Startseite Pathways for nitrogen cycling in Earth's crust and upper mantle: A review and new results for microporous beryl and cordierite
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Pathways for nitrogen cycling in Earth's crust and upper mantle: A review and new results for microporous beryl and cordierite

  • Gray E. Bebout EMAIL logo , Kris E. Lazzeri und Charles A. Geiger
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. Januar 2016
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Informationen für Autor*innen
American Mineralogist
Aus der Zeitschrift American Mineralogist Band 101 Heft 1

Abstract

Earth's atmosphere contains 27–30% of the planet's nitrogen and recent estimates are that about one-half that amount (11–16%) is located in the continental and oceanic crust combined. The percentage of N in the mantle is more difficult to estimate, but it is thought to be near 60%, at very low concentrations. Knowledge of the behavior of N in various fluid-melt-rock settings is key to understanding pathways for its transfer among the major solid Earth reservoirs.

Nitrogen initially bound into various organic materials is transferred into silicate minerals during burial and metamorphism, often as NH4+ substituting for K+ in layer silicates (clays and micas) and feldspars. Low-grade metamorphic rocks appear to retain much of this initial organic N signature, in both concentrations and isotopic compositions, thus in some cases providing a relatively un- or little-modified record of ancient biogeochemical cycling. Devolatilization can release significant fractions of the N initially fixed in crustal rocks through organic diagenesis, during progressive metamorphism at temperatures of ∼350–550 °C (depending on pressure). Loss of fractionated N during devolatilization can impart an appreciable isotopic signature on the residual rocks, producing shifts in δ15N values mostly in the range of +2 to +5‰. These rocks then retain large fractions of the remaining N largely as NH4+, despite further heating and ultimately partial melting, with little additional change in δ15N. This retention leads to the storage of relatively large amounts of N, largely as NH4+, in the continental crust. Nitrogen can serve as a tracer of the mobility of organic-sedimentary components into and within the upper mantle.

This contribution focuses on our growing, but still fragmentary, knowledge of the N pathways into shallow to deep continental crustal settings and the upper mantle. We discuss the factors controlling the return of deeply subducted N to shallower reservoirs, including the atmosphere, via metamorphic devolatilization and arc magmatism. We discuss observations from natural rock suites providing tests of calculated mineral-fluid fractionation factors for N. Building on our discussion of N behavior in continental crust, we present new measurements on the N concentrations and isotopic compositions of microporous beryl and cordierite from medium- and high-grade metamorphic rocks and pegmatites, both phases containing molecular N2, and NH4+-bearing micas coexisting with them. We suggest some avenues of investigation that could be particularly fruitful toward obtaining a better understanding of the key N reservoirs and the more important pathways for N cycling in the solid Earth.

Keywords: Nitrogen cycling; nitrogen isotopes; ammonium; microporous silicate; isotope fractionation; layer silicates; cordierite; Review article; Invited Centennial article

Acknowledgments

Funding from the National Science Foundation (most recently, EAR-0711355) supported the N isotope work conducted at Lehigh University. C.A.G. is supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through grant P25597-N20. We thank George Harlow and Jamie Newman, at the American Museum of Natural History (New York), for assisting in the acquisition of some specimens. The cordierite samples investigated in this and the degassing study (Geiger et al. in preparation) were supplied by several colleagues and here Julie Vry (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) deserves special thanks. Thanks also go to Long Li, who prepared the size splits of the beryl sample used in the tests of the release during heating. Comments by Daniele Pinti and an anonymous reviewer improved the manuscript.

References cited

Ader, M., Boudou, J.-P., Javoy, M., Goffe, B., and Daniels, E. (1998) Isotope study on organic nitrogen of Westphalian anthracites from the Western Middle field of Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) and from the Bramsche Massif (Germany). Organic Geochemistry, 29, 315–328.10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00072-2Suche in Google Scholar

Ader, M., Cartigny, P., Boudou, J.P., Oh, J.H., Petit, E., and Javoy, M. (2006) Nitrogen isotopic evolution of carbonaceous matter during metamorphism: Methodology and preliminary results. Chemical Geology, 232, 152–169.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.019Suche in Google Scholar

Andersen, T.,Austrheim, H., and Burke, E.A.J. (1990) Fluid inclusions in granulites and eclogites from the Bergen Arcs, Caledonides of Western Norway. Mineralogical Magazine, 54, 145–158.10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.02Suche in Google Scholar

Andersen, T., Austrheim, H., Burke, E.A., and Elvevold, S. (1993) N2 and CO2 in deep crustal fluids: Evidence from the Caledonides of Norway. Chemical Geology, 108, 113–132.10.1016/0009-2541(93)90320-ISuche in Google Scholar

Armbruster, T. (1985) Ar, N2 and CO2 in the structural cavities of cordierite, an optical and X-ray single crystal study. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12, 233–245.10.1007/BF00311293Suche in Google Scholar

Armbruster, T. (1986) Role of Na in the structure of low-cordierite: A single-crystal X-ray study. American Mineralogist, 71, 746–757.Suche in Google Scholar

Bach, W., Naumann, D., and Erzinger, J. (1999) A helium, argon, and nitrogen record of the upper continental crust (KTB drill holes, Oberpfalz, Germany): implications for crustal degassing. Chemical Geology, 160, 81–101.10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00058-3Suche in Google Scholar

Bakker, R.M., and Jansen, J.B.H. (1993) Calculated fluid evolution path versus fluid inclusion data in the COHN system as exemplified by metamorphic rocks from Rogaland, southwest Norway. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 11, 357–370.10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00153.xSuche in Google Scholar

Barker, D.S. (1964)Ammonium in alkali feldspar.American Mineralogist, 49, 851–858.Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E. (1997) Nitrogen isotope tracers of high-temperature fluid-rock interactions: case study of the Catalina Schist, California. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 151, 77–90.10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00117-9Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E. (2007) Metamorphic chemical geodynamics of subduction zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 260, 373–393.10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.050Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., and Barton, M.D. (1993) Metasomatism during subduction: products and possible paths in the Catalina Schist, California. Chemical Geology, 108, 61–92.10.1016/0009-2541(93)90318-DSuche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., and Fogel, M.L. (1992) Nitrogen-isotope compositions of metasedimentary rocks in the Catalina Schist, California—Implications for metamorphicdevolatilization history. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 2839–2849.10.1016/0016-7037(92)90363-NSuche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., and Nakamura, E. (2003) Record in metamorphic tourmalines of subduction zone devolatilization and boron cycling. Geology, 31, 407–410.10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0407:RIMTOS>2.0.CO;2Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., and Sadofsky, S.J. (2004) δ15N analyses of ammonium-rich silicate minerals by sealed-tube extractions and dual inlet, viscous-flow mass spectrometry. In P. de Groot, Ed., Handbook of Stable Isotope Techniques, p. 348–360. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50018-1Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., Cooper, D.C., Bradley,A.D., and Sadofsky, S.J. (1999a) Nitrogen-isotope record of fluid rock interactions in the Skiddaw Aureole and granite, English Lake District. American Mineralogist, 84, 1495–1505.10.2138/am-1999-1002Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., Ryan, J.G., Leeman, W.P., and Bebout, A.E. (1999b) Fractionation of trace elements by subduction-zone metamorphism—effect of convergent-margin thermal evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171, 63–81.10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00135-1Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., Idleman, B.D., Li, L., and Hilkert, A. (2007) Isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography methods for high-precision isotopic analysis of nanomole quantities of silicate nitrogen. Chemical Geology, 240, 1–10.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.006Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., Agard, P., Kobayashi, K., Moriguti, T., and Nakamura, E. (2013a) Devolatilization history and trace element mobility in deeply subducted sedimentary rocks: Evidence from Western Alps HP/UHP suites. Chemical Geology, 342, 1–20.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.01.009Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., Fogel, M.L., and Cartigny, P. (2013b) Nitrogen: Highly volatile yet surprisingly compatible. Elements, 9, 333–338.10.2113/gselements.9.5.333Suche in Google Scholar

Bebout, G.E., Banerjee, N.R., Izawa, M.R.M., Lazzeri, K.E., Kobayashi, K., and Nakamura, E. (2015) Enrichment of sedimentary/organic nitrogen in altered terrestrial glassy basaltic rocks: Possible implications for astrobiology. Astrobiology Science Conference, Chicago, June, 2015.Suche in Google Scholar

Beinlich, A., Klemd, R., John, T., and Gao, J. (2010) Trace-element mobilization during Ca-metasomatism along a major fluid conduit: Eclogitization of blueschist as a consequence of fluid-rock interaction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 1892–1922.10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.011Suche in Google Scholar

Bobos, I., and Eberl, D.D. (2013) Thickness distributions and evolution of growth mechanisms of NH4-illite from the fossil hydrothermal system of Harghita Bãi, Eastern Carpathians, Romania. Clays and Clay Minerals, 61, 375–391.10.1346/CCMN.2013.0610415Suche in Google Scholar

Bos, A., Duit, W., van Der Eerden, M.J., and Jansen, B. (1988) Nitrogen storage in biotite: An experimental study of the ammonium and potassium partitioning between 1 Mphlogopite and vapour at 2 kb. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 1275–1283.10.1016/0016-7037(88)90281-5Suche in Google Scholar

Bottrell, S.H., Carr, L.P., and Dubessy, J. (1988) A nitrogen-rich metamorphic fluid and coexisting minerals in slates from North Wales. Mineralogical Magazine, 52, 451–457.10.1180/minmag.1988.052.367.03Suche in Google Scholar

Boudou, J.-P., Schimmelmann,A.,Ader, M., Mastalerz, M., Sebilo, M., and Gengembre, L. (2008) Organic nitrogen chemistry during low-grade metamorphism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 1199–1221.10.1016/j.gca.2007.12.004Suche in Google Scholar

Boyd, S.R. (1997) Determination of the ammonium content of potassic rocks by capacitance manometry: a prelude to the calibration of FTIR microscopes. Chemical Geology, 137, 57–66.10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00150-7Suche in Google Scholar

Boyd, S.R. (2001) Nitrogen in future biosphere studies. Chemical Geology, 176, 1–30.10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00405-8Suche in Google Scholar

Boyd, S.R., Hall,A., and Pillinger, C.T. (1993) The measurement of δ15N in crustal rocks by static vacuum mass spectrometry: Application to the origin of the ammonium in the Cornubian batholith, southwest England. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 1339–1347.10.1016/0016-7037(93)90070-DSuche in Google Scholar

Bräuer, K., and Hahne, K. (2005) Methodical aspects of the 15N-analysis of Precambrian and Palaeozoic sediments rich in organic matter. Chemical Geology, 218, 361–368.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.01.004Suche in Google Scholar

Bul’bak, T.A., and Shvedenkov, G.Y. (2005) Experimental study on incorporation of C-H-O-N fluid components in Mg-cordierite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 17, 829–838.10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0829Suche in Google Scholar

Busigny, V., and Bebout, G.E. (2013) Nitrogen in the silicate Earth: Speciation and isotopic behavior during mineral–fluid interactions. Elements, 9, 353–358.10.2113/gselements.9.5.353Suche in Google Scholar

