Home Medicine Chapter 3. How many faculties there are of the first part of the soul, the so-called natural faculties. Quotprimae partis animae sint facultates, quae naturales appellantur. Cap. III
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Chapter 3. How many faculties there are of the first part of the soul, the so-called natural faculties. Quotprimae partis animae sint facultates, quae naturales appellantur. Cap. III

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Physiologia of Jean Fernel (1567)
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CHAPTER 3 311 to itself. The aloe possesses the power and faculty of purging, of strengthening the belly, of sticking wounds together, and contracting the scar.2 So, while a single essence of the soul is bringing several activities into being of itself, it applies various faculties to these, so that each activity gets its own faculty, and one and the same faculty is not responsible for diverse activities. Hence, since the number of activities is the same as the number of faculties, one can enumerate the distinguishing characteristics of the latter from those of the former. Thus each one has a single motion so far as it is single and behaves in a single fashion; consequently if the soul (a simple substance) performs various activities by other substances and motions, for these it brings to bear various powers and faculties as its instruments; by them it displays its many sides as it delivers various effects. It does not follow from this that these faculties are the substance of the soul, or any part of it, because they sometimes die out while the soul's essence survives intact. After vigor has become established with the years, the power and faculty of growth passes away, and what had been permanent in the prime of life meets its inevitable demise in old age, even though the soul's substance survives. In addition, [consider] anything that has come into exis-tence spontaneously from some rotting refuse, without any conjunction of seed; and anything, such as the mule or the leopard,3 that has come forth by promis-cuous association of seeds of different kinds ["genera"]. These are associated with a sentient soul, but lack the faculty of procreating; if they produce- any seed, it is sterile in its whole kind and barely fertile. This makes it clear that a faculty differs from a part of the soul particularly in its ability to be parted from the substance of the soul; no part could be separated without the total break-down and destruction of the soul at the time. Though a faculty is implanted in the soul, it is as an inherent accident [in the philosophical sense], A part of the soul is a substance, and as it were a share of it; it exists separately established in plants or beasts. But a faculty never exists in isolation and apart from the attachment to the soul it depends on. Chapter j. How many faculties there are of the first part of the soul, the so-called natural faculties. It is our task, then, to distinguish the faculties by reference to their activities, and to recognize the number of faculties from the number of activities; yet no amount of pains can review the number of the faculties of each separate part of the soul, and of their distinguishing characteristics. Each single activity is fulfilled and brought to light by some effect, and this effect is a motion of an
© 2003 The American Philosophical Society Press

CHAPTER 3 311 to itself. The aloe possesses the power and faculty of purging, of strengthening the belly, of sticking wounds together, and contracting the scar.2 So, while a single essence of the soul is bringing several activities into being of itself, it applies various faculties to these, so that each activity gets its own faculty, and one and the same faculty is not responsible for diverse activities. Hence, since the number of activities is the same as the number of faculties, one can enumerate the distinguishing characteristics of the latter from those of the former. Thus each one has a single motion so far as it is single and behaves in a single fashion; consequently if the soul (a simple substance) performs various activities by other substances and motions, for these it brings to bear various powers and faculties as its instruments; by them it displays its many sides as it delivers various effects. It does not follow from this that these faculties are the substance of the soul, or any part of it, because they sometimes die out while the soul's essence survives intact. After vigor has become established with the years, the power and faculty of growth passes away, and what had been permanent in the prime of life meets its inevitable demise in old age, even though the soul's substance survives. In addition, [consider] anything that has come into exis-tence spontaneously from some rotting refuse, without