Home Vapor-phases as Cu transport agents for the shear-zone-hosted mineralization system: A perspective from H-O-S-Cu isotopes
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Vapor-phases as Cu transport agents for the shear-zone-hosted mineralization system: A perspective from H-O-S-Cu isotopes

  • Yun Zhao , Chunji Xue , Sheng-Ao Liu , Ryan Mathur , Xiaobo Zhao , Reimar Seltmann , Jiangang Jiao , Yongsen Huang and Xuefeng Wang
Published/Copyright: March 27, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Elucidating metal transport agents is the key to understanding the genesis of deposits and tracking the locations of concealed orebodies. Here, we integrate H-O-S-Cu isotopic data from the shear-zone-hosted Lingyun Cu deposit, China, as a means to fingerprint metal transport agents. Sulfide mineralization can be divided into early and late stages, which consist of chalcopyrite + bornite + quartz veins and chalcopyrite + bornite + ankerite veinlets, respectively. Both δ18Ofluid and δD values of fluid inclusions hosted by quartz (δ18Ofluid: 0.5‰ to 9.9‰, δD: –103.9‰ to –60.1‰) and δ65Cu values of sulfides (–1.85‰ to +0.39‰) from the early stage progressively decrease from the southeastern to northwestern portions of the Lingyun deposit, whereas sulfide δ34S simultaneously shifts toward heavier values (–14.4‰ to 5.0‰). The δ34S and δ65Cu values of sulfides from the late stage have restricted ranges from –11.2‰ to –9.3‰ and –0.30‰ to 0.05‰, respectively. The possibilities of meteoric water addition, water-rock interaction, inter-mineral Cu partitioning, diffusion, and oxidation could be ruled out as reasons for having caused systematic H-O-S-Cu isotope variations. Vapor-liquid separation resulted in preferential incorporation of light Cu, H, and O isotopes into the vapor phase. The decrease in oxygen fugacity in the fluids resulted in a shift toward heavier δ34S values as fluid flowed outward. Vapor-phases are the dominant transport agents for Cu in the Lingyun deposit, which may be widely applicable to shear-zone-hosted deposits. The direction of progressively increasing δ65Cu, δD, and δ18O values and decreasing δ34S values allows identification of potential locations of concealed orebodies.


Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.


Funding statement: This research is jointly supported by the National Key Research Program of China (2022YFF0800902), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD (300102263505), the Research Startup Project of Yunnan University (YJRC4201804), the Open Research Project from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR202307), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41803013), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (QZ05201905). C.X. acknowledges funding under the National 305 Project Office of Xinjiang and Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Introduced Project “Tianchi talent”. R.S. acknowledges funding under Natural Environment Research Council Grant NE/ P017452/1: “From arc magmas to ores (FAMOS): A mineral systems approach.” This work is a contribution to IGCP project #662 under patronage of IUGS and UNESCO.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dandan Li, Ze-Zhou Wang, and Yiwen Lv for their assistance in the lab. We thank Stefan Höhn for his comments on the early version of this manuscript. We extend our gratitude to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and Associate Editor William H. Peck for his editorial input.

References cited

Audétat, A. (2019) The metal content of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and its relationship to mineralization potential. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 114, 1033–1056, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4673.Search in Google Scholar

Cai, Z.H., Xu, Z.Q., He, B.Z., and Wang, R.R. (2012) Age and tectonic evolution of ductile shear zones in the eastern Tianshan-Beishan orogenic belt. Yanshi Xuebao, 28, 1875–1895 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Y.J. (2006) Orogenic-type deposits and their metallogenic model and exploration potential. Geology in China, 33, 1181–1196 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Chen, G. (2008) The mineralization characteristics and prospecting indicator of Lingyun copper deposit. Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geology, 26, 356–362 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Y.J., Pirajno, F., and Sui, Y.H. (2004) Isotope geochemistry of the Tieluping silver-lead deposit, Henan, China: A case study of orogenic silver-dominated deposits and related tectonic setting. Mineralium Deposita, 39, 560–575, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0429-9.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, H.Y., Chen, Y.J., and Baker, M.J. (2012a) Evolution of ore-forming fluids in the Sawayaerdun gold deposit in the Southwestern Chinese Tianshan metallogenic belt, Northwest China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 49, 131–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.05.011.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, H.Y., Chen, Y.J., and Baker, M.J. (2012b) Isotopic geochemistry of the Sawayaerdun orogenic-type gold deposit, Tianshan, northwest China: Implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration. Chemical Geology, 310–311, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.026.Search in Google Scholar

Clayton, R.N. and Mayeda, T.K. (1963) The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27, 43–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(63)90071-1.Search in Google Scholar

Clayton, R.N., O’Neil, J.R., and Mayeda, T.K. (1972) Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77, 3057–3067, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB077i017p03057.Search in Google Scholar

Cline, J.S. and Bodnar, R.J. (1991) Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated by a typical calc-alkaline melt? Journal of Geophysical Research, 96 (B5), 8113–8126, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB00053.Search in Google Scholar

Coleman, M.L., Shepherd, T.J., Durham, J.J., Rouse, J.E., and Moore, G.R. (1982) Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 54, 993–995, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00243a035.Search in Google Scholar

Ding, Y., Veblen, D.R., and Prewitt, C.T. (2005) Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4). American Mineralogist, 90, 1265–1269, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1518.Search in Google Scholar

Drummond, S.E. and Ohmoto, H. (1985) Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 80, 126–147, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.1.126.Search in Google Scholar

Estrade, N., Carignan, J., Sonke, J.E., and Donard, O.F.X. (2009) Mercury isotope fractionation during liquid-vapour evaporation experiments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 2693–2711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.024.Search in Google Scholar

Etschmann, B.E., Liu, W., Testemale, D., Müller, H., Rae, N.A., Proux, O., and Brugger, J. (2010) An in situ XAS study of copper (I) transport as hydrosulfide complexes in hydrothermal solutions (25–592 °C, 180–600 bar): Speciation and solubility in vapor and liquid phases. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 4723–4739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.013.Search in Google Scholar

First Geological Team of the Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (2008) Detailed Investigation Report of Lingyun Copper Deposit in Shanshan County, Xinjiang, 205 p (in Chinese).Search in Google Scholar

Gao, J., Long, L.L., Klemd, R., Qian, Q., Liu, D.Y., Xiong, X.M., Su, W., Liu, W., Wang, Y.T., and Yang, F.Q. (2009) Tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions, NW China: Geochemical and age constraints of granitoid rocks. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 1221–1238, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0370-8.Search in Google Scholar

Goh, S.W., Buckley, A.N., Lamb, R.N., Rosenberg, R.A., and Moran, D. (2006) The oxidation states of copper and iron in mineral sulfides, and the oxides formed on initial exposure of chalcopyrite and bornite to air. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 2210–2228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.007.Search in Google Scholar

Goldfarb, R.J., Ayuso, R., Miller, M.L., Ebert, S.W., Marsh, E.E., Petsel, S.A., Miller, L.D., Bradley, D., Johnson, C., and McClelland, W. (2004) The late Cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 99, 643–671, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.4.643.Search in Google Scholar

Goldfarb, R., Baker, T., Dubé, B., Groves, D.I., Hart, C.J., and Gosselin, P. (2005) Distribution, character and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 407–450, https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.14.Search in Google Scholar

Golding, S.D., Groves, D.I., McNaughton, N.J., Mikucki, E.J. and Sang, J.H. (1990) Sulfur isotope studies. In S.E. Ho, D.I. Groves, and J.M. Bennett, Eds., Gold Deposits of the Archean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia: Nature, Genesis and Exploration Guides. University of Western Australia, Geology Department and University Extension Publication, 20, 259–262.Search in Google Scholar

Gregory, M.J. and Mathur, R. (2017) Understanding copper isotope behavior in the high temperature magmatic-hydrothermal porphyry environment. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18, 4000–4015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007026.Search in Google Scholar

Gruen, G., Weis, P., Driesner, T., Heinrich, C.A., and de Ronde, C.E. (2014) Hydrodynamic modeling of magmatic-hydrothermal activity at submarine arc volcanoes, with implications for ore formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 404, 307–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.041.Search in Google Scholar

Guo, H., Xia, Y., Bai, R., Zhang, X., and Huang, F. (2020) Experiments on Cu-isotope fractionation between chlorine-bearing fluid and silicate magma: Implications for fluid exsolution and porphyry Cu deposits. National Science Review, 7, 1319–1330, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz221.Search in Google Scholar

Han, C., Xiao, W., Zhao, G., Mao, J., Li, S., Yan, Z., and Mao, Q. (2006) Major types, characteristics and geodynamic mechanism of Upper Paleozoic copper deposits in northern Xinjiang, northwestern China. Ore Geology Reviews, 28(3), 308–328, https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.oregeorev.2005.04.002.Search in Google Scholar

Heinrich, C.A. (2005) The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: A thermodynamic study. Mineralium Deposita, 39, 864–889, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0461-9.Search in Google Scholar

Heinrich, C.A. (2007) Fluid-fluid interactions in magmatic-hydrothermal ore formation. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 65, 363–388.Search in Google Scholar

Heinrich, C.A., Ryan, C.G., Mernagh, T.P., and Eadington, P.J. (1992) Segregation of ore metals between magmatic brine and vapor; a fluid inclusion study using PIXE microanalysis. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 87, 1566–1583, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.6.1566.Search in Google Scholar

Heinrich, C.A., Günther, D., Audétat, A., Ulrich, T., and Frischknecht, R. (1999) Metal fractionation between magmatic brine and vapor determined by microanalysis of fluid inclusions. Geology, 27, 755–758, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0755:MFBMBA>2.3.CO;2.Search in Google Scholar

Hoefs, J. (2009) Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 6th ed., 300 p. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Hoefs, J. (2018) Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 8th ed., 464 p. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Höhn, S., Frimmel, H.E., Debaille, V., Pašava, J., Kuulmann, L., and Debouge, W. (2017) The case for metamorphic base metal mineralization: Pyrite chemical, Cu and S isotope data from the Cu-Zn deposit at Kupferberg in Bavaria, Germany. Mineralium Deposita, 52, 1145–1156, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0714-z.Search in Google Scholar

Horita, J. and Wesolowski, D.J. (1994) Liquid-vapor fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water from the freezing to the critical temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 3425–3437, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90096-5.Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, T., Gao, J., Klemd, R., Qian, Q., Zhang, X., Xiong, X., Wang, X.S., Tan, Z., and Chen, B. (2014) Paleozoic ophiolitic mélanges from the South Tianshan Orogen, NW China: Geological, geochemical and geochronological implications for the geodynamic setting. Tectonophysics, 612-613, 106–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.038.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, J.W., Oelkers, E.H., and Helgeson, H.C. (1992) SUPCRT92: A Software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species, and reactions from 1 to 5000 bar and 0 to 1000 °C. Computers & Geosciences, 18, 899–947, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(92)90029-Q.Search in Google Scholar

Kitt, S., Kisters, A., Steven, N., Maiden, K., and Hartmann, K. (2016) Shear-zone hosted copper mineralisation of the Omitiomire deposit-structural controls of fluid flow and mineralisation during subduction accretion in the Pan-African Damara Belt of Namibia. Ore Geology Reviews, 75, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.10.035.Search in Google Scholar

Klekovkina, V.V., Gainov, R.R., Vagizov, F.G., Dooglav, A.V., Golovanevskiy, V.A., and Pen’kov, I.N. (2014) Oxidation and magnetic states of chalcopyrite CuFeS2: A first principles calculation. Optics and spectroscopy, 116, 885–888, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0030400X14060149.Search in Google Scholar

Konopelko, D., Biske, G., Seltmann, R., Eklund, O., and Belyatsky, B. (2007) Hercynian post-collisional A-type granites of the Kokshaal Range, Southern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Lithos, 97, 140–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.005.Search in Google Scholar

Konopelko, D., Seltmann, R., Biske, G., Lepekhina, E., and Sergeev, S. (2009) Possible source dichotomy of contemporaneous post-collisional barren I-type versus tin-bearing A-type granites, lying on opposite sides of the South Tien Shan suture. Ore Geology Reviews, 35, 206–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.01.002.Search in Google Scholar

Landtwing, M.R., Furrer, C., Redmond, P.B., Pettke, T., Guillong, M., and Heinrich, C.A. (2010) The Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit. III. Zoned copper-gold ore deposition by magmatic vapor expansion. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 105, 91–118, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.91.Search in Google Scholar

Lerchbaumer, L. and Audétat, A. (2012) High Cu concentrations in vapor-type fluid inclusions: An artifact? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 88, 255–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.033.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Y. and Audétat, A. (2012) Partitioning of V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, W, Au, Pb, and Bi between sulfide phases and hydrous basanite melt at upper mantle conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 355-356, 327–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.008.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Y. and Audétat, A. (2015) Effects of temperature, silicate melt composition, and oxygen fugacity on the partitioning of V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, W, Au, Pb, and Bi between sulfide phases and silicate melt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 162, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.036.Search in Google Scholar

Li, W., Jackson, S.E., Pearson, N.J., and Graham, S. (2010) Copper isotopic zonation in the Northparkes porphyry Cu-Au deposit, SE Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 4078–4096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.04.003.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, S.-A., Li, D.D., Li, S.G., Teng, F.Z., Ke, S., He, Y.S., and Lu, Y.H. (2014a) High-precision copper and iron isotope analysis of igneous rock standards by MC-ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 29, 122–133, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3JA50232E.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, S.-A., Teng, F.Z., Li, S.G., Wei, G.J., Ma, J.L., and Li, D.D. (2014b) Copper and iron isotope fractionation during weathering and pedogenesis: Insights from saprolite profiles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 146, 59–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.09.040.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, S.-A., Huang, J., Liu, J.G., Wörner, G., Yang, W., Tang, Y.J., Chen, Y., Tang, L.-M., Zheng, J., and Li, S.-G. (2015) Copper isotopic composition of the silicate Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 427, 95–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.061.Search in Google Scholar

Maher, K.C. and Larson, P.B. (2007) Variation in copper isotope ratios and controls on fractionation in hypogene skarn mineralization at Coroccohuayco and Tintaya, Peru. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 102, 225–237, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.2.225.Search in Google Scholar

Maher, K.C., Jackson, S., and Mountain, B. (2011) Experimental evaluation of the fluid-mineral fractionation of Cu isotopes at 250 °C and 300 °C. Chemical Geology, 286, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.008.Search in Google Scholar

Mao, J., Goldfarb, R.J., Wang, Y., Hart, C.J., Wang, Z., and Yang, J. (2005) Late Paleozoic base and precious metal deposits, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, China: Characteristics and geodynamic setting. Episodes Journal of International Geoscience, 28(1), 23–36, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i1/003.Search in Google Scholar

Maréchal, C.N., Télouk, P., and Albarède, F. (1999) Precise analysis of copper and zinc isotopic compositions by plasma-source mass spectrometry. Chemical Geology, 156, 251–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00191-0.Search in Google Scholar

Marjoribanks, R. (2010) Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining, 238 p. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Mathur, R., Titley, S., Barra, F., Brantley, S., Wilson, M., Phillips, A., Munizaga, F., Maksaev, V., Vervoort, J., and Hart, G. (2009) Exploration potential of Cu isotope fractionation in porphyry copper deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 102, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.09.004.Search in Google Scholar

Mathur, R., Dendas, M., Titley, S., and Phillips, A. (2010) Patterns in the copper isotope composition of minerals in porphyry copper deposits in southwestern United States. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 105, 1457–1467, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.105.8.1457.Search in Google Scholar

Mathur, R., Ruiz, J., Casselman, M.J., Megaw, P., and van Egmond, R. (2012) Use of Cu isotopes to distinguish primary and secondary Cu mineralization in the Canariaco Norte porphyry copper deposit. Mineralium Deposita, 47, 755–762, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-012-0439-y.Search in Google Scholar

Mathur, R., Munk, L., Nguyen, M., Gregory, M., Annell, H., and Lang, J. (2013) Modern and paleofluid pathways revealed by Cu isotope compositions in surface waters and ores of the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Alaska. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 108, 529–541, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.3.529.Search in Google Scholar

McCuaig, T.C. and Kerrich, R. (1998) P-T-t-deformation-fluid characteristics of lode gold deposits: Evidence from alteration systematics. Ore Geology Reviews, 12, 381–453, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(98)00010-9.Search in Google Scholar

Migdisov, A.A., Bychkov, A.Y., Williams-Jones, A.E., and Van Hinsberg, V.J. (2014) A predictive model for the transport of copper by HCl-bearing water vapour in ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal systems: Implications for copper porphyry ore formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 129, 33–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.024.Search in Google Scholar

Molnár, F., Mänttäri, I., O’Brien, H., Lahaye, Y., Pakkanen, L., Johanson, B., Käpyaho, A., Sorjonen-Ward, P., Whitehouse, M., and Sakellaris, G. (2016) Boron, sulphur and copper isotope systematics in the orogenic gold deposits of the Archaean Hattu schist belt, eastern Finland. Ore Geology Reviews, 77, 133–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.02.012.Search in Google Scholar

Ohmoto, H. (1986) Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy, 16, 491–559.Search in Google Scholar

Ohmoto, H.R. and Rye, R.O. (1979) Isotopes of sulphur and carbon. In H.L. Barnes, Ed., Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed., p. 509–567. WileySearch in Google Scholar

Palin, J.M. and Xu, Y. (2000) Gilt by association? Origins of pyritic gold ores in the Victory mesothermal gold deposit, Western Australia. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 95, 1627–1634, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.8.1627.Search in Google Scholar

Pearce, C.I., Pattrick, R.A.D., Vaughan, D.J., Henderson, C.M.B., and van der Laan, G. (2006) Copper oxidation state in chalcopyrite: Mixed Cu d9 and d10 characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 4635–4642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.05.017.Search in Google Scholar

Phillips, G.N. and Powell, R. (2009) Formation of gold deposits: Review and evaluation of the continuum model. Earth-Science Reviews, 94, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.02.002.Search in Google Scholar

Phillips, G.N. and Powell, R. (2010) Formation of gold deposits: A metamorphic devolatilization model. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 28, 689–718, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00887.x.Search in Google Scholar

Pirajno, F. (2009) Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral System, p. 1–1250. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Pirajno, F. (2010) Intracontinental strike-slip faults, associated magmatism, mineral systems and mantle dynamics: Examples from NW China and Altay-Sayan (Siberia). Journal of Geodynamics, 50, 325–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.01.018.Search in Google Scholar

Pirajno, F., Seltmann, R., and Yang, L.Q. (2011) A review of mineral systems and associated tectonic settings of northern Xinjiang, NW China. Geoscience Frontiers, 2, 157–185, https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.gsf.2011.03.006.Search in Google Scholar

Pokrovski, G.S., Borisova, A.Y., and Harrichoury, J. (2008) The effect of sulfur on vapor-liquid fractionation of metals in hydrothermal systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266, 345–362, https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.epsl.2007.11.023.Search in Google Scholar

Précigout, J., Prigent, C., Palasse, L., and Pochon, A. (2017) Water pumping in mantle shear zones. Nature Communications, 8, 15736, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15736.Search in Google Scholar

Qian, Q., Gao, J., Klemd, R., He, G.Q., Song, B., Liu, D.Y., and Xu, R.H. (2009) Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Chinese South Tianshan Orogen: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of basaltic and dioritic rocks from Xiate, NW China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 551–569, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0268-x.Search in Google Scholar

Rempel, K.U., Liebscher, A., Meixner, A., Romer, R.L., and Heinrich, W. (2012) An experimental study of the elemental and isotopic fractionation of copper between aqueous vapour and liquid to 450 °C and 400 bar in the CuCl-NaCl-H2O and CuCl-NaHS-NaCl-H2O systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 94, 199–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.028.Search in Google Scholar

Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., and Javoy, M. (1977) A review of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and chlorine stable isotope fractionation among gaseous molecules. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 5, 65–110, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433.Search in Google Scholar

Richter, F.M., Janney, P.E., Mendybaev, R.A., Davis, A.M., and Wadhwa, M. (2007) Elemental and isotopic fractionation of Type B CAI-like liquids by evaporation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 5544–5564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.09.005.Search in Google Scholar

Rye, R.O. (1993) The evolution of magmatic fluids in the epithermal environment: The stable isotope perspective. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 88, 733–752, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.733.Search in Google Scholar

Şengör, A.M.C., Natal’in, B.A., and Burtman, U.S. (1993) Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364, 299–304, https://doi.org/10.1038/364299a0.Search in Google Scholar

Seo, J.H. and Heinrich, C.A. (2013) Selective copper diffusion into quartz-hosted vapor inclusions: Evidence from other host minerals, driving forces, and consequences for Cu-Au ore formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 113, 60–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.03.016.Search in Google Scholar

Seo, J.H., Lee, S.K., and Lee, I. (2007) Quantum chemical calculations of equilibrium copper (I) isotope fractionations in ore-forming fluids. Chemical Geology, 243, 225–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.05.025.Search in Google Scholar

Sharp, Z. (2017) Principles of stable isotope geochemistry, 385 p. University of New Mexico.Search in Google Scholar

Sheppard, S.M.F. and Gustafson, L.B. (1976) Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 71, 1549–1559, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.71.8.1549.Search in Google Scholar

Shvarov, Y.V. and Bastrakov, E.N. (1999) HCh: A Software Package for Geochemical Equilibrium Modelling. User’s Guide, 61 p. Australian Geological Survey Organization Record 1999/25.Search in Google Scholar

Sibson, R.H. (1986) Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14, 149–175, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.001053.Search in Google Scholar

Sibson, R.H. (1987) Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems. Geology, 15, 701–704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<701:ERAAMA>2.0.CO;2.Search in Google Scholar

Sibson, R.H. (2004) Controls on maximum fluid overpressure defining conditions for mesozonal mineralisation. Journal of Structural Geology, 26, 1127–1136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.003.Search in Google Scholar

Sibson, R.H., Moore, J.M.M., and Rankin, A.H. (1975) Seismic pumping—a hydrothermal fluid transport mechanism. Journal of the Geological Society, 131, 653–659, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.131.6.0653.Search in Google Scholar

Simon, A.C., Pettke, T., Candela, P.A., Piccoli, P.M., and Heinrich, C.A. (2006) Copper partitioning in a melt-vapour-brine-magnetite-pyrrhotite assemblage. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 5583–5600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.045.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, H.P. (1974) The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 69, 843–883, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.6.843.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, H.P. (1997) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits. In H.L. Barnes, Ed., Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 3rd ed., 229–302. Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

van der Laan, G., Pattrick, R.A.D., Charnock, J.M., and Grguric, B.A. (2002) CuL2, 3 x-ray absorption and the electronic structure of nonstoichiometric Cu5FeS4. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter, 66, 045104, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.045104.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, J., Davis, A.M., Clayton, R.N., Mayeda, T.K., and Hashimoto, A. (2001) Chemical and isotopic fractionation during the evaporation of the FeO-MgO-SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-TiO2 rare earth element melt system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 479–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00529-9.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, B., Shu, L.S., Cluzel, D., Faure, M., and Charvet, J. (2007) Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block (Xinjiang, NW China): Implication for the tectonic evolution of Western Tianshan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29, 148–159, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.02.008.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y.H., Xue, C.J., Liu, J.J., and Zhang, F.F. (2016a) Geological, geochronological, geochemical, and Sr-Nd-O-Hf isotopic constraints on origins of intrusions associated with the Baishan porphyry Mo deposit in eastern Tianshan, NW China. Mineralium Deposita, 51, 953–969, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0646-z.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y.H., Zhang, F.F., Liu, J.J., and Que, C.Y. (2016b) Carboniferous magmatism and mineralization in the area of the Fuxing Cu deposit, Eastern Tianshan, China: Evidence from zircon U-Pb ages, petrogeochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic compositions. Gondwana Research, 34, 109–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y.H., Zhang, F.F., and Liu, J.J. (2016c) The genesis of the ores and intrusions at the Yuhai Cu-Mo deposit in eastern Tianshan, NW China: Constraints from geology, geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotope systematics. Ore Geology Reviews, 77, 312–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.03.003.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y.H., Xue, C.J., Liu, J.J., and Zhang, F.F. (2018) Origin of the subduction-related Carboniferous intrusions associated with the Yandong porphyry Cu deposit in eastern Tianshan, NW China: Constraints from geology, geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O isotopes. Mineralium Deposita, 53, 629–647, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0763-3.Search in Google Scholar

Williams, H.M. and Archer, C. (2011) Copper stable isotopes as tracers of metal-sulphide segregation and fractional crystallisation processes on iron meteorite parent bodies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 3166–3178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.010.Search in Google Scholar

Williams-Jones, A.E. and Heinrich, C.A. (2005) 100th Anniversary special paper: Vapor transport of metals and the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 100, 1287–1312, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.7.1287.Search in Google Scholar

Williams-Jones, A.E. and Migdisov, A.A. (2014) Experimental constraints on the transport and deposition of metals in ore-forming hydrothermal systems. Society of Economic Geologists, 18, 77–96, https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.18.05.Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, A., Cooke, D., Harper, B., and Deyell, C. (2007) Sulfur isotopic zonation in the Cadia district, southeastern Australia: Exploration significance and implications for the genesis of alkalic porphyry gold-copper deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 42, 465–487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0071-9.Search in Google Scholar

Windley, B.F., Alexeiev, D., Xiao, W.J., Kroner, A., and Badarch, G. (2007) Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of the Geological Society, 164, 31–47, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492006-022.Search in Google Scholar

Wombacher, F., Rehkamper, M., Mezger, K., Bischoff, A., and Münker, C. (2008) Cadmium stable isotope cosmochemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 646–667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.024.Search in Google Scholar

Wu, S., Zheng, Y., Wang, D., Chang, H., and Tan, M. (2017) Variation of copper isotopes in chalcopyrite from Dabu porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in Tibet and implications for mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 14–24, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.10.001.Search in Google Scholar

Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Huang, B.C., Han, C.M., Yuan, C., Chen, H.L., Sun, M., Sun, S., and Li, J.L. (2009) End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionary processes of the southern Altaids: Implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth, and metallogeny of Central Asia. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 1189–1217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0407-z.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Z.Q., Li, S.T., Zhang, J.X., Yang, J.S., He, B.Z., Li, H.B., Lin, C.S., and Cai, Z.H. (2011) Paleo-Asian and Tethyan tectonic systems with docking the Tarim block. Yanshi Xuebao, 27, 1–22 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Xue, C.J., Zhao, X.B., Zhao, W.C., Zhao, Y., Zhang, G.Z., Nurtaev, B., Pak, N., and Mo, X.X. (2020) Deformed zone hosted gold deposits in the China-Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Tian Shan: Metallogenic environment, controlling parameters, and prospecting criteria. Earth Science Frontiers, 27, 294–319 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Yakubchuk, A., Cole, A., Seltmann, R., and Shatov, V. (2002) Tectonic setting, characteristics, and regional exploration criteria for gold mineralization in the Altaid orogenic collage: The Tien Shan province as a key example. Society of Economic Geologists, 9, 177–202, https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.09.09.Search in Google Scholar

Yao, J., Mathur, R., Sun, W., Song, W., Chen, H., Mutti, L., Xiang, X, and Luo, X. (2016) Fractionation of Cu and Mo isotopes caused by vapor-liquid partitioning, evidence from the Dahutang W-Cu-Mo ore field. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006328.Search in Google Scholar