Busigny, V., Cartigny, P., Philippot, P.,Ader, M., and Javoy, M. (2003) Massive recycling of nitrogen and other fluid-mobile elements (K, Rb, Cs, H) in a cold slab environment: evidence from HP to UHP oceanic metasediments of the Schistes Lustres nappe (western Alps, Europe). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 215, 27–42.10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00453-9Suche in Google Scholar

Busigny, V., Cartigny, P., Philippot, P., and Javoy, M. (2004) Quantitative analysis of ammonium in biotite using infrared spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 89, 1625–1630.10.2138/am-2004-11-1206Suche in Google Scholar

Busigny, V., Ader, M., and Cartigny, P. (2005a) Quantification and isotopic analysis of nitrogen in rocks at the ppm level using tube combustion technique: A prelude to the study of altered oceanic crust. Chemical Geology, 223, 249–258.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.08.002Suche in Google Scholar

Busigny, V., Laverne, C., and Bonifacie, M. (2005b) Nitrogen content and isotopic composition of oceanic crust at a superfast spreading ridge: A profile in altered basalts from ODP Site 1256, Leg 206. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001020.10.1029/2005GC001020Suche in Google Scholar

Busigny, V., Cartigny, P., and Philippot, P. (2011) Nitrogen isotopes in ophiolitic metagabbros:Areevaluation of modern nitrogen fluxes in subduction zones and implication for the early Earth atmosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 7502–7521.10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.049Suche in Google Scholar

Cartigny, P. (2005) Stable isotopes and the origin of diamond. Elements, 1, 79–84.10.2113/gselements.1.2.79Suche in Google Scholar

Cartigny, P., and Marty, B. (2013) Nitrogen isotopes and mantle geodynamics: The emergence of life and the atmosphere-crust-mantle connection. Elements, 9, 359–366.10.2113/gselements.9.5.359Suche in Google Scholar

Cartigny, P., De Corte, K., Shatsky, V.S., Ader, M., De Paepe, P., Sobolev, N.V., and Javoy, M. (2001) The origin and formation of metamorphic microdiamonds from the Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan: a nitrogen and carbon isotopic study. Chemical Geology, 176, 265–281.10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00407-1Suche in Google Scholar

Cartigny, P., Busigny, V., and Rudnick, R. (2013) Re-investigating the nitrogen budget in the upper continental crust. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, p. 835.Suche in Google Scholar

Clarke, D.B. (1995) Cordierite in felsic igneous rocks: A synthesis. Mineralogical Magazine, 59, 311–325.10.1180/minmag.1995.059.395.15Suche in Google Scholar

Cockell, C.S., van Calsteren, P., Mosselmans, J.F.W., Franchi, I.A., Gilmour, I., Kelly, L., Olsson-Francis, K., Johnson, D., and the JC24 Shipboard Scientific Party (2010) Microbial endolithic colonization and the geochemical environment in young seafloor basalts. Chemical Geology, 279, 17–30.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.09.015Suche in Google Scholar

Collins, N.C., Bebout, G.E., Angiboust, S., Agard, P., Scambelluri, M., Crispini, L., and John, T. (2015) Subduction zone metamorphic pathway for deep carbon cycling: II. Evidence from HP/UHP metabasaltic rocks and ophicarbonates. Chemical Geology, 412, 132–150.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.06.012Suche in Google Scholar

Cook-Kollars, J., Bebout, G.E., Collins, N.C., Angiboust, S., and Agard, P. (2014) Subduction zone metamorphic pathway for deep carbon cycling: I. Evidence from HP/UHP metasedimentary rocks, Italian Alps. Chemical Geology, 386, 31–48.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.013Suche in Google Scholar

Damon, P.E., and Kulp, J.L. (1958) Excess helium and argon in beryl and other minerals. American Mineralogist, 43, 433–459.Suche in Google Scholar

Darimont,A., Burke, E., and Touret, J. (1988) Nitrogen-rich metamorphic fluids in Devonian metasediments from Bastogne, Belgium. Bulletin Mineralogie, 111, 321–330.10.3406/bulmi.1988.8054Suche in Google Scholar

Dobrzhinetskaya, L.F., Wirth, R., Yang, J., Hutcheon, I.D., Weber, P.K., and Green, H.W. (2009) High pressure highly reduced nitrides and oxides from chromitite of a Tibetan ophiolite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 19233–19238.10.1073/pnas.0905514106Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Duit, W., Jansen, J.B.H., van Breeman, A., and Bos, A. (1986) Ammonium micas in metamorphic rocks as exemplified by Dome de L’Agout (France).American Journal of Science, 286, 702–732.10.2475/ajs.286.9.702Suche in Google Scholar

Elkins, L.J., Fischer, T.P., Hilton, D.R., Sharp, Z.D., McKnight, S., and Walker, J. (2006) Tracing nitrogen in volcanic and geothermal volatiles from the Nicaraguan volcanic front. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 5215–5235.10.1016/j.gca.2006.07.024Suche in Google Scholar

Erd, R.C., White, D.E., Fahey, J.J., and Lee, D.E. (1964) Buddingtonite, an ammonium feldspar with zeolitic water. American Mineralogist, 49, 831–850.Suche in Google Scholar

Eugster, H.P., and Munoz, J. (1966)Ammonium micas: possible sources of atmospheric ammonia and nitrogen. Science, 151, 683–686.10.1126/science.151.3711.683Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Facq, S., Daniel, I., Montagnac, G., Cardon, H., and Sverjensky, D.A. (2014) In situ Raman study and thermodynamic model of aqueous carbonate speciation in equilibrium with aragonite under subduction zone conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 132, 375–390.10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.030Suche in Google Scholar

Fischer, T. (2008) Fluxes of volatiles (H2O, CO2, N2, Cl, F) from arc volcanoes. Geochemical Journal, 42, 21–38.10.2343/geochemj.42.21Suche in Google Scholar

Galloway, J.N. (2003) The global nitrogen cycle. In Treatise on Geochemistry, chapter 8.12, p. 557–583. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08160-3Suche in Google Scholar

Goldblatt, C., Claire, M.W., Lenton, T.M., Matthews, A.J., Watson, A.J., and Zahnle, K.J. (2009) Nitrogen enhanced greenhouse warming on early Earth. Nature Geoscience, 2, 891–896.10.1038/ngeo692Suche in Google Scholar

Grove, M., and Bebout, G.E. (1995) Cretaceous tectonic evolution of coastal southern California: insights from the Catalina Schist. Tectonics, 14, 1290–1308.10.1029/95TC01931Suche in Google Scholar

Haendel, D., Mühle, K., Nitzsche, H., Stiehl, G., and Wand, U. (1986) Isotopic variations of the fixed nitrogen in metamorphic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 749–758.10.1016/0016-7037(86)90351-0Suche in Google Scholar

Halama, R., Bebout, G.E., John, T., and Schenk, V. (2010) Nitrogen recycling in subducted oceanic lithosphere: the record in highand ultrahigh-pressure metabasaltic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 1636–1652.10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.003Suche in Google Scholar

Halama, R., Bebout, G.E., John, T., and Scambelluri, M. (2012) Nitrogen recycling in subducted mantle rocks and implications for the global nitrogen cycle. International Journal of Earth Sciences, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0782-3.10.1007/s00531-012-0782-3Suche in Google Scholar

Halama, R., Bebout, G., John, T., Magna, T., and Seitz, M. (2009) Behavior of nitrogen and its isotopes during high-pressure fluid-driven metasomatic processes: A case study from the Tian Shan, China. Invited paper, Abstracts of the 19th Goldschmidt Conference, Davos, Switzerland.Suche in Google Scholar

Hall, A. (1999) Ammonium in granites and its petrogenetic significance. Earth-Science Reviews, 45, 145–165.10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00006-9Suche in Google Scholar

Hall, A., Pereira, M.D., and Bea, F. (1996) The abundance of ammonium in the granites of central Spain, and the behaviour of the ammonium ion during anatexis and fractional crystallization. Mineralogy and Petrology, 56, 105–123.10.1007/BF01162659Suche in Google Scholar

Hanschmann, G. (1981) Berechnung von isotopieeffekten auf quantenchmischer grundlage am beispiel stickstoff fhaltiger moleküle. ZFI-Mitteilungen, 41, 19–39.Suche in Google Scholar

Hashizume, K., and Marty, B.(2005) Nitrogen isotopic analyses at the sub-picomole level using an ultra-low blank laser extraction technique. In P. de Groot, Ed., Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50019-3Suche in Google Scholar

Heinrich, E.W. (1950) Cordierite in pegmatite near Micanite, Colorado. American Mineralogist, 35, 173–184.Suche in Google Scholar

Hervig, R.L., Fudge, C., and Navrotsky,A. (2014)Analyzing nitrogen in cordierites and other phases by SIMS. Goldschmidt Conference abstract 982.Suche in Google Scholar

Higashi, S. (1982) Tobelite, a new ammonium dioctahedral mica. Mineralogical Journal, 11, 138–146.10.2465/minerj.11.138Suche in Google Scholar

Hilton, D.R., Fischer, T.P., and Marty, B. (2002) Noble gases and volatile recycling at subduction zones. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 47, 319–370.10.1515/9781501509056-011Suche in Google Scholar

Holloway, J.M., and Dahlgren, R.A. (2002) Nitrogen in rock: Occurrences and biogeochemical implications. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, http://dx.doi. org/10.1029/2002GB001862.10.1029/2002GB001862Suche in Google Scholar

Honma, H., and Itihara,Y. (1981) Distribution of ammonium in minerals of metamorphic and granitic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 983–988.10.1016/0016-7037(81)90122-8Suche in Google Scholar

Javoy, M. (1997) The major volatile elements of the Earth: their origin, behavior, and fate. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 177–180.10.1029/96GL03931Suche in Google Scholar

Jenden, P.D., Kaplan, I.R., Poreda, R.J., and Craig, H. (1988) Origin of nitrogen-rich natural gases in the California Great Valley: Evidence from helium, carbon, and nitrogen isotope ratios. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 851–861.10.1016/0016-7037(88)90356-0Suche in Google Scholar

Jia, Y.F. (2006) Nitrogen isotope fractionations during progressive metamorphism: A case study from the Paleozoic Cooma metasedimentary complex, southeastern Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 5201–5214.10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.004Suche in Google Scholar

Jia, Y., Kerrich, R., and Goldfarb, R. (2003) Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: Constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O. Economic Geology, 98, 109–123.10.2113/98.1.109Suche in Google Scholar

John, T., Gussone, N., Podladchikov, Y.Y., Bebout, G.E., Dohmen, R., Halama, R., Klemd, R., Magna, T., and Seitz, M. (2012) Pulsed long-distance fluid flow through subducting slabs feeds volcanic arcs. Nature Geoscience, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1482.10.1038/ngeo1482Suche in Google Scholar

Johnson, B., and Goldblatt, C. (2015) The nitrogen budget of Earth. Earth-Science Reviews, 148, 150–173, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.05.006.10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.05.006Suche in Google Scholar

Junge, F., Seltmann, R., and Stiehl, G. (1989) Nitrogen isotope characteristics of breccias, granitoids, and greisens from eastern Erzgebirge tin ore deposits (Sadisdorf: Altenberg), GDR. Proceedings of the 5th Working Meeting, Isotopes in Nature, Leipzig, September, p. 321–332.Suche in Google Scholar

