Abstract
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the morphosyntactic expression of three-participant events in Romani and situates Romani within a typological framework (Margetts & Austin 2007). It provides an inventory of attested strategies and first insights into their distribution across the dialects of Romani. My research indicates that three-place predicate and oblique/adjunct strategies are the principal means for encoding three-participant events in Romani, each applicable for several event types. However, dialectal differences become apparent. For each Romani dialect cluster, one variety is particularly focussed upon, namely: Kalderaš (Vlax), Arli (Balkan), East Slovak Romani (Central), Sinti (Northwestern), and Lithuanian Romani (Northeastern).
Acknowledgments
For comments on earlier drafts of this paper and helpful suggestions I am grateful to Birgit Hellwig, Evangelia Adamou, Anna Margetts, an anonymous reviewer, and the audience of my talk at the 13th International Conference on Romani Linguistics, 13–14.09.2018, LACITO at Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris. All mistakes are my own.
Appendix A: Event type A – ‘give’ items: strategy choice and encoding details per dialect sample
Dialect sample | Item 555 | Item 966 | Item 965 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | |||||
Indep. oblique | dat | Indep. oblique | dat | Indep. oblique | dat | |||||
Kal | YU-010 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
RO-008 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
RO-065 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Σ | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |
Arl | MK-002 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
MK-003 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
MK-005 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
YU-011 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
YU-012 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
YU-014 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
YU-016 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Excluded | |||
Σ | 1 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | |
ESR | SK-002 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
SK-011 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Σ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
Sin | IT-011 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
RO-022 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Σ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
LiR | LT-005 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
LT-007 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
LT-008 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Σ | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Sum | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 2 |
Appendix B: Direct-argument and oblique/adjunct strategy: Strategy choice per item and dialect sample
Dialect sample | Type A | Type A | Type A | Type A | Type A | Type B | Type C | Type D | Type I | Type I | Type J | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bring | Give | Take | Give | Give | Put | Sell | Leave | Receive | Receive | Steal | |||||||||||||
Item 350a | Item 555 | Item 633 | Item 966 | Item 965 | Item 699 | Item 584 | Item 851 | Item 479 | Item 1022 | Item 1024 | |||||||||||||
Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | Direct-argument | Oblique/adjunct | ||
Kal | YU-010 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
RO-008 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
RO-065 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Arl | MK-002 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
MK-003 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
MK-005 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
YU-011 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
YU-012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
YU-014 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
YU-016 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
ESR | SK-002 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Excluded | Excluded | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
SK-011 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Sin | IT-011 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
RO-022 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
LiR | LT-005 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
LT-007 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
LT-008 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Sum | 17 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 0 | 17 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 13 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
References
Adamou, Evangelia. 2012. Verb morphologies in contact: Evidence from the Balkan area. In Martine Vanhove, Thomas Stolz, Aina Urdze & Hitomi Otsuka (eds.), Morphologies in contact, 143–162. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.10.1524/9783050057699.141Search in Google Scholar
Adamou, Evangelia & Yaron Matras. 2020. Romani syntactic typology. In Yaron Matras & Anton Tenser (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of Romani language and linguistics, 187–227. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2_7Search in Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter & Yaron Matras. 1997. Introduction. In Yaron Matras, Peter Bakker & Hristo Kyuchukov (eds.), The typology and dialectology of Romani, vii–xxx. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.156.01bakSearch in Google Scholar
Beníšek, Michael. 2020. The historical origins of Romani. In Yaron Matras & Anton Tenser (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of Romani language and linguistics, 13–47. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2_2Search in Google Scholar
Bohnemeyer, Jürgen. 2015. A practical epistemology for semantic elicitation in the field and elsewhere. In M. Ryan Bochnak & Lisa Matthewson (eds.), Methodologies in semantic fieldwork, 13–46. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190212339.003.0002Search in Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert. 1994. Romani. Grammatik des Kalderaš-Dialekts mit Texten und Glossar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert. 1996. Arli. Materialien zu einem südbalkanischen Romani-Dialekt. Grazer Linguistische Studien 46. 1–30.Search in Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert. 1998. Erli. Eine Bestandsaufnahme nach den Texten von Gilliat-Smith. Studii Romani 5/6. 122–160. Cited from Yaron Matras. 2002. Romani. A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert. 2003. Die Vlach-Dialekte des Romani. Strukturen – Sprachgeschichte – Verwandschaftsverhältnisse – Dialektkarten. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert & Birgit Igla. 1994. Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum. Mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan & Marilyn Ford. 2010. Predicting syntax: Processing dative constructions in American and Australian varieties of English. Language 86(1). 168–213. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0189.Search in Google Scholar
Bridgwater, Emma, Aki-Juhani Kyröläinen & Victor Kuperman. 2019. The influence of syntactic expectations on reading comprehension is malleable and strategic: An eye-tracking study of English dative alternation. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 73(3). 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000173.Search in Google Scholar
