Home Law The Social Costs of Deregulation in a Fight Against Corruption: A Case Study on Driver’s Licenses in Mexico City
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The Social Costs of Deregulation in a Fight Against Corruption: A Case Study on Driver’s Licenses in Mexico City

  • Konrad Grabiszewski EMAIL logo and Alex Horenstein ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: December 4, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Various anti-corruption tools have been proposed in the literature. In this article, we focus on deregulation. By removing red tape, the opportunities for bribery are reduced. At the same time, however, social costs can increase due to reemergence of inefficiencies that the regulation was intended to target in the first place. We analyze data from Mexico City, where a driving test was abolished to combat petty corruption prevalent in testing centers. A natural concern is that roads would become more dangerous. We find that this concern appears to be unwarranted; if anything, roads seem to have become safer.

JEL Classification: D73; H11; K42

Corresponding author: Konrad Grabiszewski, HEC Paris in Qatar, Doha, Qatar, E-mail:

We would like to thank participants in seminars at the Banco de Mexico and ITAM, as well as Philip Cook, Pritha Dev, Mikhail Drugov, Santiago García-Verdú, Rahul Giri, Carlos Lever Guzman, Antonio Lloret, Jorge Moreno, Paolo Morganti, Sam Peltzman, Avichai Snir, and Rubina Verma for their very valuable comments. We thank Luis Cesar Castaneda Valdes and David Rodriguez Estrada for the excellent research assistance they provided.


References

Acemoglu, D., and T. Verdier. 1998. “Corruption and the Allocation of Talent: A General Equilibrium Approach.” Economic Journal 108: 1381–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00347.Search in Google Scholar

Achim, M. V., V. L. Văidean, and S. N. Borlea. 2020. “Corruption and Health Outcomes Within an Economic and Cultural Framework.” The European Journal of Health Economics 21: 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01120-8.Search in Google Scholar

Aidt, T. S. 2003. “Economic Analysis of Corruption: A Survey.” The Economic Journal 113: F632–52. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0013-0133.2003.00171.x.Search in Google Scholar

Albornoz, F., and A. Cabrales. 2013. “Decentralization, Political Competition and Corruption.” Journal of Development Economics 105: 103–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.07.007.Search in Google Scholar

Alm, J., J. Martinez-Vazquez, and C. McClellan. 2016. “Corruption and Firm Tax Evasion.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 124: 146–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.10.006.Search in Google Scholar

Amin, M., and Y. C. Soh. 2021. “Does Greater Regulatory Burden Lead to More Corruption? Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data for Developing Countries.” The World Bank Economic Review 35: 812–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhaa007.Search in Google Scholar

Angelucci, C., and A. Russo. 2022. “Petty Corruption and Citizen Reports.” International Economic Review 63: 831–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12567.Search in Google Scholar

Avis, E., C. Ferraz, and F. Finan. 2018. “Do Government Audits Reduce Corruption? Estimating the Impacts of Exposing Corrupt Politicians.” Journal of Political Economy 126: 1912–64. https://doi.org/10.1086/699209.Search in Google Scholar

Bai, J. 1994. “Least Squares Estimation of a Shift in Linear Processes.” Journal of Times Series Analysis 15: 453–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.1994.tb00204.x.Search in Google Scholar

Banerjee, R. 2016. “Corruption, Norm Violation and Decay in Social Capital.” Journal of Public Economics 137: 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

Banerjee, R., A. Boly, and R. Gillanders. 2022. “Anti-Tax Evasion, Anti-Corruption and Public Good Provision: An Experimental Analysis of Policy Spillovers.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 197: 179–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.03.006.Search in Google Scholar

Bardhan, P. 1997. “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues.” Journal of Economic Literature 35: 1320–46.Search in Google Scholar

Barr, A., and D. Serra. 2009. “The Effects of Externalities and Framing on Bribery in a Petty Corruption Experiment.” Experimental Economics 12: 488–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-009-9225-9.Search in Google Scholar

Beekman, G., E. Bulte, and E. Nillesen. 2014. “Corruption, Investments and Contributions to Public Goods: Experimental Evidence from Rural Liberia.” Journal of Public Economics 115: 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.004.Search in Google Scholar

Bertrand, M., S. Djankov, R. Hanna, and S. Mullainathan. 2007. “Obtaining a Driver’s License in India: An Experimental Approach to Studying Corruption.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122: 1639–76. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1639.Search in Google Scholar

