Abstract
The characterization of the microstructure in superalloys is predominantly carried out with microscopic methods. Due to the low penetration of X-rays, electrons or light, the samples have to be very thin by using transmission methods and the investigation is limited to the surface. Neutrons enable to enlarge the investigated sample volume, both the crosssection, due to the large size of neutron beams, and the thickness up to a few millimeters, because of the favourable penetration depth. This article presents various examples in the field of superalloys, as in situ measurements at high temperatures, the detection of rare detrimental single plates randomly distributed in the sample, or the determination of lattice constants. This demonstrates how worthwhile it is using the non-destructive tools of small-angle neutron scattering and neutron diffraction to solve challenges arising in material science.
References
[1] G.E. Bacon: Neutron diffraction, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1975).Search in Google Scholar
[2] W. Marshall, S.W. Lovesey: Theory of thermal neutron scattering, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1971).Search in Google Scholar
[3] G. Kostorz: Neutron Scattering: Treatise on Material Science and Technology, G. Kostorz (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 15 (1979) 227.10.1016/B978-0-12-341815-9.50013-6Search in Google Scholar
[4] G.L. Squires: Introduction to the theory of thermal neutron scattering, Cambridge –London –New York– Melbourne: Cambridge University Press (1978).Search in Google Scholar
[5] U. Rütt, A. Diederichs, J.R. Schneider, G. Shirane: Europhys. Lett. 39 (1997) 395.10.1209/epl/i1997-00539-0Search in Google Scholar
[6] R. Pynn: Los Alamos Science Summer, Neutron scattering: A Primer (1990).Search in Google Scholar
[7] A. Guinier, G. Fournet: Small-angle Scattering of X-rays, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1955).Search in Google Scholar
[8] O. Glatter: J. Appl. Cryst. 12 (1979) 166.10.1107/S0021889879012139Search in Google Scholar
[9] L.A. Feigin, D.I. Svergun, in: G.W. Taylor (Ed.), Structure Analysis by Small-angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering, Plenum Press New York (1987).10.1007/978-1-4757-6624-0Search in Google Scholar
[10] P. Strunz, A. Wiedenmann: J. Appl. Cryst. 30 (1997) 1132.10.1107/S0021889897001283Search in Google Scholar
[11] P. Strunz, A. Wiedenmann, R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, J. Zrnik, G. Schumacher: J. Appl. Cryst. 33 (2000) 834.10.1107/S002188980009974XSearch in Google Scholar
[12] P. Strunz, R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, A. Wiedenmann: J. Appl. Cryst. 36 (2003) 854.10.1107/S0021889803001705Search in Google Scholar
[13] J.M. Schneider, B. Schönfeld, B. Demé, G. Kostorz: J. Appl. Cryst. 33 (2000) 465.10.1107/S0021889800099969Search in Google Scholar
[14] P. Fratzl, E. Langmayr, O. Paris: J. Appl. Cryst. 26 (1993) 820.10.1107/S0021889893006296Search in Google Scholar
[15] R.W. Hendricks, J. Schelten, W. Schmatz: Philos. Mag. 30 (1974) 819.10.1080/14786437408207237Search in Google Scholar
[16] A. Dauger. M. Fumeron, J.P. Guillot, M. Roth: J. Appl. Cryst. 12 (1979) 429.10.1107/S0021889879012966Search in Google Scholar
[17] U. Keiderling, A. Wiedenmann: Physica B 213 & 214 (1995) 895.10.1016/0921-4526(95)00316-2Search in Google Scholar
[18] H.M. Rietveld: J. Appl. Cryst. 2 (1969) 65.10.1107/S0021889869006558Search in Google Scholar
[19] R. Gilles, B. Krimmer, J. Saroun, H. Boysen, H. Fuess: Mater. Sci. Forum 378–381 (2001) 282.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.378-381.282Search in Google Scholar
[20] A.W. Hewat, I. Bailey: Nuclear Instruments and Methods 137 (1976) 463.10.1016/0029-554X(76)90469-9Search in Google Scholar
[21] A.W. Hewat: Mater. Sci. Forum 9 (1986) 69.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.9.69Search in Google Scholar
[22] D.M. Többens, N. Stüßer, K. Knorr, H.M. Mayer, G. Lampert: Mater. Sci. Forum 378 –381 (2001) 288.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.378-381.288Search in Google Scholar
[23] T. Khan, P. Caron, in: High Temperature Materials for Power Engineering 1990, Part II, E. Bachelet et al. (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, (1990) 1261.Search in Google Scholar
[24] R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, P. Strunz, A. Wiedenmann, R.P. Wahi: Z. Metallkd. 88 (1997) 518.Search in Google Scholar
[54] R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, P. Strunz, B. Barbier, A. Wiedenmann, R.P. Wahi: Scripta mater. 38 (1998) 803.10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00548-4Search in Google Scholar
[26] R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, P. Strunz , S. Lieske, A. Wiedenmann, R.P. Wahi: Scripta mater. 39 (1998) 715.10.1016/S1359-6462(98)00178-XSearch in Google Scholar
[27] R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, P. Strunz, A. Wiedenmann, R.P. Wahi: Physica B 241–243 (1998) 347.Search in Google Scholar
[28] D. Mukherji, R. Gilles, S. Lieske, A. Wiedenmann, R.P. Wahi: Scripta mater. 41 (1999) 31.10.1016/S1359-6462(99)00088-3Search in Google Scholar
[29] U. Keiderling: Physica B 234 –236 (1997) 1111.10.1016/S0921-4526(97)00124-5Search in Google Scholar