Cech, Petra & Mozes F. Heinschink. 1999. Sepečides-Romani. Grammatik, Texte und Glossar eines türkischen Romani-Dialekts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar
Davids, T. W. Rhys & William Stede. 1959. The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English dictionary. London: Luzac.Search in Google Scholar
Elšík, Viktor. 2007. Grammatical borrowing in Hungarian Rumungro. In Yaron Matras & Jeanette Sakel (eds.), Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective, 261–282. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110199192.261Search in Google Scholar
Elšík, Viktor & Yaron Matras. 2006. Markedness and language change. The Romani sample. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110197594Search in Google Scholar
Enfield, Nick J. 2007. Encoding three-participant events in the Lao clause. Linguistics 45(3). 509–538. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2007.016.Search in Google Scholar
Forker, Diana. 2014. A canonical approach to the argument/adjunct distinction. Linguistic Discovery 12(2). 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.444.Search in Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2017. Seven varieties of Arli: Skopje as a center of convergence and divergence of Romani dialects. Romani Studies 27(1). 29–45. 5th series. https://doi.org/10.3828/rs.2017.2.Search in Google Scholar
Gjerde, Lars. 1994. ‘The Orange of Love’ and other stories: The Rom-Gypsy language in Norway (In cooperation with Knut Kristiansen) (Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning 88). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Cited from Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 2000. Romani genitives in cross-linguistic perspective. In Viktor Elšík & Yaron Matras (eds.), Grammatical relations in Romani. The noun phrase, 123–149. Amsterdam & Philadelphia John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.211.08kopSearch in Google Scholar
Halwachs, Dieter W., Barbara Schrammel & Astrid Rader. 2007. ROMLEX. The lexical database of Romani varieties. Grazer Linguistische Studien 67/68. 117–131.Search in Google Scholar
Holzinger, Daniel. 1993. Das Rómanes. Grammatik und Diskursanalyse der Sprache der Sinte. Innsbruck: Verlag des Instituts für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Search in Google Scholar
Holzinger, Daniel. 1995. Romanes (Sinte). Munich: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar
Hübschmannová, Milena & Vít Bubeník. 1997. Causatives in Slovak and Hungarian Romani. In Yaron Matras, Peter Bakker & Hristo Kyuchukov (eds.), The typology and dialectology of Romani, 133–145. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.156.08hubSearch in Google Scholar
Hübschmannová, Milena, Hana Šebková & Žigová Anna. 1991. Romsko-Český a Česko-Romský. Kapesní slovník [Romani-Czech and Czech-Romani. Pocket dictionary]. Prague: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství.Search in Google Scholar
Igla, Birgit. 1996. Das Romani von Ajia Varvara. Deskriptive und historisch-vergleichende Darstellung eines Zigeunerdialekts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 2000. Romani genitives in cross-linguistic perspective. In Viktor Elšík & Yaron Matras (eds.), Grammatical relations in Romani. The noun phrase, 123–149. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.211.08kopSearch in Google Scholar
Lüpke, Friederike. 2007. On giving, receiving, affecting and benefitting in Jalonke. Linguistics 45(3). 539–576.10.1515/LING.2007.017Search in Google Scholar
Malchukov, Andrej, Martin Haspelmath & Comrie Bernard (eds.). 2010. Studies in ditransitive constructions: A comparative handbook. Berlin & Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110220377Search in Google Scholar
Margetts, Anna. 2007. Three-participant events in Oceanic languages. Oceanic Linguistics 46(1). 71–127. https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2007.0021.Search in Google Scholar
Margetts, Anna & Peter K. Austin. 2007. Three-participant events in the languages of the world: Towards a crosslinguistic typology. Linguistics 45(3). 393–451. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2007.014.Search in Google Scholar
Margetts, Anna Margetts, Birgit Hellwig & Sonja Riesberg (eds.). 2022. Caused accompanied motion: Bringing and taking events in a cross-linguistic perspective. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. https://www.benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.134.10.1075/tsl.134Search in Google Scholar
Masica, Colin P. 1991. The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1994. Untersuchungen zu Grammatik und Diskurs des Romanes. Dialekt der Kelderaša/Lovara. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1997. The typology of case relations and case layer distribution in Romani. In Yaron Matras, Peter Bakker & Hristo Kyuchukov (eds.), The typology and dialectology of Romani, 61–93. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.156.05matSearch in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1999. The speech of the Polska Roma: Some highlighted features and their implications for Romani dialectology. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 9(1). 1–28.Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2002. Romani. A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486791Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2005. The classification of Romani dialects. A geographic-historical perspective. Offprint version. 7–32 [Published in Barbara Schrammel, Dieter W. Halwachs & Gerd Ambrosch (eds.), General and applied Romani linguistics. Proceedings from the 6th International Conference on Romani Linguistics, 7–26. Munich: Lincom Europa].Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron, Christopher White & Elšík Viktor. 2009. The Romani Morpho-Syntax (RMS) database. In Martin v. Everaert, Simon Musgrave & Alexis Dimitriadis (eds.), The use of databases in cross-linguistic studies, 329–362. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110198744.329Search in Google Scholar
Pederson, Eric & Jürgen Bohnemeyer. 2011. On representing events – An introduction. In Jürgen Bohnemeyer & Eric Pederson (eds.), Event representation in language and cognition, 1–12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511782039.001Search in Google Scholar
Sabaini, Astrid, Mozes F. Heinschink & Dieter W. Halwachs. 2015. Kalderaš Romani. Munich: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar
Schrammel, Barbara. 2008. Verb derivational morphology and event structure in Romani. Manchester: University of Manchester dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Tenser, Anton. 2005. Lithuanian Romani. Munich: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar
Tenser, Anton. 2008. Northeastern group of Romani dialects. Manchester: University of Manchester dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Tenser, Anton. 2016. Semantic map borrowing – Case representation in Northeastern Romani dialects. Journal of Language Contact 9. 211–245. https://doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902001.Search in Google Scholar
Van Lier, Eva. 2012. Referential effects on the expression of Three-participant events across languages – An introduction in memory of Anna Siewierska. Linguistic Discovery 10(3). 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.413.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston