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Nanostructural domains in martian apatites that record primary subsolidus exsolution of halogens: Insights into nakhlite petrogenesis

  • Marina Martínez , Charles K. Shearer and Adrian J. Brearley
Published/Copyright: October 28, 2023
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 108 Issue 11

Abstract

The microstructures of selected F-, Cl-, and OH-bearing martian apatite grains, two in Northwest Africa (NWA) 998 (cumulus apatites, embedded in pyroxene) and a set of four in Nakhla (intercumulus apatites), were studied by focused ion beam–transmission electron microscopy (FIB-TEM) techniques. Our results show that the nanostructure of martian apatite is characterized by a domain structure at the 5–10 nm scale defined by undulous lattice fringes and slight differences in contrast, indicative of localized elastic strain within the lattices and misorientations in the crystal. The domain structure records a primary post-magmatic signature formed during initial subsolidus cooling (T <800 °C), in which halogens clustered by phase separation (exsolution), but overall preserved continuity in the crystalline structure. Northwest Africa 998 apatites, with average Cl/F ratios of 1.26 and 2.11, show higher undulosity of the lattice fringes and more differences in contrast than Nakhla apatites (average Cl/F = 4.23), suggesting that when Cl/F is close to 1, there is more strain in the structure. Vacancies likely played a key role stabilizing these ternary apatites that otherwise would be immiscible. Apatites in Nakhla show larger variations in halogen and rare-earth element (REE) contents within and between grains that are only a few micrometers apart, consistent with growth under disequilibrium conditions and crystallization in open systems. Nakhla apatite preserves chemical zonation, where F, REEs, Si, and Fe are higher in the core and Cl increases toward the outer layers of the crystal. There is no evidence of subsolidus ionic diffusion or post-magmatic fluid interactions that affected bulk apatite compositions in NWA 998 or Nakhla. The observed zonation is consistent with crystallization from a late-stage melt that became Cl-enriched, and assimilation of volatile-rich crustal sediments is the most plausible mechanism for the observed zonation. This work has broader implications for interpreting the chemistry of apatite in other planetary systems.

Keywords: Apatite; halogens; nanostructures; FIB-TEM; nakhlites; Mars

* Present address: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici Cs, Av. de l’Eix Central, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank Ying-Bing Jiang and Elena Dobrica for their help with the TEM. Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis were performed in the Electron Microbeam Analysis Facility at the University of New Mexico, a facility that is funded by the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the state of New Mexico. We thank F.M. McCubbin, an anonymous reviewer, C. Ferraris, and the Associate Editor Anne Peslier for insightful comments, which helped improve the quality of this manuscript. This work was supported and funded by NASA Cosmochemistry Grant NNX15AD28G to A.J. Brearley.

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Received: 2022-09-16
Accepted: 2022-11-29
Published Online: 2023-10-28
Published in Print: 2023-11-25

© 2023 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Passive carbon sequestration associated with wollastonite mining, Adirondack Mountains, New York
  2. Geochemical variation in biotite from the Devonian South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia: Constraints on emplacement pressure, temperature, magma redox state and the development of a magmatic vapor phase (MVP)
  3. Nanostructural domains in martian apatites that record primary subsolidus exsolution of halogens: Insights into nakhlite petrogenesis
  4. Magnetism and equation of states of fcc FeHx at high pressure
  5. Hydrothermal alteration of magmatic titanite: Implications for REE remobilization and the formation of ion-adsorption HREE deposits, South China
  6. Effects of crystal chemistry on adsorption, occurrence, and mobility of water in palygorskite tunnels
  7. Temperature-induced densification in compressed basaltic glass revealed by in-situ ultrasonic measurements
  8. X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of Pd2+ on Ni site in pentlandite
  9. Twinning in hydrous wadsleyite: Symmetry relations, origin, and consequences
  10. An experimental crystallization of the Macusani obsidian in a thermal gradient with applications to lithium-rich granitic pegmatites
  11. Amorphous Mn2SiO4: A potential manganese phase in the stagnant slab
  12. The crystal structure of feitknechtite (β-MnOOH) and a new MnOOH polymorph
  13. Yakubovichite, CaNi2Fe3+(PO4)3, a new nickel phosphate mineral of non-meteoritic origin
  14. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8794
Keywords for this article
Apatite; halogens; nanostructures; FIB-TEM; nakhlites; Mars

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Passive carbon sequestration associated with wollastonite mining, Adirondack Mountains, New York
  2. Geochemical variation in biotite from the Devonian South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia: Constraints on emplacement pressure, temperature, magma redox state and the development of a magmatic vapor phase (MVP)
  3. Nanostructural domains in martian apatites that record primary subsolidus exsolution of halogens: Insights into nakhlite petrogenesis
  4. Magnetism and equation of states of fcc FeHx at high pressure
  5. Hydrothermal alteration of magmatic titanite: Implications for REE remobilization and the formation of ion-adsorption HREE deposits, South China
  6. Effects of crystal chemistry on adsorption, occurrence, and mobility of water in palygorskite tunnels
  7. Temperature-induced densification in compressed basaltic glass revealed by in-situ ultrasonic measurements
  8. X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of Pd2+ on Ni site in pentlandite
  9. Twinning in hydrous wadsleyite: Symmetry relations, origin, and consequences
  10. An experimental crystallization of the Macusani obsidian in a thermal gradient with applications to lithium-rich granitic pegmatites
  11. Amorphous Mn2SiO4: A potential manganese phase in the stagnant slab
  12. The crystal structure of feitknechtite (β-MnOOH) and a new MnOOH polymorph
  13. Yakubovichite, CaNi2Fe3+(PO4)3, a new nickel phosphate mineral of non-meteoritic origin
  14. Book Review
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