Zajacz, Z., Candela, P.A., and Piccoli, P.M. (2017) The partitioning of Cu, Au and Mo between liquid and vapor at magmatic temperatures and its implications for the genesis of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 207, 81–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.03.015.Search in Google Scholar

Zambardi, T., Sonke, J.E., Toutain, J.P., Sortino, F., and Shinohara, H. (2009) Mercury emissions and stable isotopic compositions at Vulcano Island (Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 236–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.023.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., Xue, C.J, Liu, S.-A., Symons, D.T., Zhao, X.B, Yang, Y.Q. and Ke, J.J. (2017) Copper isotope fractionation during sulfide-magma differentiation in the Tulaergen magmatic Ni-Cu deposit, NW China. Lithos, 286-287, 206–215.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., Xue, C.J., Huang, Y.S., Wang, X.F., Zhao, X.B., and Zhang, G.Z. (2018) A ductile to brittle shear zone-hosted Cu mineralization: Geological, geochronological, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies of the Lingyun Cu deposit, southern Tianshan, NW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 94, 155–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.012.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., Xue, C.J., Liu, S.A., Mathur, R., Zhao, X.B., Yang, Y.Q., Dai, J.F., Man, R.H., and Liu, X.M. (2019) Redox reactions control Cu and Fe isotope fractionation in a magmatic Ni-Cu mineralization system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 249, 42–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.12.039.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., Liu, S.A., Xue, C.J., Mathur, R., Symons, D.T., and Ke, J. (2022) Copper isotope fractionation in magmatic NiCu mineralization systems associated with the variation of oxygen fugacity in silicate magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 338, 250263.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., Liu, S.A., Xue, C., Brzozowski, M.J., and Chen, J. (2024) Metasomatized mantle facilitates the genesis of magmatic nickel–copper sulfide deposits in orogenic belts: a copper isotope perspective. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 366, 128–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.11.028.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, L., Shen, Y., and Ji, J. (2003) Characteristics and genesis of Kanggur gold deposit in the eastern Tianshan mountains, NW China: evidence from geology, isotope distribution and chronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 23(1-2), 71–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(03)00016-7.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, L.C., Xiao, W.J., Qin, K.Z., Ji, J.S., and Yang, X.K. (2004) Types, geological features and geodynamic significances of gold-copper deposits in the Kanggurtag metallogenic belt, eastern Tianshan, NW China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93, 224–240, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0383-x.Search in Google Scholar

Zheng, Y.F. (1993) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in hydroxyl-bearing silicates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 120, 247–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90243-3.Search in Google Scholar

Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, Y.J., Qin, Y.J., and Liu, C.F. (2012) Geology, fluid inclusion geochemistry, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Wulasigou Cu deposit, and their implications for ore genesis, Altay, Xinjiang, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 49, 128–140, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.09.005.Search in Google Scholar

Zhong, R., Brugger, J., Tomkins, A.G., Chen, Y., and Li, W. (2015) Fate of gold and base metals during metamorphic devolatilization of a pelite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 171, 338–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.09.013.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, J.X., Wang, J.S., Yang, D.Z., and Liu, J.H. (2013) H-O-S-Cu-Pb isotopic constraints on the origin of the Nage Cu-Pb deposit, southeast Guizhou province, SW China. Acta Geologica Sinica—English Edition, 87, 1334–1343, https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12132.Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, X.K., Guo, Y., Williams, R.J.P., O’Nions, R.K., Matthews, A., Belshaw, N.S., Canters, G.W., de Waal, E.C., Weser, U. Burgess, B.K., and Salvato, B. (2002) Mass fractionation processes of transition metal isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 200, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00615-5.Search in Google Scholar

Zimmer, K., Zhang, Y., Lu, P., Chen, Y., Zhang, G., Dalkilic, M., and Zhu, C. (2016) SUPCRTBL: A revised and extended thermodynamic dataset and software package of SUPCRT92. Computers & Geosciences, 90, 97–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.02.013.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2022-11-30
Accepted: 2023-06-03
Published Online: 2024-03-27
Published in Print: 2024-04-25

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Downloaded on 28.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8888/html
Scroll to top button