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Hexagonal magnetite in Algoma-type banded iron formations of the ca. 2.52 Ga Baizhiyan Formation, North China: Evidence for a green rust precursor?

  • Longfei Sun , Maxwell Lechte , Xiaoying Shi , Xiqiang Zhou , Limin Zhou , Hao Fang , Baozeng Xie , Mengting Wu and Dongjie Tang
Published/Copyright: May 5, 2022
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 107 Issue 5

Abstract

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are iron-rich marine chemical sedimentary rocks, and their mineralogy and geochemistry can be used to gain insights into ancient ocean chemistry and biospheric evolution. Magnetite is the major iron-bearing mineral in many BIFs (particularly in the Archean) and is variably interpreted to be of primary, early diagenetic, or metamorphic origin. Different genetic interpretations for magnetite lead to divergent pictures of the Precambrian Earth system and its evolutionary models through time. The Baizhiyan Formation of the Neoarchean Wutai Group (Shanxi, North China) features magnetite-bearing, Algoma-type BIFs deposited ca. 2.52 Ga, in the lead-up to a major period of global iron formation deposition in the Paleoproterozoic. Abundant magnetite crystals found in the silica-rich bands of these BIFs show euhedral, hexagonal morphology. We suggest that this hexagonal magnetite likely represents pseudomorphs after green rust, a mixed-valence iron hydroxy-salt formed in the water column. The rare earth element composition of the BIFs shows negligible to slightly positive Ce anomalies (CeSN/CeSN* = 1.03 ± 0.07), which is characteristic of a dominantly anoxic water column. The presence of positive Eu anomalies (EuSN/EuSN* <3.9) suggests a substantial influence from proximal hydrothermal fluids. The co-occurrence of siderite layers associated with the magnetite-bearing strata may indicate iron cycling associated with ferruginous bottom seawater conditions. Geochemical signatures of the Baizhiyan BIFs are consistent with the interpretation that the magnetite was transformed from metastable green rust. This green rust could have formed via several processes, including the partial oxidation of Fe(II) by molecular oxygen/photoferrotrophs, the reaction of settling ferrihydrite with Fe(II)-rich hydrothermal fluids under anoxic conditions, or local dissimilatory iron reduction. In all cases, the contribution of primary green rust to BIF formation requires iron redox cycling, and similar pseudomorphs in the form of hexagonal magnetite may be more common in the geological record. Our findings support the models in which green rust was an important primary constituent of the Precambrian iron cycle, and the potential interactions of green rust with other elements (e.g., phosphorus) should be taken into consideration when reconstructing Precambrian biogeochemical cycles.

Keywords: Ferrihydrite; iron redox cycling; ferruginous; Ce anomalies; Eu anomalies; hydrothermal fluid activity

Funding statement: The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41930320, 41972028), the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS (No. IGGCAS-201905), the Chinese “111” project (B20011), and by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. 2652019093, 2652019250). Maxwell Lechte acknowledges a funding from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Nature et Technologies.

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Received: 2021-01-19
Accepted: 2021-05-15
Published Online: 2022-05-05
Published in Print: 2022-05-25

© 2022 Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-7981
Keywords for this article
Ferrihydrite; iron redox cycling; ferruginous; Ce anomalies; Eu anomalies; hydrothermal fluid activity

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Ab initio study of the structure and relative stability of MgSiO4H2 polymorphs at high pressures and temperatures
  2. Thermal conductivity of single-crystal brucite at high pressures: Implications for thermal anomaly in the shallow lower mantle
  3. Magmatic volatiles and platinum-group element mineralization in the Stillwater layered intrusion, U.S.A
  4. Impact of fluorine on the thermal stability of phlogopite
  5. Ferrous hydroxychlorides hibbingite [γ-Fe2(OH)3Cl] and parahibbingite [β-Fe2(OH)3Cl] as a concealed sink of Cl and H2O in ultrabasic and granitic systems
  6. Chukochenite, (Li0.5Al0.5)Al2O4, a new lithium oxyspinel mineral from the Xianghualing skarn, Hunan Province, China
  7. Ground-truthing the pyrite trace element proxy in modern euxinic settings
  8. Interplay between fluid circulation and Alpine metamorphism in the Monte Rosa whiteschist from white mica and quartz in situ oxygen isotope analysis by SIMS
  9. Atomic-scale structure and non-stoichiometry of meteoritic hibonite: A transmission electron microscope study
  10. Synthesis, structure, and single-crystal elasticity of Al-bearing superhydrous phase B
  11. Specific roles of sodium for the formation process of manganese-substituted octacalcium phosphate
  12. Oxygen isotope heterogeneity of olivine crystals in orogenic peridotites from Songshugou, North Qinling Orogen: Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications
  13. Effects of arsenic on the distribution and mode of occurrence of gold during fluid-pyrite interaction: A case study of pyrite from the Qiucun gold deposit, China
  14. Xuite, Ca3Fe2[(Al,Fe)O3(OH)]3, a new mineral of the garnet group: Implications for the wide occurrence of nanominerals
  15. Raman spectroscopy-based screening of zircon for reliable water content and oxygen isotope measurements
  16. Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) contents in silt and clay fractions of a Cambisol from a temperate forest
  17. Resolving sub-micrometer-scale zonation of trace elements in quartz using TOF-SIMS
  18. Hexagonal magnetite in Algoma-type banded iron formations of the ca. 2.52 Ga Baizhiyan Formation, North China: Evidence for a green rust precursor?
  19. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2021 to Sergey Krivovichev
  20. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2021
  21. Presentation of the 2021 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Denton Ebel
  22. Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2021
  23. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2021 to Chenguang Sun
  24. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2021
  25. Presentation of the 2021 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to George Rossman
  26. Acceptance of the 2021 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
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