Bobonis, G. J., L. R. Cámara Fuertes, and R. Schwabe. 2016. “Monitoring Corruptible Politicians.” The American Economic Review 106: 2371–405. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130874.Search in Google Scholar

Boffa, F., A. Piolatto, and G. A. M. Ponzetto. 2016. “Political Centralization and Government Accountability.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131: 381–422. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv035.Search in Google Scholar

Bolaños, C. 2004. “Evitan corrupción en licencias, pero….” El Universal.Search in Google Scholar

Borcan, O., M. Lindahl, and A. Mitrut. 2017. “Fighting Corruption in Education: What Works and Who Benefits?” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9: 180–209. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150074.Search in Google Scholar

Bosio, E., S. Djankov, E. Glaeser, and A. Shleifer. 2022. “Public Procurement in Law and Practice.” The American Economic Review 112: 1091–117. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200738.Search in Google Scholar

Brunetti, A., and B. Weder. 2003. “A Free Press is Bad News for Corruption.” Journal of Public Economics 87: 1801–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00186-4.Search in Google Scholar

Burgess, R., M. Hansen, B. A. Olken, P. Potapov, and S. Sieber. 2012. “The Political Economy of Deforestation in the Tropics.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 127: 1707–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs034.Search in Google Scholar

Chalendard, C., A. M. Fernandes, G. Raballand, and B. Rijkers. 2023. “Corruption in Customs.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 138: 575–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjac032.Search in Google Scholar

Che, J., K.-S. Chung, and X. Qiao. 2019. “The King Can Do No Wrong: On the Criminal Immunity of Leaders.” Journal of Public Economics 170: 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.11.008.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, T., and J. K.-S. Kung. 2019. “Busting the “Princelings”: The Campaign Against Corruption in China’s Primary Land Market.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134: 185–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy027.Search in Google Scholar

Chong, T. T.-L. 2001. “Structural Change in AR(1) Models.” Econometric Theory 17: 87–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266466601171045.Search in Google Scholar

Chu, J., R. Fisman, S. Tan, and Y. Wang. 2021. “Hometown Ties and the Quality of Government Monitoring: Evidence from Rotation of Chinese Auditors.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13: 176–201. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20190516.Search in Google Scholar

Colonnelli, E., and M. Prem. 2022. “Corruption and Firms.” The Review of Economic Studies 89: 695–732. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdab040.Search in Google Scholar

CONEVAL. 2022. “Medición de la pobreza.” Tech. rep.Search in Google Scholar

Conover, E., D. Kraynak, and P. Singh. 2023. “The Effect of Traffic Cameras on Police Effort: Evidence from India.” Journal of Development Economics 160: 102953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102953.Search in Google Scholar

Cordis, A. S., and P. L. Warren. 2014. “Sunshine as Disinfectant: The Effect of State Freedom of Information Act Laws on Public Corruption.” Journal of Public Economics 115: 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.03.010.Search in Google Scholar

Dal Bó, E., and M. A. Rossi. 2007. “Corruption and Inefficiency: Theory and Evidence from Electric Utilities.” Journal of Public Economics 91: 939–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.11.005.Search in Google Scholar

Dass, N., V. Nanda, and S. C. Xiao. 2016. “Public Corruption in the United States: Implications for Local Firms.” The Review of Corporate Finance Studies 5: 102–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfv016.Search in Google Scholar

De Soto, H. 1989. The Other Path. New York: Harper & Row.Search in Google Scholar

Di Tella, R., and E. Schargrodsky. 2003. “The Role of Wages and Auditing During a Crackdown on Corruption in the City of Buenos Aires.” The Journal of Law and Economics 46: 269–99. https://doi.org/10.1086/345578.Search in Google Scholar

Diaby, A., and K. Sylwester. 2014. “Bureaucratic Competition and Public Corruption: Evidence from Transition Countries.” European Journal of Political Economy 35: 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.04.002.Search in Google Scholar

Djankov, S., R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de Silanes, and A. Shleifer. 2002. “The Regulation of Entry.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117: 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753399436.Search in Google Scholar

Djankov, S., R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de Silanes, and A. Shleifer. 2010. “Disclosure by Politicians.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2: 179–209. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.2.179.Search in Google Scholar