Kalt, A., Altherr, R., and Ludwig, T. (1998) Contact metamorphism in pelitic rocks on the island of Kos (Greece, Eastern Aegean Sea): a test for the Na-in-cordierite thermometer. Journal of Petrology, 39, 663–688.10.1093/petroj/39.4.663Suche in Google Scholar

Kerrich, R., Jia, Y., Manikyamba, C., and Naqvi, S.M. (2006) Secular variations of Nisotopes in terrestrial reservoirs and ore deposits. In S.E. Kesler and H. Ohmoto, Eds., Evolution of Early Earth’s Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere—Constraints from ore deposits. Geological Society of America Memoir, 198, 81–104.Suche in Google Scholar

Kolesov, B.A., and Geiger, C.A. (2000) Cordierite II: The role of CO2 and H2O.American Mineralogist, 85, 1265–1274.10.2138/am-2000-8-919Suche in Google Scholar

Kreulen, R., and Schuiling, R.D. (1982) N2-CH4-CO2 fluids during formation of the Dome de l’Agout, France. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, 193–203.10.1016/0016-7037(82)90246-0Suche in Google Scholar

Kreulen, R., van Breeman, A., and Duit, W. (1982) Nitrogen and carbon isotopes in metamorphic fluids from the Dome de L’Agout, France. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference for Geochronology, Cosmochronology, and Isotope Geology, p. 191.Suche in Google Scholar

Krohn, M.D., Kendall, C., Evans, J.R., and Fries, T.L. (1993) Relations of ammonium minerals at several hydrothermal systems in the western U.S. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 4, 401–413.10.1016/0377-0273(93)90005-CSuche in Google Scholar

Krooss, B.M., Friberg, L., Gensterblum, Y., Hollenstein, J., Prinz, D., and Littke, R. (2005) Investigation of the pyrolytic liberation of molecular nitrogen form Paleeozoic sedimentary rocks. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 94, 1023–1038.10.1007/s00531-005-0012-3Suche in Google Scholar

Lazzeri, K.E. (2012) Storage of nitrogen in silicate minerals and glasses. M.S. thesis, Lehigh University, 76 pp.Suche in Google Scholar

Lepezin, G.G., Bul’bak, T.A., Sokol, E.V., and Shvedenkov, G.Y. (1999) Fluid components in cordierites and their significance for metamorphic petrology. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 40, 99–116.Suche in Google Scholar

Li, Y., and Keppler, H. (2014) Nitrogen speciation in mantle and crustal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 129, 13–32.10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.031Suche in Google Scholar

Li, L., Bebout, G.E., and Idleman, B.D. (2007) Nitrogen concentration and δ15N of altered oceanic crust obtained on ODP Legs 129 and 185: Insights into alterationrelated nitrogen enrichment and the nitrogen subduction budget. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 2344–2360.10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.001Suche in Google Scholar

Li, L., Cartigny, P., and Ader, M. (2009) Kinetic nitrogen isotope fractionation associated with thermal decomposition of NH3: Experimental results and potential applications to trace the origin of N2 in natural gas and hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 6282–6297.10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.016Suche in Google Scholar

Li, L., Zheng, Y.-F., Cartigny, P., and Li, J. (2014) Anomalous nitrogen isotopes in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Sulu orogenic belt: Effect of abiotic nitrogen reduction during fluid-rock interaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 403, 67–78.10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.029Suche in Google Scholar

Libourel, G., Marty, B., and Humbert, F. (2003) Nitrogen solubility in basaltic melt. Part I. Effect of oxygen fugacity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 4123–4135.10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00259-XSuche in Google Scholar

London, D., and Evensen, J.M. (2002) Beryllium in silicic magmas and the origin of beryl-bearing pegmatites. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 50, 445–486.10.2138/rmg.2002.50.11Suche in Google Scholar

Mariotti, A. (1984) Natural 15N abundance measurements and atmospheric nitrogen standard calibration. Nature, 311, 251–252.10.1038/311251a0Suche in Google Scholar

Marschall, H.R., Korsakov,A.V., Luvizotto, G.L., Nasdala, L., and Ludwig, T. (2009) On the occurrence and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline in (ultra)high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 177, 811–823.10.1144/0016-76492008-042Suche in Google Scholar

Mashkovtsev, R.I., and Solntsev, V.P. (2002) Channel constituents in synthetic beryl: ammonium. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 29, 65–71.10.1007/s002690100206Suche in Google Scholar

Mikhail, S., and Sverjensky, D.A. (2014) Nitrogen speciation in upper mantle fluids and the origin of Earth's nitrogen-rich atmosphere. Nature Geoscience, 7, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2271.10.1038/ngeo2271Suche in Google Scholar

Mingram, B., and Bräuer, K. (2001) Ammonium concentration and nitrogen isotope composition in metasedimentary rocks from different tectonometamorphic units of the European Variscan Belt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 273–287.10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00517-2Suche in Google Scholar

Mingram, B., Hoth, P., Luders, V., and Harlov, D. (2005) The significance of fixed ammonium in Palaeozoic sediments for the generation of nitrogen-rich natural gases in the North German Basin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 94, 1010–1022.10.1007/s00531-005-0015-0Suche in Google Scholar

Mitchell, E.C., Fischer, T.P., Hilton, D.R., Hauri, E.H., Shaw,A.M., de Moor, J.M., Sharp, Z.D., and Kazahaya, K. (2010) Nitrogen sources and recycling at subduction zones: insights from the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(2), doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002783.10.1029/2009GC002783Suche in Google Scholar

Moine, B., Guillot, C., and Gibert, F. (1994) Controls on the composition of nitrogenrich fluids originating from reaction with graphite and ammonium-bearing biotite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 5503–5523.10.1016/0016-7037(94)90246-1Suche in Google Scholar

