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Lead and noble gas isotopic constraints on the origin of Te-bearing adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits in a calc-alkaline magmatic arc, NE China

  • Shen Gao ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Albert H. Hofstra , Kezhang Qin EMAIL logo , Xinyu Zou , Michael J. Pribil , Andrew G. Hunt , Andrew H. Manning , Heather A. Lowers and Hong Xu
Published/Copyright: September 24, 2024
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Abstract

Tellurium (Te)-bearing adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits are widely distributed in calc-alkaline magmatic arcs and are an important current and future source of precious and critical metals. The source of ore-forming fluids in these deposits remains unclear due to the lack of in situ isotopic evidence on Au-, Ag-, and Te-bearing minerals. To advance the understanding of the source and evolution of Te and precious metals, herein, we combine in situ Pb isotope analysis with He, Ne, and Ar isotope and microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from two Te-rich and two Te-poor epithermal Au-Ag deposits that occur in an Early Cretaceous magmatic arc in the North Heilongjiang Belt, northeastern China. Ore minerals (hessite, petzite, calaverite, altaite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena) from Te-rich Au-Ag deposits, including Sandaowanzi and Yongxin, have the least radiogenic Pb isotope compositions (206Pb/204Pb from 18.1 to 18.3) and the lowest μ1 values (the 238U/204Pb ratio of the lead source down to 9.14) of the deposits studied. For these Te-rich deposits, noble gas isotope data show that fluid inclusions in ore minerals contain a large proportion of mantle He (up to 25%), whereas barren early-stage minerals do not (<1%). The Pb, noble gas isotope, and fluid inclusion microthermometric results suggest that Te-rich ore-forming fluids were likely discharged from mafic magmas into convecting meteoric flow systems at shallow levels (<2 km). In contrast to the Te-rich deposits, ore minerals from the Te-poor Dong’an Au-Ag deposit have radiogenic Pb isotope compositions (206Pb/204Pb from 18.8 to 18.9) and the highest μ1 values (up to 10.54). Fluid inclusions in ore minerals contain a small proportion of mantle He (1% to 5%). The results suggest that metals and ore-forming fluids in these deposits were discharged from either more crustally contaminated intermediate-felsic magmas or leached from upper crustal rocks by convecting meteoric flow systems. Although the Te-poor Tuanjiegou Au-Ag deposit has a non-radiogenic Pb isotope composition consistent with a mafic magma source, Te is much less abundant (electrum [>95%] is the major gold- and silver-bearing mineral) than Au. The main exploration implication of these results is that unexplored volcano-plutonic centers in the northeast Xing’an Block with less radiogenic Pb isotope compositions (206Pb/204Pb < 18.3) and containing fluids with a high proportion of mantle He are more likely to generate Te-rich epithermal Au-Ag deposits than other volcano-plutonic centers in NE China.

Funding statement: This study was funded by the Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 92062219), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42272080 and 41802099), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0601306), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2-9-2021-021). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Acknowledgments

The manuscript benefited from reviews by Stephan Schuth, Associated Editor Daniel Gregory, and the U.S. Geological Survey reviewer Nora K. Foley. The authors are grateful to the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration (Heilongjiang), the Geological Brigades of the Heilongjiang Geological Survey, and Sandaowanzi, Dong’an, and Tuanjiegou Gold Co. Ltd. for their support of the fieldwork.

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Received: 2022-04-14
Accepted: 2024-01-14
Published Online: 2024-09-24
Published in Print: 2024-10-28

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Trace element fractionation in magnetite as a function of Fe depletion from ore fluids at the Baijian Fe-(Co) skarn deposit, eastern China: Implications for Co mineralization in Fe skarns
  2. Evidence for oceans pre-4300 Ma confirmed by preserved igneous compositions in Hadean zircon
  3. Experimental vs. natural fulgurite: A comparison and implications for the formation process
  4. Illitization of smectite influenced by chemical weathering and its potential control of anatase formation in altered volcanic ashes
  5. A modified genetic model for multiple pulsed mineralized processes at the giant Qulong porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization system
  6. Lead and noble gas isotopic constraints on the origin of Te-bearing adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits in a calc-alkaline magmatic arc, NE China
  7. Wenlanzhangite–(Y) from the Yushui deposit, South China: A potential proxy for tracing the redox state of ore formation
  8. High-resolution SIMS U-Th-Pb geochronology of small-size (<5 μm) monazite: Constraints on the timing of Qiuling sediment-hosted gold deposit, South Qinling Orogen, central China
  9. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VIII: The evolution of metamorphic minerals
  10. Gamma-enhancement of reflected light images as a routine method for assessment of compositional heterogeneity in common low-reflectance Fe-bearing minerals
  11. Polysomatic intergrowths between amphiboles and non-classical pyriboles in magnetite: Smallest-scale features recording a protracted geological history
  12. Mineralogical and geochemical facets of the massive deposition of stibnite-metastibnite at a seafloor hydrothermal field (Wakamiko Crater, Kagoshima Bay, Ryukyu Volcanic Arc)
  13. High-pressure phase transition in clinochlore: IIa polytype stabilization
  14. Memorial of Larry Wayne Finger (1940–2024)
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