any conjunction of seed; and anything, such as the mule or the leopard,3 that has come forth by promis-cuous association of seeds of different kinds ["genera"]. These are associated with a sentient soul, but lack the faculty of procreating; if they produce- any seed, it is sterile in its whole kind and barely fertile. This makes it clear that a faculty differs from a part of the soul particularly in its ability to be parted from the substance of the soul; no part could be separated without the total break-down and destruction of the soul at the time. Though a faculty is implanted in the soul, it is as an inherent accident [in the philosophical sense], A part of the soul is a substance, and as it were a share of it; it exists separately established in plants or beasts. But a faculty never exists in isolation and apart from the attachment to the soul it depends on. Chapter j. How many faculties there are of the first part of the soul, the so-called natural faculties. It is our task, then, to distinguish the faculties by reference to their activities, and to recognize the number of faculties from the number of activities; yet no amount of pains can review the number of the faculties of each separate part of the soul, and of their distinguishing characteristics. Each single activity is fulfilled and brought to light by some effect, and this effect is a motion of an
© 2003 The American Philosophical Society Press

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. CONTENTS VII
  3. Acknowledgments XVII
  4. Introduction: Tradition and Reform: Jean Femel's Physiologia (1567) 1
  5. BOOK 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY DE PARTIUM CORPORIS HUMJNI DESCRIPTIONS. LIBER PRIMUS
  6. Chapter 1. The order of teaching and demonstration in which the art of medicine should be arranged. Quo doctrinae atque demonstrationis ordine ars medica constituenda sit. Cap. I 15
  7. Chapter 2. The difference between the human body and those of the other animals, and the parts that both share. Quid hominis corpus a caeteris distat animantibus, quasquepartes habet cum illis communes. Cap. II 17
  8. Chapter 3. The bones. De ossibus. Cap. III 21
  9. Chapter 4. The cartilages, joints, and ligaments. De cartilaginibus, articulis, et vinculis. Cap. IIII 39
  10. Chapter 5. The muscles and tendons. De musculis et tendonibus. Cap. V 45
  11. Chapter 6. The function of the internal parts to which we owe our life and nutrition, and the need for them. Quis ususpartium interiorum, quarum benejicio vivimus et nutrimur, quae illarum necessitas. Cap. VI 63
  12. Chapter 7. The internal parts held within the lower belly. Departibus interioribus infero ventre conclusis. Cap. VII 67
  13. Chapter 8. The vital parts. Departibus vitalibus. Cap. VIII 87
  14. Chapter 9. The head. De capite. Cap. IX 101
  15. Chapter 10. The nerves. De neruis. Cap. X 115
  16. Chapter 11. The veins. De vents. Cap. XI 123
  17. Chapter 12. The arteries. De arteriis. Cap. XII 139
  18. Chapter 13. The membranes and the skin. De membranis et cute. Cap. XIII 145
  19. Chapter 14. Flesh and soft parts. De came mollibusque partibus. Cap. XIIII 151
  20. Chapter 15. Fat, marrow, hairs, and nails. De adipe, medulla, pilis, et vnguibus. Cap. XV 155
  21. Chapter 16. Conduct of the dissection. Consectionis ratio. Cap. XVI and Peroration 161
  22. BOOK 2. THE ELEMENTS DE ELEMENTIS. LIB. II
  23. Introduction. Praefatio 181
  24. Chapter 1. Resolving the human body into composite parts and simple parts. Humani corporis in partes turn compositas, turn simplices dissolutio. Cap. I 183
  25. Chapter 2. What is a part of the body, and the correct numbers of simple and similar parts. Quid pars corporis, et quot simplices ac similares proprie dinumerentur. Cap. II 187
  26. Chapter 3. What should be called an element, what parts in the body should be called elements for doctors, and what should be called principles. Quid elementum, quae medicis in corporepartes elementa,et quaeprincipia did debeant. Cap. III 193
  27. Chapter 4. The reasoning on which earth, water, air, and fire are called the elements of everything. Quibus rationibus terra, aqua, aer et ignis rerum omnium elementa dicantur. Cap. IIII 195
  28. Chapter 5. The body of man, like those of everything else, is united and held together by the coalescence of the four elements. Corpus hominis, vt caeterorum omnium, ex quatuor elementorum concretione necti et contineri. Cap. V 199
  29. Chapter 6. Against recent authorities who believe that only the powers of elements, and not their substances, reside within us. Contra iuniores qui elementorum solas vires, non item substantias in nobis putant inesse. Cap. VI 201
  30. Chapter 7. A more searching inquiry into the mixture of elements. De elementorum permistione diligentior inquisitio. Cap. VII 205
  31. Chapter 8. Whether the whole of the substances of elements pervades everything completely, or only the whole of their qualities. Vtrum elementorum substantiae, an qualitates solae totis totae perfundantur. Cap. VIII 209
  32. BOOK 3. THE TEMPERAMENTS DE TEMPERAMENTIS. LIB. III
  33. Chapter 1. What a temperament is, and how Avicenna defined it wrongly. Quid temperamentum, vtque idperperam definierit Auicennas. Cap. I 215
  34. Chapter 2. That contraries gather into the same thing, and how the powers of each are to be judged. Contraria in idem confluere, et vnde singulorum vires aestimentur. Cap. II 219
  35. Chapter 3. The number and nature of distinctions between temperaments. Temperamentorum differentiae quot qualesque sint. Cap. III 223
  36. Chapter 4. What is moderated by justice, what is moderated by mass, and that both really exist in the nature of things. Quid iustitia, quid pondere temperatum, vtrumque in rerum natura vere subsistere. Cap. IIII 225
  37. Chapter 5. Human touch is the decisive assessor for distinguishing temperament. Hominis tactum, discernendi temperamenti legem esse et iudicem. Cap.V 229
  38. Chapter 6. The tempering of individual parts of the human body. De singulorum partium corporis humani temperatura. Cap. VI 233
  39. Chapter 7. The temperament of a man as a whole, and that not everything living is hot. De vniuersi hominis temperamento, neque viuens omne calidum esse. Cap. VII 237
  40. Chapter 8. Touch does not straightforwardly discover the temperament of internal parts. Vt tactus non simpliciterpartium interiorum temperamenta discernât. Cap. VIII 241
  41. Chapter 9. The inborn temperament is altered by many causes, and the basis on which this occurs. Multis ex causis ingenitum temperamentum mutari, quâque id ratione accidat. Cap. IX 243
  42. Chapter 10. Age, the distinctions between ages, and how with increasing age everyone's temperament changes. Quid aetas, quot aetatum differentiae, vtque illarum progressa cuiusque temperamentum vertatur. Cap. X 245
  43. Chapter 11. No temperament should be called bilious, sanguineous, phlegmatic, or melancholic. Temperamentum nullum biliosum, sanguineum, pituitosum, aut melancholicum did oportere. Cap. XI 253
  44. BOOK 4. THE SPIRITS AND THE INNATE HEAT DE SPIRITIBUS ET INNATO CALIDO. LIB. IIII
  45. Chapter 1. A heat resides in us and all living things, and is divine. Calorem quendam in nobis cunct'isque viuentibus inesse, eumque diuinum. Cap. I 257
  46. Chapter 2. A spirit given to all living things is associated with the vital heat. Spiritum quendam cunctis datum viuentibus, qui vitae calorem continet. Cap. II 261
  47. Chapter 3. The material of both heat and spirit is recognized in us, on the model of bodies that take fire. Corporum quae incenduntur exemplo, materiam turn caloris, turn spiritus in nobis cognosci. Cap. III 265
  48. Chapter 4. Proof of the original moisture, which is the material underlying both heat and spirit. Humidiprimigenij quod turn caloris, turn spiritus subiecta est materia, demonstratio. Cap. IIII 269
  49. Chapter 5. The triple substance of a similar part, and the other distinctions between humors. De triplici similarispartis substantia, et de caeteris humorum differentiis. Cap. V 273
  50. Chapter 6. What the innate heat is and what its substance is. Quid innatum calidum, quae eius substantia. Cap. VI 277
  51. Chapter 7. What nature is to physicians, and what its substance is. Quid natura medicis, et quae eius substantia. Cap. VII 281
  52. Chapter 8. Innate heat undergoes a change of state as age [literally, "ages"] wears on. Vt innatum calidum aetatum inclinatione, status mutationem subeat. Cap. VIII 283
  53. Chapter 9. The innate heat alters with the seasons of the year and the region, and has numerous names. Vt innatum calidum per anni tempora etper regiones mutetur, et multiplex illius appellatio. Cap. IX 291
  54. Chapter 7 [9A]. Distinctions between native heat and spirit; spirits are implanted in individual parts, and controlled by spirits flowing in from elsewhere. Natiui turn caloris, turn spiritus differentiae: hosque partibus singulis insitos, aliunde influentibus gubernari. Cap. VII 295
  55. Chapter 12. Natural spirit becomes the material of vital and animal spirit. How the spirits and other substances inherent in the parts are nourished. Naturalem spiritumfieri materiem vitalis atque animalis: vtque spiritus et aliae substantiaepartibus ingenitae alantur. Cap. XII 299
  56. BOOK 5 THE FACULTIES OF THE SOUL DE ANIMA FAC ULTATIB US. LIB. V
  57. Chapter 1. The soul. Quid anima. Cap. I 303
  58. Chapter 2. The number and nature of the kinds, parts, and faculties of the soul. Animae genera, partes etfacultates quot et quae sint. Cap. II 305
  59. Chapter 3. How many faculties there are of the first part of the soul, the so-called natural faculties. Quotprimae partis animae sint facultates, quae naturales appellantur. Cap. III 311