Müller, E.P., May, F., and Stiehl, G. (1976) Zur Isotopengeochemie des Stickstoffs und zur Genese stickstoffreicher Erdgase. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 22, 319–324.Suche in Google Scholar

Mysen, B., and Fogel, M.L. (2010) Nitrogen and hydrogen isotope compositions and solubility in silicate melts in equilibrium with reduced (N+H)-bearing fluids at high pressure and temperature: Effects of melt structure. American Mineralogist, 95, 987–999.10.2138/am.2010.3364Suche in Google Scholar

Ortega, L., Vendel, E., and Beny, C. (1991) C-O-H-N fluid inclusions associated with gold-stibnite mineralization in low-grade metamorphic rocks, Mari Rosa mine, Caceras, Spain. Mineralogical Magazine, 55, 235–247.10.1180/minmag.1991.055.379.12Suche in Google Scholar

Palya, A.P., Buick, I.S., and Bebout, G.E. (2011) Storage and mobility of nitrogen in the continental crust: Evidence from partially melted metasedimentary rocks, Mt. Stafford, Australia. Chemical Geology, 281, 211–226.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.009Suche in Google Scholar

Pan, D., Spanu, L., Harrison, B., Sverjensky, D.A., and Galli, G. (2013) Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 6646–6650.10.1073/pnas.1221581110Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Petts, D.C., Chacko, T., Stachel, T., Stern, R.A., and Heaman, L.M. (2015) A nitrogen isotope fractionation factor between diamond and its parental fluid derived from detailed SIMS analysis of a gem diamond and theoretical calculaitons. Chemical Geology, 410, 188–200.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.06.020Suche in Google Scholar

Philippot, P., Busigny, V., Scambelluri, M., and Cartigny, P. (2007) Oxygen and nitrogen isotopes as tracers of fluid activities in serpentinites and metasediments during subduction. Mineralogy and Petrology, 91, 11–24.10.1007/s00710-007-0183-7Suche in Google Scholar

Pinti, D.L., Hashizume, K., Orberger, B., Gallien, J.-P., Cloquet, C., and Massault, M. (2007) Biogenic nitrogen and carbon in Fe-Mn-oxyhydroxides from an Archean chert, Marble Bar, Western Australia. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001394.10.1029/2006GC001394Suche in Google Scholar

Pitcairn, I.K., Teagle, D.A.H., Kerrich, R., Craw, D., and Brewer, T.S. (2005) The behavior of nitrogen and nitrogen isotopes during metamorphism and mineralization: Evidence from the Otago and Alpine Schists, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 233, 229–246.10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.029Suche in Google Scholar

Plessen, B., Harlov, D.E., Henry, D., and Guidotti, C.V. (2010)Ammonium loss and nitrogen isotopic fractionation in biotite as a function of metamorphic grade in metapelites from western Maine, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 4759–4771.10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.021Suche in Google Scholar

Pöter, B., Gottschalk, M., and Heinrich, W. (2004) Experimental determination of the ammonium partitioning among muscovite, K-feldspar, and aqueous chloride solutions. Lithos, 74, 67–90.10.1016/j.lithos.2004.01.002Suche in Google Scholar

Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., and Javoy, M. (1977) A review of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur and chlorine stable isotope fractionation among gaseous molecules. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 5, 65–110.10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433Suche in Google Scholar

Roskosz, M., Mysen, B., and Cody, G.D. (2006) Dual speciation of nitrogen in silicate melts at high pressure and temperature: An experimental study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 2902–2918.10.1016/j.gca.2006.03.001Suche in Google Scholar

Roskosz, M., Bouhifd, M., Jephcoat, A., Marty, B., and Mysen, B. (2013) Nitrogen solubility in molten metal and silicate at high pressure and temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 121, 15–28.10.1016/j.gca.2013.07.007Suche in Google Scholar

Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, A. (2014) Composition of the continental crust. In H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, Eds., Treatise on Geochemistry, 4, pp. 1–51. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00301-6Suche in Google Scholar

Ruiz Cruz, M.D., and Sanz de Galdeano, C. (2008) High-temperature ammonium white mica from the Betic Cordillera (Spain). American Mineralogist, 93, 977–987.10.2138/am.2008.2760Suche in Google Scholar

Sadofsky, S.J., and Bebout, G.E. (2000) Ammonium partitioning and nitrogen-isotope fractionation among coexisting micas during high-temperature fluid-rock interactions: examples from the New England Appalachians. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 2835–2849.10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00393-8Suche in Google Scholar

Sadofsky, S.J., and Bebout, G.E. (2003) Record of forearc devolatilization in low-T, high-P/T metasedimentary suites: significance for models of convergent margin chemical cycling. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 9003, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000412, 4.10.1029/2002GC000412Suche in Google Scholar

Sadofsky, S.J., and Bebout, G.E. (2004) Nitrogen geochemistry of subducting sediments: new results from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana margin and insights regarding global N subduction. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 5, Q03I15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000543.10.1029/2003GC000543Suche in Google Scholar

Sano, Y., Takahata, N., Nishio, Y., Fischer, T.P., and Williams, S.N. (2001) Volcanic flux of nitrogen from the Earth. Chemical Geology, 171, 263–271.10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00252-7Suche in Google Scholar

Scalan, R.S. (1958) The isotopic composition, concentration, and chemical state of the nitrogen in igneous rocks. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas.Suche in Google Scholar

Schmidt, M.W., and Poli, S. (2014) Devolatilization during subduction. In R.L. Rudnick, Ed., Treatise on Geochemistry: The Crust, 2nd ed., 3, p. 669–701. Elsevier, Amsterdam.10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00321-1Suche in Google Scholar