DMV Workers’ Bribery Scheme. 2022. “DMV Workers’ Bribery Scheme Hits a Bump: Federal Corruption Charges.” Los Angeles Times.Search in Google Scholar

Dreher, A., and M. Gassebner. 2013. “Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on Firm Entry.” Public Choice 155: 413–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9871-2.Search in Google Scholar

Driver Licence Scandal. 2018. “Driver Licence Scandal: Hundreds of Licences Chucked Out after Officer Accepted Bribes for Passes.” New Zealand Herald.Search in Google Scholar

Drugov, M. 2010. “Competition in Bureaucracy and Corruption.” Journal of Development Economics 92: 107–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.02.004.Search in Google Scholar

Drugov, M., J. Hamman, and D. Serra. 2014. “Intermediaries in Corruption: An Experiment.” Experimental Economics 17: 78–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-013-9358-8.Search in Google Scholar

Everest-Phillips, M. 2019. Lessons from Lagash: Public Service at the Start of History and Now. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-981-13-3215-9_3Search in Google Scholar

Fan, C. S., C. Lin, and D. Treisman. 2009. “Political Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence from Around the World.” Journal of Public Economics 93: 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.09.001.Search in Google Scholar

Ferraz, C., and F. Finan. 2008. “Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil’s Publicly Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123: 703–45. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.2.703.Search in Google Scholar

Fisman, R., and R. Gatti. 2002. “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence across Countries.” Journal of Public Economics 83: 325–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(00)00158-4.Search in Google Scholar

Fisman, R., and J. Svensson. 2007. “Are Corruption and Taxation Really Harmful to Growth? Firm Level Evidence.” Journal of Development Economics 83: 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.09.009.Search in Google Scholar

Foltz, J., and K. Li. 2023. “Competition and Corruption: Highway Corruption in West Africa.” Journal of Development Economics 163: 103080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103080.Search in Google Scholar

Fonseca, R. C. 2019. “Mexico’s National Anti-Corruption System: Reaching the Finish Line?” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 50: 85–121.Search in Google Scholar

Fredriksson, A. 2014. “Bureaucracy Intermediaries, Corruption and Red Tape.” Journal of Development Economics 108: 256–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.02.005.Search in Google Scholar

Gauthier, B., J. Goyette, and W. A. Kouamé. 2021. “Why Do Firms Pay Bribes? Evidence on the Demand and Supply Sides of Corruption in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 190: 463–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.041.Search in Google Scholar

Giannetti, M., G. Liao, J. You, and X. Yu. 2021. “The Externalities of Corruption: Evidence from Entrepreneurial Firms in China.” Review of Finance 25: 629–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfaa038.Search in Google Scholar

Guriev, S. 2004. “Red Tape and Corruption.” Journal of Development Economics 73: 489–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.06.001.Search in Google Scholar

Han, L., X. Li, and G. Xu. 2022. “Anti-Corruption and Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from China.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 203: 150–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.09.001.Search in Google Scholar

Holcombe, R. G., and C. J. Boudreaux. 2015. “Regulation and Corruption.” Public Choice 164: 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0263-x.Search in Google Scholar

Hong, F., and Z. Yin. 2020. “Collusion, Extortion and the Government’s Organizational Structure.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 180: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.008.Search in Google Scholar

Hornberger, J. 2021. “A Ritual of Corruption: How Young Middle-Class South Africans Get Their Driver’s Licenses.” Current Anthropology 59: S138–48. https://doi.org/10.1086/696099.Search in Google Scholar

Huntington, S. P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Independent Commissioner Against Corruption. 2022. “Failing the Corruption Road Test: Corruption Risks in South Australia’s Driver Training Industry.” Tech. rep.Search in Google Scholar

Jacoby, H. G., G. Mansuri, and F. Fatima. 2021. “Decentralizing Corruption: Irrigation Reform in Pakistan.” Journal of Public Economics 202: 104499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104499.Search in Google Scholar

Jahnke, B., and R. A. Weisser. 2019. “How Does Petty Corruption Affect Tax Morale in Sub-Saharan Africa?” European Journal of Political Economy 60: 101751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.09.003.Search in Google Scholar

Jeong, D., A. Shenoy, and L. V. Zimmermann. 2023. “De Jure Versus De Facto Transparency: Corruption in Local Public Office in India.” Journal of Public Economics 221: 104855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104855.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, D. S., Y. Li, and D. Tarzia. 2018. “Value of Corruption in China: Evidence from Anti-Corruption Investigation.” Economics Letters 164: 112–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.021.Search in Google Scholar

Kong, D., and N. Qin. 2021. “China’s Anticorruption Campaign and Entrepreneurship.” The Journal of Law and Economics 64: 153–80. https://doi.org/10.1086/711313.Search in Google Scholar

Kramer, S. N. 1981. History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.Search in Google Scholar

Lambert-Mogiliansky, A., M. Majumdar, and R. Radner. 2007. “Strategic Analysis of Petty Corruption: Entrepreneurs and Bureaucrats.” Journal of Development Economics 83: 351–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.06.002.Search in Google Scholar

Lambert-Mogiliansky, A., M. Majumdar, and R. Radner. 2008. “Petty Corruption: A Game-Theoretic Approach.” International Journal of Economic Theory 4: 273–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7363.2008.00078.x.Search in Google Scholar

Le, D. T., E. Malesky, and A. Pham. 2020. “The Impact of Local Corruption on Business Tax Registration and Compliance: Evidence from Vietnam.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 177: 762–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.002.Search in Google Scholar

Leff, N. H. 1964. “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption.” American Behavioral Scientist 8: 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276426400800303.Search in Google Scholar

Lehne, J., J. N. Shapiro, and O. Vanden Eynde. 2018. “Building Connections: Political Corruption and Road Construction in India.” Journal of Development Economics 131: 62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.10.009.Search in Google Scholar

Levati, M. V., and C. Nardi. 2023. “Letting Third Parties Who Suffer from Petty Corruption Talk: Evidence from a Collusive Bribery Experiment.” European Journal of Political Economy 76: 102233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2022.102233.Search in Google Scholar

Local Driving School. 2023. “Local Driving School Owner Pleads Guilty to Driver’s License Bribery Scheme at Brockton RMV.” United States Attorney’s Office, District of Massachusetts.Search in Google Scholar

López Obrador, A. M. 2018. A New Hope for Mexico: Saying No to Corruption, Violence, and Trump’s Wall. New York, USA: OR Books.10.2307/j.ctv62hfbxSearch in Google Scholar

Mauro, P. 1995. “Corruption and Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 681–712. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946696.Search in Google Scholar

Mauro, P. 1998. “Corruption and the Composition of Government Expenditure.” Journal of Public Economics 69: 263–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(98)00025-5.Search in Google Scholar

Mbara, T. 2009. “Driver Pre-Testing System in Zimbabwe: An Analysis of Impacts and Perceptions.” Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management 3: 38–58. https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v3i1.54.Search in Google Scholar

Nájar, A. 2014. “La increíble historia del carnet permanente de conducir en México.” BBC Mundo.Search in Google Scholar

OECD. 2017. “OECD Integrity Review of Mexico: Taking A Stronger Stance against Corruption.” Tech. rep.Search in Google Scholar

Okunogbe, O., and V. Pouliquen. 2022. “Technology, Taxation, and Corruption: Evidence from the Introduction of Electronic Tax Filing.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14: 341–72. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200123.Search in Google Scholar

Oliva, P. 2015. “Environmental Regulations and Corruption: Automobile Emissions in Mexico City.” Journal of Political Economy 123: 686–724. https://doi.org/10.1086/680936.Search in Google Scholar

Olken, B. A. 2006. “Corruption and the Costs of Redistribution: Micro Evidence from Indonesia.” Journal of Public Economics 90: 853–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.004.Search in Google Scholar

Olken, B. A. 2007. “Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.” Journal of Political Economy 115. https://doi.org/10.1086/517935.Search in Google Scholar

Olken, B. A., and R. Pande. 2012. “Corruption in Developing Countries.” Annual Review of Economics 4: 479–509. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110917.Search in Google Scholar

Paunov, C. 2016. “Corruption’s Asymmetric Impacts on Firm Innovation.” Journal of Development Economics 118: 216–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.006.Search in Google Scholar

Peltzman, S. 1975. “The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation.” Journal of Political Economy 83: 677–726. https://doi.org/10.1086/260352.Search in Google Scholar

Podany, A. H. 2022. Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780190059040.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Reinikka, R., and J. Svensson. 2004. “Local Capture: Evidence from a Central Government Transfer Program in Uganda.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119: 679–705. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553041382120.Search in Google Scholar