  60. Chapter 4. The nourishing [faculty] requires the help of four faculties. Quatuorfacultatum subsidio altricem indigere. Cap. IIII 321
  61. Chapter 5. Over and above these four, there is no other natural faculty of appetite, neither of distinguishing, nor of separating. Praeter eas quatuor; non aliam quandam esse naturalem appetendi facultatem, aliam internoscendi, aliam secernendi. Cap. V 323
  62. Chapter 6. Different natural faculties are more effective for different parts, and have assigned to them particular instruments for functioning. Aliis partibus alias facultates naturales ess valentiores, Usque propria quaedam functionum instrumenta destinata esse et attributa. Cap. VI 327
  63. Chapter 7. The faculties of external sensation. Externae sentiendi facultates. Cap. VII 331
  64. Chapter 8. Internal faculties of the sentient soul. Interiores sentientis animaefacultates. Cap. VIII 335
  65. Chapter 9. Appetite and the faculty of movement. De appetitu et mouendi facultate. Cap. IX 343
  66. Chapter 10. The base and the instrument of action that each single faculty of the sentient soul possesses: they are not all present in every animal. Quam unaquaeque sentientis animae facultas sedem habeat, quod agendi instrumentum: neque omnes omni inesse animanti. Cap. X 351
  67. Chapter 11. The faculties of intelligence. De intelligentiaefacultatibus. Cap. XI 357
  68. Chapter 12. The vital faculty, which Aristotle considered the same as the natural one. De vitalifacultate, quam Aristoteles eandem atque naturalem existimauit. Cap. XII 363
  69. Chapter 13. The physicians who follow Plato divide the vital faculty from the rest. Medicos Platonem sequutos, vitalem facultatem a reliquis diiungere. Cap. XIII 367
  70. Chapter 14. The three faculties of the soul are separate in their seats and locations. Tres animae facultates sedibus atque locis discludi. Cap. XIIII 371
  71. Chapter 15. Refutation of the reasoning put forward by antagonists. Rationum quas aduersarijproponunt confutatio. Cap. XV 377
  72. Chapter 16. What the vital faculty provides and imparts to the rest, in what it resides, what status it reaches, and what life is. Quid vitalis facultas caeteris praestet et impertiat, in quibus insit, quo accedat ordine, quid vita. Cap. XVI 385
  73. Chapter 17. The harmony of the faculties and their precedence. De facultatum concentu etprincipatus ordine. Cap. XVII 389
  74. Chapter 18. The soul in these parts is simple, and hence the arguments of the Aristotelians break down. Simplicem esse animam quae his partibus continetur; hincque Aristotelicorum rationes dissolui. Cap. XVIII 391
  75. Chapter 19. The moral faculties. De moralibus facultatibus. Cap. XIX 397
  76. BOOK 6. THE FUNCTIONS AND HUMORS DE FUNCTIONIBUS ETHUMORIBUS. LIB. VI
  77. Chapter 1. Preparation of food in the stomach. Alimenti in ventriculo confectio. Cap. I 403
  78. Chapter 2. The distribution of nutriment takes place from the stomach by way of the intestines and mesenteric veins into the liver. Vt è ventriculo per intestina et venas mesaraicas in iecur fiat alimenti distributio. Cap. II 411
  79. Chapter 3. Production of blood and humors in the liver. Sanguinis et humorum in iecore procreatio. Cap. III 419
  80. Chapter 4. All humors are generated at the same time, and from one and the same heat. Omnes humores simulgigni, et ab vno eod'emque calore. Cap. IIII 425
  81. Chapter 5. How the blood slips out of the liver and is distributed through the vena cava to all parts of the body. Vt sanguis à iecore delapsus per venam cauam in omnes corporis partes dijfundatur. Cap. V 431
  82. Chapter 6. How many kinds of concoction there are, what the particular humor of each is, and what waste matter there is. Quot concoctionum genera, quis cuiusque proprius sit humor, quod excrementum. Cap. VI 439
  83. Chapter 7. Blood, and how it is present in veins. De sanguine, vtque is consistât in venis. Cap. VII 445
  84. Chapter 8. Blood in the veins consists of a mixture not of three but of four humors, and what the different sorts of it are. Sanguinem in venis, non trium, sed quatuor humorum permistione contineri, quotque eius sint differentiae. Cap. VIII 451
  85. Chapter 9. The different sorts of phlegm and of the two kinds of bile. Pituitae et vtriusque bilis differentiae. Cap. IX 457
  86. Chapter 10. Animal functions. De animalibus functionibus. Cap. X 467
  87. Chapter 11. Functions of the internal sense. Sensus interiorisfunctiones. Cap. XI 477
  88. Chapter 12. How appetite and moral actions come about. Vtfiant appetitio atque morales actiones. Cap. XII 483
  89. Chapter 13. Forward motion, and touching. De progressions et tactione. Cap. XIII 489
  90. Chapter 14. The functions of the mind. De mentis functionibus. Cap. XIIII 495
