InterstratiÞ ed kaolinite-smectite: Nature of the layers and mechanism of smectite kaolinization
-
Teresa Dudek
,
Javier Cuadros
Abstract
This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the nature and evolution mechanism of interstratified clay minerals. We examined the <2 μm or <0.2 μm size fraction of interstratified kaolinite- smectite (K-S) formed by hydrothermal and hydrogenic alteration of volcanogenic material from a Tortonian clay deposit (Almería, Spain), a weathered Eocene volcanic ash (Yucatan, Mexico), and a weathered Jurassic bentonite (Northamptonshire, England). The methods used were X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of random and oriented preparations, thermogravimetry, chemical analysis, and 29Si MAS nuclear magnetic resonance. The proportions of kaolinite and smectite in K-S (%K) were determined by fitting the XRD patterns of ethylene-glycol-saturated samples with patterns calculated with the NEWMOD computer program. The obtained range of compositions is 0.85%K. A comparison of the results from the various techniques showed non-linear relationships, indicating that the layers in K-S are complex and hybrid in nature. The smectite-to-kaolinite reaction is a solid-state transformation proceeding through formation of kaolinite-like patches within the smectite layers. The process consists of several non-simultaneous stages: (1) removal of parts of the tetrahedral sheet, resulting in formation of kaolinite-like patches; (2) layer collapse to ~7 Å where the kaolinite-like patches are sufficiently large; (3) Al for Mg substitution in the octahedral sheet, simultaneous or slightly delayed with respect to layer collapse, causing a layer-charge decrease and loss of interlayer cations; (4) Si for Al replacement in the tetrahedral sheet and further loss of interlayer cations. Iron remains in the kaolinite or is lost at the latest stages of the process.
© 2015 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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Articles in the same Issue
- Dana Lecture. Rates of Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ca diffusion in garnet
- An FTIR study of hydrogen in anorthoclase and associated melt inclusions
- First occurrence of iodine in natural sulfosalts: The case of mutnovskite, Pb2AsS3(I,Cl,Br), a new mineral from the Mutnovsky volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russian Federation
- The real topological conÞ guration of the extra-framework content in alkali-poor beryl: A multi-methodological study
- A low-temperature heat-capacity study of synthetic anhydrous Mg-cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18)
- Dissolution kinetics of pyrochlore ceramics for the disposition of plutonium
- Oxy-amphibole equilibria in Ti-bearing calcic amphiboles: Experimental investigation and petrologic implications for mantle-derived amphiboles
- Fe2+/Fe3+ charge ordering in contact layers of lamellar magnetism: Bond valence arguments
- Calcic amphibole growth and compositions in calc-alkaline magmas: Evidence from the Motru Dike Swarm (Southern Carpathians, Romania)
- Anomalously high Fe contents in rehomogenized olivine-hosted melt inclusions from oxidized magmas
- The rate of ferrihydrite transformation to goethite via the Fe(II) pathway
- Phase transitions and volumetric properties of cryolite, Na3AlF6: Differential thermal analysis to 100 MPa
- The crystal structure of dissakisite-(La) and structural variations after annealing of radiation damage
- Effects of metal protection coils on thermocouple EMF in multi-anvil high-pressure experiments
- First-principles study of the OH-stretching modes of gibbsite
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- Unique W-rich alloy of Os and Ir and associated Fe-rich alloy of Os, Ru, and Ir from California
- Schreyerite, V2Ti3O9: New occurrence and crystal structure
- A cold-sealing capsule design for synthesis of fluid inclusions and other hydrothermal experiments in a piston-cylinder apparatus
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