Schreyer, W. (1965) Synthetische und natürliche Cordierit II. Die chemischen Zusammensetzung natürlicher Cordierite und ihre Abhängigkeit von den PTXBedingungen bei der Gesteinsbildung. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie–Abhandlung,103, 35–79.10.1127/njma/103/1965/35Suche in Google Scholar

Schroeder, P.A., and McLain, A.A. (1998) Illite-smectites and the influence of burial diagenesis on the geochemical cycling of nitrogen. Clay Minerals, 33, 539–546.10.1180/000985598545877Suche in Google Scholar

Staudigel, H., Furnes, H., McLoughlin, N., Banerjee, N.R., Connell, L.B., and Templeton, A. (2008) 3.5 billions years of glass bioalteration: Volcanic rocks as a basis for microbial life? Earth-Science Reviews, 89, 156–176.10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.04.005Suche in Google Scholar

Svensen, H., Bebout, G.E., Kronz, A., Li, L., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., and Jamtveit, B. (2008) Nitrogen geochemistry as a tracer of fluid flow in a hydrothermal vent complex in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 4929–4947.10.1016/j.gca.2008.07.023Suche in Google Scholar

Sverjensky, D.A., Stagno, V., and Huang, F. (2014) Important role for organic carbon in subduction-zone fluids in the deep carbon cycle. Nature Geoscience, 7, 909–913.10.1038/ngeo2291Suche in Google Scholar

Thomazo, C., and Papineau, D. (2013) Biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen on the early Earth. Elements, 9, 345–352.10.2113/gselements.9.5.345Suche in Google Scholar

Thomazo, C., Ader, M., and Philippot, P. (2011) Extreme 15N-enrichments in 2.72-Gyrold sediments: Evidence for a turning point in the nitrogen cycle. Geobiology, 9, 107–120.10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00271.xSuche in Google Scholar

Tolstikihn, I.N., and Marty, B. (1998) The evolution of terrestrial volatiles: a view from helium, neon, argon and nitrogen isotope modeling. Chemical Geology, 147, 27–52.10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00170-8Suche in Google Scholar

Touret, J.L.R. (2001) Fluids in metamorphic rocks. Lithos, 55, 1–25.10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00036-0Suche in Google Scholar

van Hinsberg, V.J., Henry, D.J., and Dutrow, B.L. (2011) Tourmaline as a petrologic forensic mineral: A unique recorder of its geologic past. Elements, 7, 327–332.10.2113/gselements.7.5.327Suche in Google Scholar

Vernon, R.H., Clarke, G.L., and Collins, W.J. (1990) Local, mid-crustal granulite facies metamorphism and melting: an example in the Mt. Stafford area, central Australia. In J.R. Ashworth and M. Brown, Eds., High Temperature Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis, p. 272–319. Unwin Hyman, London.10.1007/978-94-015-3929-6_11Suche in Google Scholar

Visser, D. (1992) On ammonium in upper-amphibolite facies cordierite-orthoamphibolebearing rocks from Rod, Bamble Sector, south Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift, 72, 385–388.Suche in Google Scholar

Vry, K.J., Brown, P.E., and Valley, J.W. (1990) Cordierite volatile content and the role of CO2 in high grade metamorphism. American Mineralogist, 75, 71–88.Suche in Google Scholar

Watenphul, A., Wunder, B., Wirth, R., and Heinrich, W. (2010) Ammonium-bearing clinopyroxene: A potential nitrogen reservoir in the Earth's mantle. Chemical Geology, 270, 240–248.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.12.003Suche in Google Scholar

Watson, E.B., and Cherniak, D.J. (2014) Diffusion and solubility of nitrogen in olivine. Goldschmidt Conference Abstract 2664.Suche in Google Scholar

Wedepohl, H. (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217–1239.10.1180/minmag.1994.58A.2.234Suche in Google Scholar

White, R.W., Powell, R., and Clarke, G.I. (2003) Prograde metamorphic assemblage evolution during partial melting of metasedimentary rocks at low pressures: migmatites from Mt. Stafford, Central Australia. Journal of Petrology, 44, 1937–1960.10.1093/petrology/egg065Suche in Google Scholar

Williams, L.B., Ferrell, R.E. Jr., Chinn, E.W., and Sassen, R. (1989) Fixed-ammonium in clays associated with crude oils. Applied Geochemistry, 4, 605–616.10.1016/0883-2927(89)90070-XSuche in Google Scholar

Williams, L.B., Ferrell, R.E. Jr., Hutcheon, I., Bakel,A.J., Walsh, M.M., and Krouse, H.R. (1995) Nitrogen isotope geochemistry oforganicmatterandmineralsduringdiagenesis and hydrocarbon migration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 765–779.10.1016/0016-7037(95)00005-KSuche in Google Scholar

Wlotzka, F. (1972) Handbook of Geochemistry, vol. II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Suche in Google Scholar

Wunder, B., Berryman, E., Plessen, B., Rhede, D., Koch-Müller, M., and Heinrich, W. (2015) Synthetic and natural ammonium-bearing tourmaline. American Mineralogist, 100, 250–256.10.2138/am-2015-5055Suche in Google Scholar

Yokochi, R., Marty, B., Chazot, G., and Burnard, P. (2009) Nitrogen in peridotite xenoliths: Lithophile behavior and magmatic isotope fractionation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 4843–4861.10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.054Suche in Google Scholar

Zhang, Y., and Zindler, A. (1993) Distribution and evolution of carbon and nitrogen in Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117, 331–345.10.1016/0012-821X(93)90088-QSuche in Google Scholar

  1. Manuscript handled by Paul Tomascak.

Received: 2015-3-23
Accepted: 2015-6-6
Published Online: 2016-1-9
Published in Print: 2016-1-1

© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. A spin on lower mantle mineralogy
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Safe long-term immobilization of heavy metals: Looking at natural rocks
  5. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  6. Spinel in planetary systems
  7. Review
  8. Pathways for nitrogen cycling in Earth's crust and upper mantle: A review and new results for microporous beryl and cordierite
  9. Invited Centennial Article
  10. Metamorphic chronology—a tool for all ages: Past achievements and future prospects
  11. Review
  12. K-bentonites: A review
  13. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth's Mantle
  14. Ca-Al-silicate inclusions in natural moissanite (SiC)
  15. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  16. Immiscible melt droplets in garnet, as represented by ilmenite–magnetite–spinel spheroids in an eclogite-garnet peridotite association, Blanský les Granulite Massif, Czech Republic
  17. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  18. Tetrahedral boron in natural and synthetic HP/UHP tourmaline: Evidence from Raman spectroscopy, EMPA, and single-crystal XRD
  19. Article
  20. Radiation damage haloes in biotite investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
  21. Article
  22. A spreadsheet for calculating normative mole fractions of end-member species for Na-Ca-Li-Fe2+-Mg-Al tourmalines from electron microprobe data
  23. Article
  24. Preservation of organic matter in nontronite against iron redox cycling
  25. Article
  26. Influence of organic matter on smectite illitization: A comparison between red and dark mudstones from the Dongying Depression, China
  27. Article
  28. Intermediate members of the lime-monteponite solid solutions (Ca1–xCdxO, x = 0.36–0.55): Discovery in natural occurrence
  29. Article
  30. Ab initio investigation of majorite and pyrope garnets: Lattice dynamics and vibrational spectra
  31. Article
  32. FTIR spectroscopy of D2O and HDO molecules in the c-axis channels of synthetic beryl
  33. Article
  34. Experimental constraints on mantle sulfide melting up to 8 GPa
  35. Article
  36. Excess mixing volume, microstrain, and stability of pyrope-grossular garnets
  37. Article
  38. Phase stabilities and spin transitions of Fe3(S1−xPx) at high pressure and its implications in meteorites
  39. Special Collection: Building Planets: The Dynamics and Geochemistry of Core Formation
  40. The W-WO2 oxygen fugacity buffer (WWO) at high pressure and temperature: Implications for fO2 buffering and metal-silicate partitioning
  41. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth
  42. Timescales of magma storage and migration recorded by olivine crystals in basalts of the March-April 2010 eruption at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland
  43. Letter
  44. In-situ crystal structure determination of seifertite SiO2 at 129 GPa: Studying a minor phase near Earth's core–mantle boundary
  45. New Mineral Names
  46. New Mineral Names*,†
  47. Book Review
  48. A Pictorial Guide to Metamorphic Rocks in the Field
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5363
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Nitrogen cycling; nitrogen isotopes; ammonium; microporous silicate; isotope fractionation; layer silicates; cordierite; Review article; Invited Centennial article

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. A spin on lower mantle mineralogy
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Safe long-term immobilization of heavy metals: Looking at natural rocks
  5. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  6. Spinel in planetary systems
  7. Review
  8. Pathways for nitrogen cycling in Earth's crust and upper mantle: A review and new results for microporous beryl and cordierite
  9. Invited Centennial Article
  10. Metamorphic chronology—a tool for all ages: Past achievements and future prospects
  11. Review
  12. K-bentonites: A review
  13. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth's Mantle
  14. Ca-Al-silicate inclusions in natural moissanite (SiC)
  15. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  16. Immiscible melt droplets in garnet, as represented by ilmenite–magnetite–spinel spheroids in an eclogite-garnet peridotite association, Blanský les Granulite Massif, Czech Republic
  17. Special Collection: Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism
  18. Tetrahedral boron in natural and synthetic HP/UHP tourmaline: Evidence from Raman spectroscopy, EMPA, and single-crystal XRD
  19. Article
  20. Radiation damage haloes in biotite investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
  21. Article
  22. A spreadsheet for calculating normative mole fractions of end-member species for Na-Ca-Li-Fe2+-Mg-Al tourmalines from electron microprobe data
  23. Article
  24. Preservation of organic matter in nontronite against iron redox cycling
  25. Article
  26. Influence of organic matter on smectite illitization: A comparison between red and dark mudstones from the Dongying Depression, China
  27. Article
  28. Intermediate members of the lime-monteponite solid solutions (Ca1–xCdxO, x = 0.36–0.55): Discovery in natural occurrence
  29. Article
  30. Ab initio investigation of majorite and pyrope garnets: Lattice dynamics and vibrational spectra
  31. Article
  32. FTIR spectroscopy of D2O and HDO molecules in the c-axis channels of synthetic beryl
  33. Article
  34. Experimental constraints on mantle sulfide melting up to 8 GPa
  35. Article
  36. Excess mixing volume, microstrain, and stability of pyrope-grossular garnets
  37. Article
  38. Phase stabilities and spin transitions of Fe3(S1−xPx) at high pressure and its implications in meteorites
  39. Special Collection: Building Planets: The Dynamics and Geochemistry of Core Formation
  40. The W-WO2 oxygen fugacity buffer (WWO) at high pressure and temperature: Implications for fO2 buffering and metal-silicate partitioning
  41. Special Collection: Rates and Depths of Magma Ascent on Earth
  42. Timescales of magma storage and migration recorded by olivine crystals in basalts of the March-April 2010 eruption at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland
  43. Letter
  44. In-situ crystal structure determination of seifertite SiO2 at 129 GPa: Studying a minor phase near Earth's core–mantle boundary
  45. New Mineral Names
  46. New Mineral Names*,†
  47. Book Review
  48. A Pictorial Guide to Metamorphic Rocks in the Field
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 2.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2016-5363/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen