XXX. First Use of the Word “Photography”, March 14, 1839

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter I
2. Preface to the Third Edition (1905) VII
3. Preface to the Fourth Edition (1931) XI
4. Translator’s Preface XV
5. Contents XVII
6. I. From Aristotle (Fourth Century before Christ) to the Alchemists 1
7. II. Influence of Light on Purple Dyeing by the Ancients 8
8. III. Thought and Teaching of the Alchemists 15
9. IV. Experiments with Nature-Printing in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 33
10. V. The History of the Camera Obscura 36
11. VI. Stereoscopic (Binocular) Vision 45
12. VII. The Invention of Projection Apparatus in the Seventeenth Century 46
13. VII. (Rewritten). The Invention of Projection Apparatus 51
14. VIII. Studies of Photochemistry by Investigators of the Seventeenth Century up to Bestuscheff’s Discovery in 1725 of the Sensitivity of Iron Salts to the Light and the Retrogression of Processes in Darkness 55
15. IX. Phenomena of Phosphorescence: Luminous Stone; Discovery of the Light-Sensitivity of Silver Salt; the First Photographic Printing Process by Schulze, 1727 57
16. X. The Life of Johann Heinrich Schulze 64
17. XI. Photochemical Research in the Eighteenth Century until Beccarius and Bonzius (1757), Together with a Digression on the Knowledge at That Time of the Instability of Colors 83
18. XII. From "Giphantie" (1761) to Scheele (1777) 89
19. XIII. From Priestley (1777) to Senebier (1782); Together with an Excursion into the Application Made in Those Days of Light-Sensitive Compounds to Magic Arts 99
20. XIV. From Scopoli (1783) to Rumford (1798) 107
21. XV. From Vauquelin (1798) to Davy (1802) 119
22. XVI. The Studies of Sage (1803), Link, and Heinrich on the Nature of Light (1804-8) up to Gay-Lussac and Thenard (1810) 142
23. XVII. From the Discovery of Photography in Natural Colors by Seebeck (1810) to the Publication of Daguerre's Process (1839) 153
24. XVIII. Special Investigations into the Action of Light on Dyestuffs and Organic Compounds (1824–35) 186
25. XIX. Joseph Nicephore Niepce 193
26. XX. Relationship between Niepce and Daguerre 207
27. XXI. The Life of Daguerre 209
28. XXII. The Agreement between Nicephore Niepce and Daguerre (1829) 215
29. XXIII. Daguerre Discovers the Light-Sensitivity of Iodized Silvered Plates 223
30. XXIV. Joseph Nicephore Niépce’s Death in 1833; His Son Isidore Takes His Father’s Place in the Contract of 1829 with Daguerre; Daguerre Discovers Development with Mercury Vapors 226
31. XXV. Daguerre and Isidore Niépce Attempt Unsuccessfully in 1837 to Sell Daguerreotypy by Subscription; They Offer Their Invention to the Government; Arago’s Report to the Academy on January 7, 1839; Agreement Arrived at June 14, 1839 230
32. XXVI. Bill for the Purchase of the Invention of Daguerreotypy by the French Government, Which Donates It to the World at Large 232
33. XXVII. Daguerre's Activities after the Publication of Daguerreotypy; Report on Daguerreotypy to the Emperor of Austria 246
34. XXVIII. Success of Daguerreotypy and Its Commercial Use; the First Daguerreotype Cameras, 1839 248
35. XXIX. Commercialization of Daguerreotypy; Description of the Process 250
36. XXX. First Use of the Word “Photography”, March 14, 1839 258
37. XXXI. Scientific Investigation of the Chemico-physical Basis of Photography 259
38. XXXII. The First Daguerreotype Portraits; Exposures Reduced to Seconds 271
39. XXXIII. The Daguerreotype Process in Practice 279
40. XXXIV. Petzval’s Portrait Lens and the Orthoscope 289
41. XXXV. Daguerreotypy as a Profession, 1840–60 313
42. XXXVI. Colored Daguerreotypes 315
43. XXXVII. Invention of Photography with Negatives and Positives on Paper and Its Practical Development by Talbot 316
44. XXXVIII. Reaction of the Invention of the Daguerreotype, the Talbotype, and the Earlier Photomechanical Processes on the Modern Processes of the Graphic Arts 331
45. XXXIX. Bayard’s Direct Paper Positives in the Camera and Analogous Methods 334
46. XL. Reflectography (Breyerotypy) by Albrecht Breyer, 1839 336
47. XLI. Photographic Negatives on Glass (Niepceotypes) 338
48. XLII. The Wet Collodion Process 342
49. XLIII. Beginning of Photography as an Art by Daguerreotypy, Calotypy, and the Wet Collodion Process 348
50. XLIV. Portable Darkrooms; Theory and Practice of the Wet Collodion Process 357
51. XLV. Direct Collodion Positives in the Camera 369
52. XLVI. Chemical Sensitizers for Silver Halides 371
53. XLVII. The Dry Collodion Process and the Invention of Alkaline Development 372
54. XLVIII. Invention of Collodion Emulsion 376
55. XLIX. Invention of Collodion Layers for the Production of Stripping Films on Spools 380
56. L. Stereoscopic Photography 381
57. LI. Microphotography 385
58. LII. Photomicrography and Projection 388
59. LIII. The Solar Camera 391
60. LIV. Balloon Photography 393
61. LV. Photogrammetry 398
62. LVI. Modern Photographic Optics 403
63. LVII. Further Development of Photochemistry and Photographic Photometry 412
64. LVIII. Photoelectric Properties of Selenium 420
65. LIX. Gelatine Silver Bromide 421
66. LX. Gradual Increase of Sensitivity of Photographic Processes from 1827 until the Present Time 439
67. LXI. Gelatine Silver Bromide Paper for Prints and Enlargements 439
68. LXII. The Discovery of Gelatino-Silver Chloride for Transparencies and Positive Paper Images by Chemical Development (1881); Artificial Light Papers 443
69. LXIII. Calculation of Exposure, Determination of Photographic Speeds, Sensitometry, and the Laws Governing Density 449
70. LXIV. Discovery of Color-Sensitizing of Photographic Emulsions in 1873; Professor H. W. Vogel Discovers Optical Sensitizing 457
71. LXV. Discovery of Desensitizing 478
72. LXVI. Film Photography and the Rapid Growth of Amateur Photography 485
73. XXVII. The Stroboscope and Other Early Devices Showing the Illusion of Movement in Pictures 495
74. LXVIII. Eadweard Muybridge’s Motion Picture Photography 501
75. LXIX. Photographic Analysis of Movement by Janssen and Marey 506
76. LXX. Ottomar Anschiitz Records Movement by Instantaneous Photography and Invents the Electrotachyscope (1887) 512
77. LXXI. Development of Cinematography 514
78. LXXII. Photographing Projectiles in Flight and Air Eddies 524
79. LXXIII. Artificial Light in Photography 528
80. LXXIV. Printing-out Processes with Silver Salts 534
81. LXXV. Mordant-Dye Images on a Silver Base; Uvachromy and Allied Processes 539
82. LXXVI. Printing Methods with Iron Salts; Photographic Tracing Method (Blue Prints, etc.); Platinotype 542
83. LXXVII. Fotol Printing (1905) and Printing Photographic Tracings [Blueprints, Brown Prints, and Others] on Lithographic Presses (1909) 549
84. LXXVIII. Photographic Printing Methods with Light-Sensitive Diazo Compounds: Diazotypy, Primuline Process, Ozalid Paper 550
85. LXXIX. Discovery of the Photographic Processes with Chromates by Ponton (1839), and of the Light-Sensitivity of Chromated Gelatine by Talbot (1852) 552
86. LXXX. Gum Pigment Method 560
87. LXXXI. Pigment Images by Contact; Marion (1873); Manly's Ozotype (1898); Ozobrome Process (1905); Carbro Prints 561
88. LXXXII. Oil Printing 562
89. LXXXIII. Bromoil Process 564
90. LXXXIV. Photoceramics, Enamel Pictures with Collodion, and Dusting-on Methods 566
91. LXXXV. Electrotypes; Auer’s Nature Prints 568
92. LXXXVI. Electrotypes and Galvanic Etchings 574
93. LXXXVII. Photogravure with Etched or Galvanically Treated Daguerreotype Plates 577
94. LXXXVIII. Invention of Photoelectrotypes for Copperplate Printing and Typographic Reproduction 581
95. LXXXIX. Production of Heliogravures by Means of the Asphaltum Method; Beginning of Halftone Steel Etching 591
96. XC. Heliographie Steel and Copper Etching with the Chromated Glue Process; Klic’s Photogravure; Printing with the Doctor; Rotogravure 593
97. XCI. Photolithography; Zincography; Algraphy 608
98. XCII. Collotype 617
99. XCIII. Photographic Etching on Metal for Typographic Printing, Zincography, Copper Etching, and the Halftone Process 621
100. XCIV. Three-Color Photography 639
101. XCV. Photochromy; Color Photography with Silver Photochloride; Lippmann’s Interference Method and “Photographie Intégrale”; Kodacolor; Bleaching-out Process 664
102. XCVI. Photographic Technical Journals, Societies, and Educational Institutions 676
103. XCVII. Supplement to the Chapters on Daguerreotypy and Cinematography 717
104. Biography of Josef Maria Eder, by Hinricus Lüppo-Cramer 720
105. Notes 729
106. Index 819