Reinikka, R., and J. Svensson. 2005. “Fighting Corruption to Improve Schooling: Evidence from a Newspaper Campaign in Uganda.” Journal of the European Economic Association 3: 259–67. https://doi.org/10.1162/1542476054472883.Search in Google Scholar

Reinikka, R., and J. Svensson. 2011. “The Power of Information in Public Services: Evidence from Education in Uganda.” Journal of Public Economics 95: 956–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.02.006.Search in Google Scholar

Rose-Ackerman, S. 1999. Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139175098Search in Google Scholar

Rosenmüller, C. 2019. Corruption and Justice in Colonial Mexico, 1650–755. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108756761Search in Google Scholar

Ryvkin, D., and D. Serra. 2020. “Corruption and Competition Among Bureaucrats: An Experimental Study.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 175: 439–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.026.Search in Google Scholar

Sakib, N. H. 2019. “Understanding Cultural Causes of Corruption: The Case of Bangladesh.” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 3: 359–68.Search in Google Scholar

Sequeira, S. 2016. “Corruption, Trade Costs, and Gains from Tariff Liberalization: Evidence from Southern Africa.” The American Economic Review 106: 3029–63. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150313.Search in Google Scholar

Sequeira, S., and S. Djankov. 2014. “Corruption and Firm Behavior: Evidence from African Ports.” Journal of International Economics 94: 277–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.08.010.Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, S., S. Singhal, and F. Tarp. 2021. “Corruption and Mental Health: Evidence from Vietnam.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 185: 125–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.02.008.Search in Google Scholar

Shibata, A., and K. Fukuda. 1994. “Risk Factors of Fatality in Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 26: 391–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)90013-2.Search in Google Scholar

Shleifer, A., and R. W. Vishny. 1993. “Corruption.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108: 599–617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402.Search in Google Scholar

Sukhtankar, S. 2015. “The Impact of Corruption on Consumer Markets: Evidence from the Allocation of Second-Generation Wireless Spectrum in India.” The Journal of Law and Economics 58: 75–109. https://doi.org/10.1086/682909.Search in Google Scholar

Svensson, J. 2003. “Who Must Pay Bribes and How Much? Evidence from a Cross Section of Firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 118: 207–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535180.Search in Google Scholar

Svensson, J. 2005. “Eight Questions About Corruption.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 19: 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005774357860.Search in Google Scholar

Tandel, V., S. Gandhi, and A. Tabarrok. 2023. “Building Networks: Investigating the Quid Pro Quo between Local Politicians & Developers.” Journal of Development Economics 164: 103138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103138.Search in Google Scholar

Tao, Y. 2020. “China’s Anti-Corruption Campaign and Bank Loan Loss Provisions: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment.” Economics Letters 196: 109505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109505.Search in Google Scholar

Transparencia Mexicana. 2003. “Encuesta Nacional de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno 2003.” Tech. rep.Search in Google Scholar

Transparency International. 2019. “Global Corruption Barometer Latin America & The Caribbean 2019: Citizens’ Views and Experiences of Corruption.” Tech. rep.Search in Google Scholar

Van Vuuren, H. 2004. “Small Bribes, Big Challenge: Extent and Nature of Petty Corruption in South Africa.” South African Crime Quarterly: 11–6.Search in Google Scholar

Weaver, J. 2021. “Jobs for Sale: Corruption and Misallocation in Hiring.” The American Economic Review 111: 3093–122. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201062.Search in Google Scholar

Wei, S.-J. 2000. “How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors?” The Review of Economics and Statistics 82: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465300558533.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, G., X. Wang, R. Wang, G. Yano, and R. Zou. 2021. “Anti-Corruption, Safety Compliance and Coal Mine Deaths: Evidence from China.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 188: 458–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.05.013.Search in Google Scholar

Yoo, S.-H. 2008. “Petty Corruption.” Economic Theory 37: 267–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-007-0299-3.Search in Google Scholar

Zamboni, Y., and S. Litschig. 2018. “Audit Risk and Rent Extraction: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Brazil.” Journal of Development Economics 134: 133–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.03.008.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, P. 2023. “Anti-Corruption Campaign, Political Connections, and Court Bias: Evidence from Chinese Corporate Lawsuits.” Journal of Public Economics 222: 104861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104861.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2023-11-10
Accepted: 2024-04-08
Published Online: 2024-12-04

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 7.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/rle-2023-0104/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button