[30] T. Khan, P. Caron, in: A.K. Kovl et al. (Eds.), Advances in High-Temperature Structural Materials and Protective Coatings, National Research Counsil of Canada, Ottawa (Canada), (1994) 11.Search in Google Scholar
[31] D. Mukherji, J. Rösler, in: T. Chandra, K. Higashi, C. Suryanarayana, C. Tome (Eds.), Proceedings of Thermec 2000, Las Vegas, USA, December 2000: CDROM, Section, D7, Vol 117/3 Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN 0 08 044026 6 (2001).Search in Google Scholar
[32] R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, P. Strunz, A. Wiedenmann, J. Rösler, H. Fuess, in: as Ref. [31].Search in Google Scholar
[33] P. Strunz, D. Mukherji, R. Gilles, A. Wiedenmann, J. Rösler, H. Fuess: J. Appl. Cryst. 34 (2001) 541.10.1107/S0021889801004708Search in Google Scholar
[34] J. Schelten, W. Schmatz: J. Appl. Cryst. 13 (1980) 385.10.1107/S0021889880012356Search in Google Scholar
[35] P. Strunz, J. Saroun, U. Keiderling, A. Wiedenmann, R. Przenioslo: J. Appl. Cryst. 30 (2000) 844.10.1107/S0021889897001271Search in Google Scholar
[36] P. Strunz, J. Zrnik, R. Gilles, A. Wiedenmann: Physica B 276 (2000) 890.10.1016/S0921-4526(99)01541-0Search in Google Scholar
[37] P. Strunz, G. Schuhmacher, W. Chen, D. Mukherji, R. Gilles, A. Wiedenmann: Applied physics A 74 [Suppl.] (2002) 1083.10.1007/s003390101195Search in Google Scholar
[38] A.G. Khachaturyan, S.V. Semenovskaya, J.W. Morris, Jr.: Acta metall. 36 (1998) 1563.10.1016/0001-6160(88)90224-6Search in Google Scholar
[39] S. Socrate, D.M. Parks: Acta metall. mater. 41 (1993) 2185.10.1016/0956-7151(93)90389-ASearch in Google Scholar
[40] D.F. Lahrman, R.D. Field, R. Darolia, H.L. Faser: Acta metall. 36 (1998) 1309.10.1016/0001-6160(88)90283-0Search in Google Scholar
[41] H.A. Kuhn, H. Biermann, T. Ungar, H. Mughrabi: Acta metall. 39 (1991) 2783.10.1016/0956-7151(91)90095-ISearch in Google Scholar
[42] Th. Gnäupel-Herold, W. Reimers: Scripta metall. mater. 33 (1995) 615.10.1016/0956-716X(95)00266-XSearch in Google Scholar
[43] D. Mukherji, R. Gilles, B. Barbier, D. Del Genovese, B. Hasse, P. Strunz, T. Wroblewski, H. Fuess, J. Rösler: Scripta mater. 48 (2003) 333.10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00456-6Search in Google Scholar
[44] R. Gilles, D. Mukherji, P. Strunz, B. Barbier, D.M. Többens, J. Rösler: Applied physics A 74 [Suppl.] (2002) 1446.10.1007/s003390201742Search in Google Scholar
[45] L.W. Finger, D.E. Cox, A.P. Jephcoat: J. Appl. Cryst. 27 (1994) 892.10.1107/S0021889894004218Search in Google Scholar
© 2005 Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles Basic
- Ferroic materials and anomalous strains
- Neutron scattering, a powerful tool in material science considering superalloys as an example
- Investigation and modification of carbide sub-systems in the multicomponent Fe–C–Co–Cr–Mo–Si–V–W system
- Evolution of texture in pure magnesium during rolling
- Grain boundary radiotracer diffusion of 71Ge and 72Ga in Al and Al–Ga alloys
- Microstructures and thermal stability of metastable-phase precipitates formed in an Al–Cu alloy at 463 K
- Articles Applied
- The effect of instationary solidification conditions on the eutectic growth morphology in AlSi alloys
- Microstructural development in the heat-affected zone of a laser-cladded steel
- Microstructure formation in Ti–Si composite subjected to high temperature gradients
- Effect of natural ageing on the performance of pre-ageing to improve bake-hardening response of a twin-roll cast Al–Mg–Si alloy
- Residual stress evolution and near-surface microstructure after turning of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718
- Gefügeentwicklung in unter Druck hochverformten Metallen
- Articles History
- Alfred Wilm and the beginnings of Duralumin
- Notifications/Mitteilungen
- Personal/Personelles
- Books/Bücher
- News/Aktuelles
- Conferences/Konferenzen
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles Basic
- Ferroic materials and anomalous strains
- Neutron scattering, a powerful tool in material science considering superalloys as an example
- Investigation and modification of carbide sub-systems in the multicomponent Fe–C–Co–Cr–Mo–Si–V–W system
- Evolution of texture in pure magnesium during rolling
- Grain boundary radiotracer diffusion of 71Ge and 72Ga in Al and Al–Ga alloys
- Microstructures and thermal stability of metastable-phase precipitates formed in an Al–Cu alloy at 463 K
- Articles Applied
- The effect of instationary solidification conditions on the eutectic growth morphology in AlSi alloys
- Microstructural development in the heat-affected zone of a laser-cladded steel
- Microstructure formation in Ti–Si composite subjected to high temperature gradients
- Effect of natural ageing on the performance of pre-ageing to improve bake-hardening response of a twin-roll cast Al–Mg–Si alloy
- Residual stress evolution and near-surface microstructure after turning of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718
- Gefügeentwicklung in unter Druck hochverformten Metallen
- Articles History
- Alfred Wilm and the beginnings of Duralumin
- Notifications/Mitteilungen
- Personal/Personelles
- Books/Bücher
- News/Aktuelles
- Conferences/Konferenzen