*** (0.364) | 1.478*** (0.362) | 1.553*** (0.410) | 1.532*** (0.406) | 0.524 (0.442) | 0.541 (0.439) |
| Professionals | 0.807* (0.378) | 0.799* (0.377) | 0.885* (0.433) | 0.852* (0.429) | −0.158 (0.504) | −0.142 (0.500) |
| Managers | −0.281 (0.356) | −0.278 (0.356) | 0.881* (0.425) | 0.875* (0.422) | −2.288*** (0.423) | −2.275*** (0.421) |
| Years of Experience | −0.0735* (0.0337) | −0.0806* (0.0383) | −0.0244 (0.0471) | |||
| Years of Experience Squared | 0.00179* (0.000709) | 0.00184* (0.000803) | 0.000723 (0.000939) | |||
| Self-employed less than 3 Years | −0.344 (0.303) | −0.537 (0.339) | 0.230 (0.479) | |||
| Age of Self-employment Activity | −0.0443* (0.0204) | −0.0346 (0.0221) | −0.0405 (0.0268) | |||
| Age of Self-employment Activity Squared | 0.00117* (0.000510) | 0.000886 (0.000557) | 0.00104 (0.000638) | |||
| Number of persons in the Household | 0.0196 (0.0627) | 0.0162 (0.0621) | 0.0568 (0.0618) | 0.0495 (0.0618) | −0.0148 (0.111) | −0.0143 (0.111) |
| All adults working full time | 0.0758 (0.185) | 0.0820 (0.184) | 0.193 (0.198) | 0.200 (0.196) | −0.0379 (0.268) | −0.0451 (0.267) |
| At least one adult working part time, all other adults working | −1.185*** (0.232) | −1.183*** (0.231) | −1.330*** (0.256) | −1.321*** (0.255) | −1.696*** (0.322) | −1.696*** (0.322) |
| Partner/spouse living in the same household | 0.258 (0.214) | 0.263 (0.212) | 0.310 (0.225) | 0.314 (0.223) | 0.297 (0.326) | 0.295 (0.328) |
| One Child under 15 in the household | 0.170 (0.212) | 0.168 (0.211) | 0.142 (0.228) | 0.142 (0.227) | 0.329 (0.331) | 0.322 (0.331) |
| Two Children under 15 in the household | −0.356 (0.266) | −0.352 (0.264) | −0.387 (0.281) | −0.374 (0.280) | −0.257 (0.402) | −0.260 (0.401) |
| Three Children under 15 in the household | 0.0967 (0.402) | 0.0976 (0.400) | 0.0885 (0.410) | 0.105 (0.407) | 0.452 (0.579) | 0.451 (0.579) |
| Four and More Children under 15 in the household | −0.107 (0.569) | −0.0945 (0.575) | −0.204 (0.529) | −0.175 (0.541) | 1.881* (0.937) | 1.850* (0.913) |
| Cities (Densely populated area) | −0.0879 (0.430) | −0.0811 (0.432) | −0.113 (0.424) | −0.108 (0.426) | 0.135 (0.456) | 0.120 (0.453) |
| Towns and suburbs (Intermediate density area) | 0.0764 (0.207) | 0.0891 (0.205) | 0.0580 (0.233) | 0.0791 (0.230) | −0.211 (0.248) | −0.218 (0.249) |
| Constant | −2.325* (1.180) | −2.654* (1.152) | −2.795* (1.298) | −3.316** (1.250) | 2.036 (1.406) | 2.244 (1.395) |
|
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| Country dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Joint significance test for dummies Prob > chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Sample description | All primarily self-employed and hybrid self-employed | Mainly solo self-employed and hybrid self-employed | Mainly self-employed with employees and hybrid self-employed | |||
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| Observations | 14,625 | 14,625 | 12,594 | 12,594 | 3274 | 3274 |
| Prob > chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.649 | 0.649 | 0.687 | 0.686 | 0.638 | 0.638 |
| Akaike information criterion (AIC) | 1204.0 | 1203.2 | 1038.8 | 1039.1 | 721.0 | 719.3 |
| Bayesian information criterion (BIC) | 1682.2 | 1673.8 | 1507.6 | 1500.4 | 1104.9 | 1097.1 |
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Economically active individuals in the Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing sector only. Pooled sample of countries. Countries included: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, United Kingdom. Post-stratification weights applied. Robust standard errors are in parentheses, stat. significance is reported as follows: + p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Reference groups for dummy variables: Age (15–19 years); Male; Native of own Country; Less than Primary Education; Elementary Occupations; Self-employed more than 3 Years; All adults not working in the household; Partner/spouse does not live in the same household; No Children under 15 living in the household; Rural area (Thinly populated area). Turning points for Years of Experience (and Squared): Model 1: ≈ 21, Model 3: ≈ 22. Turning points for Age of Self-employment Activity (and Squared): Model 2: ≈19. Source: STATA 14, own calculations based on the Labour Force Survey (LFS) ad-hoc module 2017 data ( Eurostat 2018 ).
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- The Family Effect: A Compass for Research on Heterogeneity of Family Businesses in Embedded Contexts
- Invited Editorial
- Family Firm Research Frontier
- Competitive Research Articles
- Diversification Decisions of Family SMEs under Uncertainty: Goals as a Rule of Thumb
- Entrepreneurial Orientation, Firm Growth and Performance in SMEs: Testing the Scale of EO in SME Context
- Psychological Ownership in Heterogeneous Family Firms: A Promising Path and a Call for Further Investigation
- Financial Products and Family Business Innovation Strategy
- Exploring Individual and Family-related Characteristics of Hybrid Entrepreneurs
- An Ethnographic Study Exploring the Effect of Family on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Its Younger Members in the Delhi-NCR Region of India
- The Determinants of International Performance for Family Firms: Understanding the Effects of Resources, Capabilities, and Market Orientation
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- The Family Effect: A Compass for Research on Heterogeneity of Family Businesses in Embedded Contexts
- Invited Editorial
- Family Firm Research Frontier
- Competitive Research Articles
- Diversification Decisions of Family SMEs under Uncertainty: Goals as a Rule of Thumb
- Entrepreneurial Orientation, Firm Growth and Performance in SMEs: Testing the Scale of EO in SME Context
- Psychological Ownership in Heterogeneous Family Firms: A Promising Path and a Call for Further Investigation
- Financial Products and Family Business Innovation Strategy
- Exploring Individual and Family-related Characteristics of Hybrid Entrepreneurs
- An Ethnographic Study Exploring the Effect of Family on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Its Younger Members in the Delhi-NCR Region of India
- The Determinants of International Performance for Family Firms: Understanding the Effects of Resources, Capabilities, and Market Orientation