  91. Chapter 15. The main faculties of the soul are not separate in their seats. Principes animae facultates non esse sedibus distinctas. Cap. XV 505
  92. Chapter 16. Our heat needs cooling, fuel, and purification all the time, or it is quenched and declines. Calorem nostrum perpetuo refrigeratione, pabulo, et expurgatione indigere, alioqui extingui ipsum et extabescere. Cap. XVI 509
  93. Chapter 17. The value of pulse and respiration, and the difference between them. Pulsus et respirationis vsus: vtque inter se distent. Cap. XVII 513
  94. Chapter 18. The basis on which respiration and pulsation happen. Qua ratione fiant respiratio atque pulsus. Cap. XVIII 515
  95. BOOK 7. ON HUMAN PROCREATION AND ON THE SEMEN DE HOMINIS PROCREATIONE ATQUE DE SEMINE. LIB. VII
  96. Preface. Praefatio 523
  97. Chapter 1. The origin of the difference between the sexes, and what Aristotle handed down about the semen. Sexuum distinctio vnde sit, et quid de semine sit ab Aristoteleproditum. Cap. I 525
  98. Chapter 2. The material of semen is generated in the solid parts, and how it is separated from them by the power of the testicles. Seminis materiam in solidis partibus progigni, vtque ab illis testium vi secernatur. Cap. II 529
  99. Chapter 3. The testicles and their preeminence. De testiculis et eorum praestantia. Cap. III 535
  100. Chapter 4. The composition of semen, and what the testicles contribute to its making. Quaenam est seminis compositio, quid testes ad eius confectionem conferant. Cap. IIII 541
  101. Chapter 5. The nature, excellence, and powers of semen, and that it is the cause both of all spirits and of all faculties. De seminis natura, praestantia, et viribus, idque omnium turn spirituum, turn facultatum causa esse. Cap. V 545
  102. Chapter 6. The female's semen. De foeminarum semine. Cap. VI 553
  103. Chapter 7. The menstrual blood. De menstruo sanguine. Cap. VII 559
  104. Chapter 8. The conception of the semen, and the original establishing of the human being. De seminis conceptione, et prima hominis constitutione. Cap. VIII 565
  105. Chapter 9. The initial shaping of the animal. Prima animalis conformatio. Cap. IX 571
  106. Chapter 10. Great argument both about the main one among the bodily parts and about the order of their shaping. Vt departium corporis principatu, ita et de conformationis ordine magna quidem contentione certatur. Cap. X 575
  107. Chapter 11. The completing and filling out of the fetus. De foetus perfectione et complemento. Cap. XI 583
  108. Chapter 12. The reasons children are like or unlike their parents. Quibus ex causisfit, vt nati parentibus similes dissimilesve sint. Cap. XII 589
  109. Chapter 13. The source from which the soul's faculties accrue to the conceptus, as if begotten, and the sequence in which this occurs; in addition, it is beyond doubt that the semen is a part of the conceptus. Vnde et quonam ordine animae facultates conceptui tanquam genitae accedant: nec essepraeterea dubitandum an semen parsfiat conceptus. Cap. XIII 595
  110. Notes to the Latin 603
  111. Notes to the Translation 609
  112. Bibliography 627
  113. Index 631
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https://doi.org/10.70249/9780871693693-052

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. CONTENTS VII
  3. Acknowledgments XVII
  4. Introduction: Tradition and Reform: Jean Femel's Physiologia (1567) 1
  5. BOOK 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY DE PARTIUM CORPORIS HUMJNI DESCRIPTIONS. LIBER PRIMUS
  6. Chapter 1. The order of teaching and demonstration in which the art of medicine should be arranged. Quo doctrinae atque demonstrationis ordine ars medica constituenda sit. Cap. I 15
  7. Chapter 2. The difference between the human body and those of the other animals, and the parts that both share. Quid hominis corpus a caeteris distat animantibus, quasquepartes habet cum illis communes. Cap. II 17
  8. Chapter 3. The bones. De ossibus. Cap. III 21
  9. Chapter 4. The cartilages, joints, and ligaments. De cartilaginibus, articulis, et vinculis. Cap. IIII 39
  10. Chapter 5. The muscles and tendons. De musculis et tendonibus. Cap. V 45
  11. Chapter 6. The function of the internal parts to which we owe our life and nutrition, and the need for them. Quis ususpartium interiorum, quarum benejicio vivimus et nutrimur, quae illarum necessitas. Cap. VI 63
  12. Chapter 7. The internal parts held within the lower belly. Departibus interioribus infero ventre conclusis. Cap. VII 67
  13. Chapter 8. The vital parts. Departibus vitalibus. Cap. VIII 87
  14. Chapter 9. The head. De capite. Cap. IX 101
  15. Chapter 10. The nerves. De neruis. Cap. X 115
  16. Chapter 11. The veins. De vents. Cap. XI 123
  17. Chapter 12. The arteries. De arteriis. Cap. XII 139
  18. Chapter 13. The membranes and the skin. De membranis et cute. Cap. XIII 145
  19. Chapter 14. Flesh and soft parts. De came mollibusque partibus. Cap. XIIII 151
