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Anaerobic Biodegradation of Surfactants – Scientific Review

  • J. L. Berna , G. Cassani , C.-D. Hager , N. Rehman , I. López , D. Schowanek , J. Steber , K. Taeger and T. Wind
Published/Copyright: March 30, 2013
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Tenside Surfactants Detergents
From the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents Volume 44 Issue 6

Abstract

The anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants is used as an acceptability criterion in some environmental pieces of legislation (eco-label, risk assessment, etc.), without a proper evaluation of the relevance of such a characteristic. Available screening test methods to assess the anaerobic biodegradation do not simulate the real conditions prevailing in these anaerobic compartments but rather reflect more stringent conditions, due to the high test substance/biomass ratio, possibility of inhibitory effects and limited possibility for adaptation. Therefore positive results are indicative of a similar behaviour under environmental conditions, while a negative result cannot be necessarily interpreted as inherent anaerobic recalcitrance. The majority of surfactants entering the environment will be exposed to and degraded under aerobic conditions, and only less than 20 % will potentially reach temporarily anaerobic environmental compartments. In contrast to the well documented adverse effects observed in the absence of aerobic biodegradation, the lack of anaerobic biodegradation does not seem to be correlated with any apparent environmental problem for most compartments after more than 40 years of widely use of such products. The scientific review concluded that anaerobic biodegradability does not have the same environmental relevance as the aerobic one. Anaerobic biodegradability should not, therefore, be used as a pass/fail property for the environmental acceptability of surfactants which are readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.

Kurzfassung

Der anaerobe Abbau von Tensiden wird häufig – ohne wissenschaftliche Bewertung der Relevanz einer solchen Kenngröße – als ein Akzeptanzkriterium in einigen umweltrelevanten Teilen von Verordnungen (Ecolabel, Risikoabschätzungen, etc.) genutzt. Bekannte Screening-Testmethoden zur Abschätzung des anaeroben Abbaus simulieren nicht reale Verhältnisse, die in anaeroben Kompartimenten vorherrschen, sondern spiegeln aufgrund des hohen Testsubstanz/Biomasse-Verhältnisses sowie möglicher Inhibitionseffekte und begrenzt möglicher Adaption deutlich strengere Bedingungen wider. Folglich weisen in Screening-Tests positive Abbauergebnisse auf ein ähnliches Verhalten unter Umweltbedingungen hin, während ein negatives Ergebnis nicht unbedingt als inhärent anaerobe „Hartnäckigkeit“ zu interpretieren ist. Die Mehrzahl der in die Umwelt eingetragenen Tenside wird aeroben Bedingungen exponiert und unter diesen auch abgebaut. Nur weniger als 20 % der Tenside erreichen eventuell temporär anaerobe Umweltkompartimente. Im Gegensatz zu gut dokumentierten negativen Effekten, die in Ermangelung von aerobem Abbau beobachtet werden, scheint für die meisten Kompartimente ein mangelnder anaerober Abbau – auch nach mehr als 40 Jahren weitem Gebrauch entsprechender Tenside – nicht mit irgendeinem ersichtlichen Umweltproblem assoziiert werden zu können. Dieser wissenschaftliche Übersichtsartikel schlussfolgert, dass die anaerobe Abbaubarkeit nicht von gleicher Relevanz einzustufen ist wie die aerobe. Daher sollte die anaerobe Abbaubarkeit nicht als ein Entscheidungskriterium zur Umweltakzeptanz von Tensiden genutzt werden, die unter aeroben Bedingungen leicht biologisch abbaubar sind.

Key words:: Surfactant; anaerobic biodegradation; anaerobic biodegradability; wastewater treatment; screening tests; simulation tests; sediment; monitoring data
Stichwörter:: Tenside; anaerober Abbau; anaerobe Abbaubarkeit; Abwasserbehandlung; Screening-Tests; Simulationstests; Sediment; Daten-Monitoring
∗ Dr. José Luis Berna, Petresa Group, Campo de Las Naciones, Avenida Partenon, 12-14, E-28042 Madrid, Spain. E-mail:

José Luis Berna Tejero got his degree in chemistry at the University of Zaragoza (Spain) in 1969 and master in chemistry and technology of petroleum at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid in 1971. He joined Petresa in 1971 as a research chemist and he is presently Director of R&D of the Petresa group. He is the author and co-author of numerous publications and participations in international congresses mainly in the field of surfactant raw materials development, environmental chemistry and risk assessment of surfactants.

Giorgio Cassani studied chemistry and obtained his PhD at the University of Milan, Italy. From 1976 to 1982 he worked at the research centre Instituto Donegani (Montedison Group), first in the field of synthesis and identification of new (insect pheromones) of agricultural interest and later in the field of isolation/-identification of microbial fermentation products (biotechnology group). In 1992 he moved to EniChem Augusta (now Sasol Italy S.p.A.) as Head of the Analytical Laboratory at the research centre in Paderno Dugnano (Milano). His main experience now is in the field of surfactant: analysis, environmental determination and biodegradation studies. He is author/co-author of more than 40 publications.

