Three-participant events in Romani
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Melanie Schippling
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the morphosyntactic expression of three-participant events in Romani and situates Romani within a typological framework (Margetts & Austin 2007). It provides an inventory of attested strategies and first insights into their distribution across the dialects of Romani. My research indicates that three-place predicate and oblique/adjunct strategies are the principal means for encoding three-participant events in Romani, each applicable for several event types. However, dialectal differences become apparent. For each Romani dialect cluster, one variety is particularly focussed upon, namely: Kalderaš (Vlax), Arli (Balkan), East Slovak Romani (Central), Sinti (Northwestern), and Lithuanian Romani (Northeastern).
Acknowledgments
For comments on earlier drafts of this paper and helpful suggestions I am grateful to Birgit Hellwig, Evangelia Adamou, Anna Margetts, an anonymous reviewer, and the audience of my talk at the 13th International Conference on Romani Linguistics, 13–14.09.2018, LACITO at Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris. All mistakes are my own.
Appendix A: Event type A – ‘give’ items: strategy choice and encoding details per dialect sample
| Dialect sample | Item 555 | Item 966 | Item 965 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | |||||
| Indep. oblique | dat | Indep. oblique | dat | Indep. oblique | dat | |||||
| Kal | YU-010 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| RO-008 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| RO-065 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Σ | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |
| Arl | MK-002 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MK-003 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| MK-005 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| YU-011 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| YU-012 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| YU-014 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| YU-016 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Excluded | |||
| Σ | 1 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | |
| ESR | SK-002 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| SK-011 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Σ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Sin | IT-011 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| RO-022 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Σ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| LiR | LT-005 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| LT-007 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| LT-008 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Σ | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
| Sum | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 2 | |
Appendix B: Direct-argument and oblique/adjunct strategy: Strategy choice per item and dialect sample
| Dialect sample | Type A | Type A | Type A | Type A | Type A | Type B | Type C | Type D | Type I | Type I | Type J | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bring | Give | Take | Give | Give | Put | Sell | Leave | Receive | Receive | Steal | |||||||||||||
| Item 350a | Item 555 | Item 633 | Item 966 | Item 965 | Item 699 | Item 584 | Item 851 | Item 479 | Item 1022 | Item 1024 | |||||||||||||
| Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | ||
| Kal | YU-010 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| RO-008 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| RO-065 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Arl | MK-002 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| MK-003 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| MK-005 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| YU-011 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| YU-012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| YU-014 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| YU-016 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| ESR | SK-002 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| SK-011 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Sin | IT-011 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| RO-022 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| LiR | LT-005 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| LT-007 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| LT-008 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Sum | 17 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 0 | 17 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 13 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17 | |
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