  20. Chapter 15. Fat, marrow, hairs, and nails. De adipe, medulla, pilis, et vnguibus. Cap. XV 155
  21. Chapter 16. Conduct of the dissection. Consectionis ratio. Cap. XVI and Peroration 161
  22. BOOK 2. THE ELEMENTS DE ELEMENTIS. LIB. II
  23. Introduction. Praefatio 181
  24. Chapter 1. Resolving the human body into composite parts and simple parts. Humani corporis in partes turn compositas, turn simplices dissolutio. Cap. I 183
  25. Chapter 2. What is a part of the body, and the correct numbers of simple and similar parts. Quid pars corporis, et quot simplices ac similares proprie dinumerentur. Cap. II 187
  26. Chapter 3. What should be called an element, what parts in the body should be called elements for doctors, and what should be called principles. Quid elementum, quae medicis in corporepartes elementa,et quaeprincipia did debeant. Cap. III 193
  27. Chapter 4. The reasoning on which earth, water, air, and fire are called the elements of everything. Quibus rationibus terra, aqua, aer et ignis rerum omnium elementa dicantur. Cap. IIII 195
  28. Chapter 5. The body of man, like those of everything else, is united and held together by the coalescence of the four elements. Corpus hominis, vt caeterorum omnium, ex quatuor elementorum concretione necti et contineri. Cap. V 199
  29. Chapter 6. Against recent authorities who believe that only the powers of elements, and not their substances, reside within us. Contra iuniores qui elementorum solas vires, non item substantias in nobis putant inesse. Cap. VI 201
  30. Chapter 7. A more searching inquiry into the mixture of elements. De elementorum permistione diligentior inquisitio. Cap. VII 205
  31. Chapter 8. Whether the whole of the substances of elements pervades everything completely, or only the whole of their qualities. Vtrum elementorum substantiae, an qualitates solae totis totae perfundantur. Cap. VIII 209
  32. BOOK 3. THE TEMPERAMENTS DE TEMPERAMENTIS. LIB. III
  33. Chapter 1. What a temperament is, and how Avicenna defined it wrongly. Quid temperamentum, vtque idperperam definierit Auicennas. Cap. I 215
  34. Chapter 2. That contraries gather into the same thing, and how the powers of each are to be judged. Contraria in idem confluere, et vnde singulorum vires aestimentur. Cap. II 219
  35. Chapter 3. The number and nature of distinctions between temperaments. Temperamentorum differentiae quot qualesque sint. Cap. III 223
  36. Chapter 4. What is moderated by justice, what is moderated by mass, and that both really exist in the nature of things. Quid iustitia, quid pondere temperatum, vtrumque in rerum natura vere subsistere. Cap. IIII 225
  37. Chapter 5. Human touch is the decisive assessor for distinguishing temperament. Hominis tactum, discernendi temperamenti legem esse et iudicem. Cap.V 229
  38. Chapter 6. The tempering of individual parts of the human body. De singulorum partium corporis humani temperatura. Cap. VI 233
  39. Chapter 7. The temperament of a man as a whole, and that not everything living is hot. De vniuersi hominis temperamento, neque viuens omne calidum esse. Cap. VII 237
  40. Chapter 8. Touch does not straightforwardly discover the temperament of internal parts. Vt tactus non simpliciterpartium interiorum temperamenta discernât. Cap. VIII 241
  41. Chapter 9. The inborn temperament is altered by many causes, and the basis on which this occurs. Multis ex causis ingenitum temperamentum mutari, quâque id ratione accidat. Cap. IX 243
  42. Chapter 10. Age, the distinctions between ages, and how with increasing age everyone's temperament changes. Quid aetas, quot aetatum differentiae, vtque illarum progressa cuiusque temperamentum vertatur. Cap. X 245
  43. Chapter 11. No temperament should be called bilious, sanguineous, phlegmatic, or melancholic. Temperamentum nullum biliosum, sanguineum, pituitosum, aut melancholicum did oportere. Cap. XI 253
  44. BOOK 4. THE SPIRITS AND THE INNATE HEAT DE SPIRITIBUS ET INNATO CALIDO. LIB. IIII
  45. Chapter 1. A heat resides in us and all living things, and is divine. Calorem quendam in nobis cunct'isque viuentibus inesse, eumque diuinum. Cap. I 257
  46. Chapter 2. A spirit given to all living things is associated with the vital heat. Spiritum quendam cunctis datum viuentibus, qui vitae calorem continet. Cap. II 261
  47. Chapter 3. The material of both heat and spirit is recognized in us, on the model of bodies that take fire. Corporum quae incenduntur exemplo, materiam turn caloris, turn spiritus in nobis cognosci. Cap. III 265
  48. Chapter 4. Proof of the original moisture, which is the material underlying both heat and spirit. Humidiprimigenij quod turn caloris, turn spiritus subiecta est materia, demonstratio. Cap. IIII 269
  49. Chapter 5. The triple substance of a similar part, and the other distinctions between humors. De triplici similarispartis substantia, et de caeteris humorum differentiis. Cap. V 273
  50. Chapter 6. What the innate heat is and what its substance is. Quid innatum calidum, quae eius substantia. Cap. VI 277
  51. Chapter 7. What nature is to physicians, and what its substance is. Quid natura medicis, et quae eius substantia. Cap. VII 281
  52. Chapter 8. Innate heat undergoes a change of state as age [literally, "ages"] wears on. Vt innatum calidum aetatum inclinatione, status mutationem subeat. Cap. VIII 283
  53. Chapter 9. The innate heat alters with the seasons of the year and the region, and has numerous names. Vt innatum calidum per anni tempora etper regiones mutetur, et multiplex illius appellatio. Cap. IX 291
  54. Chapter 7 [9A]. Distinctions between native heat and spirit; spirits are implanted in individual parts, and controlled by spirits flowing in from elsewhere. Natiui turn caloris, turn spiritus differentiae: hosque partibus singulis insitos, aliunde influentibus gubernari. Cap. VII 295
  55. Chapter 12. Natural spirit becomes the material of vital and animal spirit. How the spirits and other substances inherent in the parts are nourished. Naturalem spiritumfieri materiem vitalis atque animalis: vtque spiritus et aliae substantiaepartibus ingenitae alantur. Cap. XII 299
  56. BOOK 5 THE FACULTIES OF THE SOUL DE ANIMA FAC ULTATIB US. LIB. V
  57. Chapter 1. The soul. Quid anima. Cap. I 303
  58. Chapter 2. The number and nature of the kinds, parts, and faculties of the soul. Animae genera, partes etfacultates quot et quae sint. Cap. II 305
  59. Chapter 3. How many faculties there are of the first part of the soul, the so-called natural faculties. Quotprimae partis animae sint facultates, quae naturales appellantur. Cap. III 311
  60. Chapter 4. The nourishing [faculty] requires the help of four faculties. Quatuorfacultatum subsidio altricem indigere. Cap. IIII 321
  61. Chapter 5. Over and above these four, there is no other natural faculty of appetite, neither of distinguishing, nor of separating. Praeter eas quatuor; non aliam quandam esse naturalem appetendi facultatem, aliam internoscendi, aliam secernendi. Cap. V 323
  62. Chapter 6. Different natural faculties are more effective for different parts, and have assigned to them particular instruments for functioning. Aliis partibus alias facultates naturales ess valentiores, Usque propria quaedam functionum instrumenta destinata esse et attributa. Cap. VI 327
  63. Chapter 7. The faculties of external sensation. Externae sentiendi facultates. Cap. VII 331
  64. Chapter 8. Internal faculties of the sentient soul. Interiores sentientis animaefacultates. Cap. VIII 335
  65. Chapter 9. Appetite and the faculty of movement. De appetitu et mouendi facultate. Cap. IX 343
  66. Chapter 10. The base and the instrument of action that each single faculty of the sentient soul possesses: they are not all present in every animal. Quam unaquaeque sentientis animae facultas sedem habeat, quod agendi instrumentum: neque omnes omni inesse animanti. Cap. X 351
  67. Chapter 11. The faculties of intelligence. De intelligentiaefacultatibus. Cap. XI 357
  68. Chapter 12. The vital faculty, which Aristotle considered the same as the natural one. De vitalifacultate, quam Aristoteles eandem atque naturalem existimauit. Cap. XII 363
  69. Chapter 13. The physicians who follow Plato divide the vital faculty from the rest. Medicos Platonem sequutos, vitalem facultatem a reliquis diiungere. Cap. XIII 367
  70. Chapter 14. The three faculties of the soul are separate in their seats and locations. Tres animae facultates sedibus atque locis discludi. Cap. XIIII 371
  71. Chapter 15. Refutation of the reasoning put forward by antagonists. Rationum quas aduersarijproponunt confutatio. Cap. XV 377
  72. Chapter 16. What the vital faculty provides and imparts to the rest, in what it resides, what status it reaches, and what life is. Quid vitalis facultas caeteris praestet et impertiat, in quibus insit, quo accedat ordine, quid vita. Cap. XVI 385
  73. Chapter 17. The harmony of the faculties and their precedence. De facultatum concentu etprincipatus ordine. Cap. XVII 389
  74. Chapter 18. The soul in these parts is simple, and hence the arguments of the Aristotelians break down. Simplicem esse animam quae his partibus continetur; hincque Aristotelicorum rationes dissolui. Cap. XVIII 391
  75. Chapter 19. The moral faculties. De moralibus facultatibus. Cap. XIX 397
  76. BOOK 6. THE FUNCTIONS AND HUMORS DE FUNCTIONIBUS ETHUMORIBUS. LIB. VI
  77. Chapter 1. Preparation of food in the stomach. Alimenti in ventriculo confectio. Cap. I 403
  78. Chapter 2. The distribution of nutriment takes place from the stomach by way of the intestines and mesenteric veins into the liver. Vt è ventriculo per intestina et venas mesaraicas in iecur fiat alimenti distributio. Cap. II 411
  79. Chapter 3. Production of blood and humors in the liver. Sanguinis et humorum in iecore procreatio. Cap. III 419
  80. Chapter 4. All humors are generated at the same time, and from one and the same heat. Omnes humores simulgigni, et ab vno eod'emque calore. Cap. IIII 425
  81. Chapter 5. How the blood slips out of the liver and is distributed through the vena cava to all parts of the body. Vt sanguis à iecore delapsus per venam cauam in omnes corporis partes dijfundatur. Cap. V 431
  82. Chapter 6. How many kinds of concoction there are, what the particular humor of each is, and what waste matter there is. Quot concoctionum genera, quis cuiusque proprius sit humor, quod excrementum. Cap. VI 439
  83. Chapter 7. Blood, and how it is present in veins. De sanguine, vtque is consistât in venis. Cap. VII 445
  84. Chapter 8. Blood in the veins consists of a mixture not of three but of four humors, and what the different sorts of it are. Sanguinem in venis, non trium, sed quatuor humorum permistione contineri, quotque eius sint differentiae. Cap. VIII 451
  85. Chapter 9. The different sorts of phlegm and of the two kinds of bile. Pituitae et vtriusque bilis differentiae. Cap. IX 457
  86. Chapter 10. Animal functions. De animalibus functionibus. Cap. X 467
  87. Chapter 11. Functions of the internal sense. Sensus interiorisfunctiones. Cap. XI 477
  88. Chapter 12. How appetite and moral actions come about. Vtfiant appetitio atque morales actiones. Cap. XII 483
  89. Chapter 13. Forward motion, and touching. De progressions et tactione. Cap. XIII 489
  90. Chapter 14. The functions of the mind. De mentis functionibus. Cap. XIIII 495
  91. Chapter 15. The main faculties of the soul are not separate in their seats. Principes animae facultates non esse sedibus distinctas. Cap. XV 505
  92. Chapter 16. Our heat needs cooling, fuel, and purification all the time, or it is quenched and declines. Calorem nostrum perpetuo refrigeratione, pabulo, et expurgatione indigere, alioqui extingui ipsum et extabescere. Cap. XVI 509
  93. Chapter 17. The value of pulse and respiration, and the difference between them. Pulsus et respirationis vsus: vtque inter se distent. Cap. XVII 513
  94. Chapter 18. The basis on which respiration and pulsation happen. Qua ratione fiant respiratio atque pulsus. Cap. XVIII 515
  95. BOOK 7. ON HUMAN PROCREATION AND ON THE SEMEN DE HOMINIS PROCREATIONE ATQUE DE SEMINE. LIB. VII
  96. Preface. Praefatio 523
  97. Chapter 1. The origin of the difference between the sexes, and what Aristotle handed down about the semen. Sexuum distinctio vnde sit, et quid de semine sit ab Aristoteleproditum. Cap. I 525
  98. Chapter 2. The material of semen is generated in the solid parts, and how it is separated from them by the power of the testicles. Seminis materiam in solidis partibus progigni, vtque ab illis testium vi secernatur. Cap. II 529
  99. Chapter 3. The testicles and their preeminence. De testiculis et eorum praestantia. Cap. III 535
  100. Chapter 4. The composition of semen, and what the testicles contribute to its making. Quaenam est seminis compositio, quid testes ad eius confectionem conferant. Cap. IIII 541
  101. Chapter 5. The nature, excellence, and powers of semen, and that it is the cause both of all spirits and of all faculties. De seminis natura, praestantia, et viribus, idque omnium turn spirituum, turn facultatum causa esse. Cap. V 545
  102. Chapter 6. The female's semen. De foeminarum semine. Cap. VI 553
  103. Chapter 7. The menstrual blood. De menstruo sanguine. Cap. VII 559
  104. Chapter 8. The conception of the semen, and the original establishing of the human being. De seminis conceptione, et prima hominis constitutione. Cap. VIII 565
  105. Chapter 9. The initial shaping of the animal. Prima animalis conformatio. Cap. IX 571
  106. Chapter 10. Great argument both about the main one among the bodily parts and about the order of their shaping. Vt departium corporis principatu, ita et de conformationis ordine magna quidem contentione certatur. Cap. X 575
  107. Chapter 11. The completing and filling out of the fetus. De foetus perfectione et complemento. Cap. XI 583
  108. Chapter 12. The reasons children are like or unlike their parents. Quibus ex causisfit, vt nati parentibus similes dissimilesve sint. Cap. XII 589
  109. Chapter 13. The source from which the soul's faculties accrue to the conceptus, as if begotten, and the sequence in which this occurs; in addition, it is beyond doubt that the semen is a part of the conceptus. Vnde et quonam ordine animae facultates conceptui tanquam genitae accedant: nec essepraeterea dubitandum an semen parsfiat conceptus. Cap. XIII 595
  110. Notes to the Latin 603
  111. Notes to the Translation 609
  112. Bibliography 627
  113. Index 631
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