2. Discrimination and Barriers: Basis for Black Cynicism toward Schooling

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents vii
3. Preface ix
4. 1. Introduction to Oppositional Culture 1
5. 2. Discrimination and Barriers: Basis for Black Cynicism toward Schooling 30
6. 3. Origins of Youth Perceptions of Opportunity and Academic Investment 53
7. 4. Effects of Youth Perceptions of Opportunity on Academic Achievement 74
8. 5. Racial Differences in Academic Orientation of Youth 98
9. 6. Should Blacks Become Raceless to Improve Achievement? 128
10. 7. Shifting the Focus Away from Culture and toward Prior Skills 144
11. 8. Does Marginalization Equal Resistance to Schooling? A Class-Based Analysis 163
12. 9. Refocusing Understanding of Racial Differences in Academic Outcomes 180
13. Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix C. Appendix D. Notes. References. Acknowledgements. Index.
14. Appendix A: Note of Caution about Testing 199
15. Appendix B: Sources of Data 203
16. Appendix C: Methodological Appendix 211
17. Appendix D: Description of Measures 235
18. Notes 273
19. Bibliography 283
20. Acknowledgments 303
21. Index 307