Claus-Dierk Hager holds a German diploma in chemistry and obtained his PhD in metal organic chemistry at the University of Dortmund in 1979. In 1979 he joined Unilever as a process development manager in the edible fats and oils business. In 1984 he moved to Hüls AG, Surfactants Business Unit, where he was responsible for the application of surfactants in detergents and cleaners. After the acquisition of the Hüls Surfactants Business by CONDEA Chemie GmbH and finally in 2001 by SASOL, Claus-D Hager is now working for SASOL Germany, where he is managing the Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs Department as well as Market Research.

Naheed Rehman is an environmental team leader advising Unilever on all aspects of environmental safety. She holds a PhD and conducts global environmental risk assessments for Unilever's ingredients. She is responsible for delivery of Unilever's Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC's) ecotoxicology work programme. Dr. Rehman leads and co-ordinates R&D projects for safety approval with specialist expertise in assessing the effect of chemical structure on the biodegradability of Unilever's ingredients (aerobic and anaerobic). She has published several reports and scientific papers in peer reviewed journals.

Ignacio López Serrano obtained his MSc in Chemistry by the University of Granada in 1997. He got a Master in Engineering and Environmental Management by the Escuela de Organización Industrial in 1999. At the end of 1999 he joined Petresa working within the R+D division. His area of research comprises of the study of raw materials, surfactant derivatives and detergency as well as the environmental behaviour of surfactants. Currently he is responsible for the Customer Service and Environmental Laboratory of Petresa.

Diederik Schowanek is a Bio-Engineer by training and obtained his PhD in Environmental Engineering in 1991 from Gent University (Belgium). He is currently principal scientist in the Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs Department of Procter & Gamble's Brussels Innovation Centre (Belgium). Dr. Schowanek is involved in the planning and management of environmental (research) activities of P&G. He has built a recognised expertise in domains like Risk Assessment of chemicals and Life Cycle Assessment. Dr. Schowanek is also actively involved in professional organisations such as B-IWA (Belgian Committtee of the International Water Association), EWA (European Water Association), and the Royal Flemish Engineering Society (KVIV-Section ‘Environmental Technology’). With P&G he is also involved in various EU-sponsored environmental research projects. Dr. Schowanek has published over 40 scientific papers in international journals and handbooks.

Josef Steber holds a diploma in biology and obtained his PhD in microbiology/biochemistry at the University of Munich in 1976. He joined the Department of Ecology at Henkel in 1978. Until his retirement end 2006 he was in charge of this department and has been member of numerous international working groups dealing with the environmental safety assessment of chemicals.

Klaus Taeger was born in 1954. He studied microbiology at the University of Göttingen and obtained his PhD in Wuppertal in 1986. Until 1988 his main subject was the bioremediation of soil. Afterwards he has worked in the departments of Emission Control and Ecology as well as Product Safety at BASF AG. An important part of his work is to investigate the biodegradability of detergent ingredients.

Thorsten Wind holds a German Diploma of Biology and an American Bachelor of Science. He finished his PhD-work in 1997 at the Max-Planck-Institute of Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg/Germany. After two years in the field of international project management in the diagnostic industries Thorsten Wind started 1999 as a lab manager of the ecological laboratories at Henkel KGaA-Düsseldorf/Germany. He is currently working as a manager of Environmental Product Safety Assessment in the Dept. of Corporate SHE & Product Safety responsible for the detergent sub-division. His special expertise is in exposure analysis, environmental monitoring and modelling and biodegradation.

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Received: 2007-08-07
Published Online: 2013-03-30
Published in Print: 2007-12-01

© 2007, Carl Hanser Publisher, Munich

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents/Inhalt
  2. Contents
  3. Abstracts
  4. Abstracts
  5. Review Article
  6. Anaerobic Biodegradation of Surfactants – Scientific Review
  7. Application
  8. A Comparative Analysis between Different Ether Carboxylic Acids with Respect to Wettability and Surface Topography of Abrasively Treated Polyester Fabrics
  9. Interaction of Amphoteric Collector with Silica and Hematite Surfaces
  10. Self-cleaning by Utilization of Photocatalytic Effects
  11. Novel Surfactants
  12. A New Class of Labile Surfactants that Break Down to Non-surface Active Products upon Heating or after a Pre-set Time, without the Need for a pH Change
https://doi.org/10.3139/113.100351
Keywords for this article
Surfactant; anaerobic biodegradation; anaerobic biodegradability; wastewater treatment; screening tests; simulation tests; sediment; monitoring data

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Contents/Inhalt
  2. Contents
  3. Abstracts
  4. Abstracts
  5. Review Article
  6. Anaerobic Biodegradation of Surfactants – Scientific Review
  7. Application
  8. A Comparative Analysis between Different Ether Carboxylic Acids with Respect to Wettability and Surface Topography of Abrasively Treated Polyester Fabrics
  9. Interaction of Amphoteric Collector with Silica and Hematite Surfaces
  10. Self-cleaning by Utilization of Photocatalytic Effects
  11. Novel Surfactants
  12. A New Class of Labile Surfactants that Break Down to Non-surface Active Products upon Heating or after a Pre-set Time, without the Need for a pH Change
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