Light alkane dehydrogenation to light olefin technologies: a comprehensive review

References

Airaksinen SMK. Chromium oxide catalysts in the dehydrogenation of alkanes. Ph.D. thesis. Helsinki University, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Airaksinen SMK, Harlin ME, Krause AOI. Kinetic modeling of dehydrogenation of isobutane on chromia/alumina catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002; 41: 5619–5626.10.1021/ie020371jSearch in Google Scholar

Alcantara-Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Castellon E, Jimenez-Lopez E. Propane dehydrogenation on mixed Ga/Cr oxide pillared zirconium phosphate materials. Langmuir 1999; 15: 1115–1120.10.1021/la981042sSearch in Google Scholar

Al-Ghamdi SA. Oxygen-free propane oxidative dehydrogenation over vanadium oxide catalysts: reactivity and kinetic modelling. Ph.D. thesis. University of Western Ontario, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Al-Ghamdi AA, Al-Bassam AM, Draus JL. Start-up of world’s largest iso-butane dehydrogenation plant for MTBE production. Paper AM-94-28, Annual Meeting of the National Petroleum Refiners, 1994.Search in Google Scholar

Al-mutairi SMT, Mezari B, Magusin PCMM, Pidko EA, Hensen EJM. Structure and reactivity of Zn-modified ZSM-5 zeolites: the importance of clustered cationic Zn complexes, structure and reactivity of Zn-modified ZSM-5 zeolites: the importance of clustered cationic Zn complexes. ACS Catal 2012; 2: 71–83.10.1021/cs200441eSearch in Google Scholar

Al-Mutaz IS. Saudi MTBE Plant and its role in the lead phasedown in the country. Energy Prog 1987; 7: 18–22.Search in Google Scholar

Atkins MP, Evans GR. A review of current processes and innovations in catalytic dehydrogenation. Erdoel Erdgas Kohle 1995; 111: 271–274.Search in Google Scholar

Bhasin MM, McCain JH, Vora BV, Imai T, Pujado PR. Dehydrogenation and oxy-dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins. Appl Catal A 2001; 221: 397–419.10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00816-XSearch in Google Scholar

Beesley E, Wipp B. Butane dehydrogenation at Billingham. Chem Ind (Lond) 2010; S50: 1953.Search in Google Scholar

Biscardi A, Iglesia E. Structure and function of metal cations in light alkane reactions catalyzed by modified H-ZSM5. Catal Today 1996; 31: 207–231.10.1016/S0920-5861(96)00028-4Search in Google Scholar

Boot LA, VanDillen AJ, Geus JW, VanBuren FR. Iron-based dehydrogenation catalysts supported on zirconia. I. Preparation and characterization. J Catal 1996; 163: 186–194.10.1006/jcat.1996.0318Search in Google Scholar

Brockwell HL, Sarathy PR, Trotta R. Synthesize ethers. Hydrocarb Proc 1991; 70: 133–141.Search in Google Scholar

Bruckner A, Radnik J, Hoang DL, Lieske H. In situ investigation of active sites in zirconia-supported chromium oxide catalysts during the aromatization of n-octane. Catal Lett 1999; 60: 183–189.10.1023/A:1019067309929Search in Google Scholar

Burwell RL, Littlewood AB, Cardew M, Pass G, Stoddart CTH. Reaction between hydrocarbons and deuterium on chromium oxide gel. J Am Chem Soc 1960; 82: 6272.10.1021/ja01509a019Search in Google Scholar

Butt DP, Park Y, Taylor TN. Thermal vaporization and deposition of gallium oxide in hydrogen. J Nucl Mater 1999; 264: 71.10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00484-XSearch in Google Scholar

Carrero CA, Schloegl R, Wachs IE, Schomaecker R. Critical literature review of the kinetics for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over well-defined supported vanadium oxide catalysts. ACS Catal 2014; 4: 3357–3380.10.1021/cs5003417Search in Google Scholar

Caspary KJ, Gehrke H, Heinritz-Adrian M, Schwefer M. Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VHC Verlag GmbH, 2008: 3206–3229.Search in Google Scholar

CATOFIN. Benefits of stabilized catalyst. Süd-Chemie, CATOFIN Technology Conference, Munich, September 2005.Search in Google Scholar

CATOFIN. Refractory bricks installation and maintenance in CATOFIN reactors. CATOFIN/Catadiene Technology Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

CATOFIN. Dehydrogenation, 2013. Available at: http://www.cbi.com/images/uploads/tech_sheets/CatofinDehyrogenation-12.pdf. Accessed on 2013.Search in Google Scholar

CCR Platforming & Oleflex, 2015. Available at: http://www.uop.com/equipment/ccr-regeneration/. Accessed on 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Chaar MA, Patel D, Kung MC, Kung HH. Selective oxidative dehydrogenation of butane over V-Mg-O catalysts. J Catal 1987; 105: 483–498.10.1016/0021-9517(87)90076-5Search in Google Scholar

Chaiyavech P. Commercialization of the world’s first Oleflex unit. J R Inst Thai 2002, 27: 664–672.Search in Google Scholar

Chaku P, Spence D. CATOFIN technology improvements. Lummus Global, CATOFIN Technology Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Chen ZX, Derking A, Koot W, VanDijk MP. Dehydrogenation of isobutane over zinc titanate thin film catalysts. J Catal 1996; 161: 730–741.10.1006/jcat.1996.0235Search in Google Scholar

Chen M, Wu JL, Liu YM, Cao Y, Guo L, He HY, Fan KN. Study in support effect of In₂O₃/MO_x (M=Al, Si, Zr) catalysts for dehydrogenation of propane in the presence of CO₂. Appl Catal A 2011; 407: 20–28.10.1016/j.apcata.2011.08.018Search in Google Scholar

Chu Y, Wu TW, Li YX, Nawaz Z, Wang Y, Wei F. Studies on propane dehydrogenation to propylene in a gas-solid-sold fluidized bed reactor. 10th International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds and Fluidization Technology (CFB-10), ECI Symposium Series Vol. RP7, 2013. Available at: http://dc.engconfintl.org/cfb10/22.Search in Google Scholar

Chu Y, Zhang Q, Wu T, Nawaz Z, Wang Y, Wei F. Ultra-dispersed Pt nanoparticles on SAPO-34/γ-Al₂O₃ support for efficient propane dehydrogenation. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14: 6900–6906.10.1166/jnn.2014.8956Search in Google Scholar

Chweitzer NM, Hu B, Das U, Kim H, Curtiss LA, Stair PC, Miller T, Hock AS. Propylene hydrogenation and propane dehydrogenation by a single-site Zn²⁺ on silica catalyst. ACS Catal 2014; 4: 1091–1098.10.1021/cs401116pSearch in Google Scholar

Cimino A, Cordischi D, DeRossi S, Ferraris G, Gazzoli D, Indovina V, Minelli G, Occhiuzzi M, Valigi M. Studies on chromia/zirconia catalysts I. Preparation and characterization of the system. J Catal 1991; 127: 744.10.1016/0021-9517(91)90196-BSearch in Google Scholar

Craig RG, Spence DC. Catalytic dehydrogenation of liquefied petroleum gas by the Houdry CATOFIN and Catadiene processes. Handbook of petroleum refining processes. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986.Search in Google Scholar

CRI/SRL. Refractory lining of 8 CATOFIN reactors. APPC/PDH/PP Project Jubail, KSA, by CRI/SRL, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Damyanova S, Crange P, Delmon B. Surface characterization of zirconia-coated alumina and silica carriers. J Catal 1997; 168: 421–430.10.1006/jcat.1997.1671Search in Google Scholar

Dunn RO, Brinkmeyer FM, Schuette GF. The Phillips STAR process for the dehydrogenation of C3, C4, and C5 paraffins. Proc NPRA Annu Meet, New Orleans, LA, 1992: 22–24.Search in Google Scholar

Eastman AD. Dehydrogenation of organic compounds with a zinc silicate catalyst. US Patent 4371730, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

Ercan C, Gartside RJ. Reactor performance and stability in an alternating reaction-reheat paraffin dehydrogenation system. Can J Chem Eng 1996; 74: 626–637.10.1002/cjce.5450740512Search in Google Scholar

Fang D, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhang L, Ren W, Zhang H. Relationship between Cr-Al interaction and the performance of Cr-Al₂O₃ catalysts for isobutane dehydrogenation. Modern Res Catal 2015; 4: 50–58.10.4236/mrc.2015.42007Search in Google Scholar

Faro AC, Souza KR, Camorim VLD, Cardoso MB. Zirconia-alumina mixing in alumina-supported zirconia prepared by impregnation with solutions of zirconium acetylacetonate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003a; 5: 1932–1940.10.1039/b300899aSearch in Google Scholar

Faro AC, Souza KR, Eon JG, Leitao AA, Rocha AB, Capaz RB. Mixed-formation during preparation of alumina-supported: an EXAFS and DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003b; 5: 3811–3817.10.1039/B304815BSearch in Google Scholar

Frey FE, Huppke HF. Processes for converting hydrocarbons. US Patent 2098959, 1937.Search in Google Scholar

Fridman VZ, Romaine-Schmid E. Reduction of the Al-Cr catalyst selectivity as a result of its deactivation. Proc 21st N Am Catal Soc Meet, San Francisco, CA, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Fridman V, Urbancic M. Next generation catalyst for HOUDRY dehydrogenation. Süd-Chemie, Inc., CATOFIN Technology Conference, Munich, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Fridman VZ, Urbancic M. Endothermic hydrocarbon conversion process. US Patent 7,973,207, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Fridman VZ, Merriam J, Urbancic M. Catalytically inactive heat generator and improved dehydrogenation process. US Patent 7,622,623, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Fridman VZ, Davies S, Howard J, Jasinski J. Stability of active sites precursors of Al-Cr dehydrogenation catalyst. Proc 22nd N Am Catal Soc Meet, Detroit, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Fujdala K, Tilly TD. Thermolytic molecular precursor routes to Cr/Si/Al/O and Cr/Si/Zr/O catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation and dehydrogenation of propane. J Catal 2003; 218: 123.10.1016/S0021-9517(03)00141-6Search in Google Scholar

Ghandhi D, Romeo J, Ponzi P. CATOFIN reactor CFD analysis. CATOFIN Technology Conference, Munich, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Gregor J, Wei D. UOP Oleflex process for light olefins production. Ch 5.1. Des Plaines, IL: UOP LLC, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Grunert W, Saffert W, Feldhaus R, Anders K. Reduction and aromatization activity of chromia-alumina catalysts: I. Reduction and break-in behavior of a potassium-promoted chromia-alumina catalyst. J Catal 1986; 99: 149–158.10.1016/0021-9517(86)90208-3Search in Google Scholar

Guisnet M, Gnep NS, Alario F. Aromatization of short chain alkanes on zeolite catalysts. Appl Catal A 1992; 89: 1–30.10.1016/0926-860X(92)80075-NSearch in Google Scholar

Halasz J, Konya Z, Fudala A, Beres A, Kiricsi I. Indium and gallium containing ZSM-5 zeolites: acidity and catalytic activity in propane transformation. Catal Today 1996; 5861: 293.10.1016/S0920-5861(96)00019-3Search in Google Scholar

Hamid H, Ali MA. Handbook of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates. New York: CRC Press, 2004.10.1201/9780203021446Search in Google Scholar

Harlin ME, Backman LB, Krause AOI, Jylhä OJT. Activity of molybdenum oxide catalyst in the dehydrogenation of n-butane. J Catal 1999; 183: 300–313.10.1006/jcat.1999.2413Search in Google Scholar

Heinritz-Adrian M, Wenzel S, Youssef F. Advanced propane dehydrogenation. PTQ, 2008. Available at: http://www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000632. Accessed on 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Hornaday GF, Ferrell FM. Manufacture of mono and diolefins from paraffins by catalytic dehydrogenation. Adv Petrol Chem Refining Intersci Paris 1961; 4: 451–488.Search in Google Scholar

Honeywell. Honeywell’s UOP technology selected for petrochemical production in China, 2013. Available at: http://www.dailyfinance.com/rtn/pr/honeywell-s-uop-technology-selected-for-petrochemical-production-inchina/rfid637412763. Accessed on 2013.10.1016/S1351-4180(13)70115-6Search in Google Scholar

Iezzi R, Bartolini A. Process for dehydrogenating light paraffins in a fluidized bed reactor. US Patent 5,633,421, 1997 (assigned to Snamprogetti).Search in Google Scholar

lmai T, Vora BV, Bricker JC. Development of dehydrogenation catalyst and process. International Conference on Recent Developments in Petrochemical and Polymer Technologies, Bangkok, Thailand, 1989.Search in Google Scholar

Jensen SF, Roennekleiv M, Rytter E, Souraker P. Pre-treatment of Pt/Sn-based catalyst. WO 2000072967 A1, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Jibril BY, Al-Zahrani SM, Abasaeed AE, Hughes R. Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over supported chromium-molybdenum oxides catalysts. Catal Commun 2003; 4: 579–584.10.1016/j.catcom.2003.07.001Search in Google Scholar

Jie Z, Cui Y, Nawaz Z, Wang Y, Wei F. In situ synthesis of SAPO-34 zeolites in kaolin microspheres for a fluidized methanol or dimethyl ether to olefins process. Chin J Chem Eng 2010; 18: 979–987.10.1016/S1004-9541(09)60156-7Search in Google Scholar

Kallo NV, Cousaert R, Weyne K. Flow distribution in the CATOFIN reactors, regeneration air piping, air inlet baffle, reactor internals, by Borealis, CATOFIN Technology Conference, Munich, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Kilicarslan S, Dogan M, Dogu T. Cr incorporated MCM-41 type catalysts for isobutane dehydrogenation and deactivation mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013; 52: 3674–3682.10.1021/ie302543cSearch in Google Scholar

Li H, Yue Y, Miao C, Xie Z, Hua W, Gao Z. Performance of unsupported Ni(Co,Fe)/MoS₂ catalysts in hydrotreating reactions. Catal Commun 2007; 8: 1317–1328.10.1016/j.catcom.2006.11.034Search in Google Scholar

Liu Y, Li ZH, Lu J, Fan K. Periodic density functional theory study of propane dehydrogenation over perfect Ga₂O₃(100) surface. J Phys Chem C 2008; 112: 20382.10.1021/jp807864zSearch in Google Scholar

Liu L, Deng QF, Agula B, Zhao X, Ren TZ, Yuan ZY. Ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst for dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Chem Commun 2011; 47: 8334–8336.10.1039/c1cc12806jSearch in Google Scholar

Luckenbach EC, Zenz FA, Papa G, Bertolini A. Fluidized bed reactor and process for performing reactions therein. US Patent 5,656,243, 1997 (assigned to Snamprogetti).Search in Google Scholar

Ma F, Chen S, Wang Y, Chen F, Lu W. Characterization of redox and acid properties of mesoporous Cr-TiO₂ and its efficient performance for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Appl Catal A 2012; 427–428: 145–154.10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.043Search in Google Scholar

Martyanov I, Sayari A. Sol-gel assisted preparation of chromia-silica catalysts for non-oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Catal Lett 2008; 126: 164–172.10.1007/s10562-008-9599-xSearch in Google Scholar

Michorczyk P, Ogonowski J, Niemczyk M. Investigation of catalytic activity of CrSBA-1 materials obtained by direct method in the dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂. Appl Catal A 2010; 374: 142–149.10.1016/j.apcata.2009.11.040Search in Google Scholar

Michorczyk P, Ogonowski J, Zenczak K. Activity of chromium oxide deposited on different silica supports in the dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂ – a comparative study. J Mol Catal A Chem 2011; 349: 1.10.1016/j.molcata.2011.08.019Search in Google Scholar

Mimura N, Okamoto M, Yamashita H, Oyama ST, Murata K. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over Cr/ZSM-5 catalysts using CO₂ as an oxidant. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110: 21764–21770.10.1021/jp061966lSearch in Google Scholar

Miracca I, Piovesan L. Light paraffin’s dehydrogenation in a fluidized bed reactor. Catal Today 1999; 52: 259–269.10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00080-2Search in Google Scholar

Mole T, Anderson JR, Creer G. The reaction of propane over ZSM-5-H and ZSM-5-Zn zeolite catalysts. Appl Catal 1985; 17: 141–154.10.1016/S0166-9834(00)82709-8Search in Google Scholar

Monzon A, Garetto TF, Borgna A. Sintering and redispersion of Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts: a kinetic model. Appl Catal A 2003; 248: 279–289.10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00300-4Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z. Activity integration of Pt-Sn/SAPO-34 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation to propylene with different metallic promoters. Proc Int Conf Chem Eng Appl (CCEA), Singapore, 2010a: 57–61.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z. Integrated study of light alkane dehydrogenation to propylene using Pt-based SAPO-34 catalyst. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 2010b.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z. Embedded alkane dehydrogenation system and process. US Patent Appl 62/049844, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z. Selective zeolite supported catalysts for propane and butane dehydrogenation, WO 2015/025286 A2, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Baksh F. Reactor and process for paraffin dehydrogenation to olefins. WO2014167473 A1, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F. The Pt-Sn-based SAPO-34 supported novel catalyst for n-butane dehydrogenation, Ind Eng Chem Res 2009; 48: 7442–7447.10.1021/ie900801mSearch in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F. Hydrothermal study of Pt-Sn-based SAPO-34 supported novel catalyst used for selective propane dehydrogenation to propylene. J Ind Eng Chem 2010; 16: 774–784.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.07.002Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F. Pt-Sn-based catalyst’s intensification using Al₂O₃-SAPO-34 as a support for propane dehydrogenation to propylene. J Ind Eng Chem 2011; 17: 389–393.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.09.027Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F. Light alkane oxidative dehydrogenation to light olefins over Pt-based SAPO-34 zeolite supported catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013; 52: 346–352.10.1021/ie301422nSearch in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F. Integrated bi-modal fluidized bed reactor for butane dehydrogenation to corresponding butylenes. Chem Eng J 2014; 238: 249–253.10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.103Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Jie Z, Wei F. Drastic enhancement of propene from 1-hexene cracking using a shape intensified meso-SAPO-34 catalyst. J Eng Sci Tech (JESTEC) 2009a; 4: 409–418.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Shu Q, Naveed S, Wei F. Light alkane (mixed feed) selective dehydrogenation using bi-metallic zeolite supported catalyst. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia 2009b; 23: 429–436.10.4314/bcse.v23i3.47667Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Jie Z, Naveed S, Wei F. Catalytic cracking of 1-hexene to propylene using SAPO-34 catalysts with different bulk topologies. Chin J Catal 2009c; 30: 1049–1057.10.1016/S1872-2067(08)60137-0Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Qiang Z, Dezheng W, Wei F. A highly selective Pt-Sn/SAPO-34 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation to propylene. Catal Commun 2009d; 10: 1925–1930.10.1016/j.catcom.2009.07.008Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Wei F. Hexene catalytic cracking over SAPO-34 catalyst for propylene maximization: influence of reaction conditions and reaction pathway exploration. Braz J Chem Eng 2009e; 26: 705–712.10.1590/S0104-66322009000400009Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Wei F. Influence of operating conditions, Si/Al ratio and doping of zinc on Pt-Sn/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation to propene. Korean J Chem Eng 2009f; 26: 1528–1532.10.1007/s11814-009-0233-4Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F, Shu Q. Catalytic cracking of iso-hexene over SAPO-34 catalyst. Sci Int (Lahore) 2009g; 21: 161–163.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Chu Y, Wei Y, Tang XP, Wang Y, Wei F. Study of propane dehydrogenation to propylene in an integrated fluidized bed reactor using Pt-Sn/Al-SAPO-34 novel catalyst, Ind Eng Chem Res 2010a; 49: 4614–4619.10.1021/ie902043wSearch in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Shu Q, Gao J, Tang XP, Wei F. Effect of Si/Al ratio on performance of Pt-Sn-based catalyst supported on ZSM-5 zeolite for n-butane conversion to light olefins. J Ind Eng Chem 2010b; 16: 57–62.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.01.021Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Sun Y, Chu Y, Wei F. Mixing behavior and hydrodynamic study of gas-solid-solid fluidization system: co-fluidization of FCC and coarse particles. Fluidization XIII, Gyeong-ju, Korea, 2010c.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Chu Y, Wei F. Influence of calcinations temperature and reaction atmosphere on catalytic properties of Pt-Sn/SAPO-34 novel catalyst for propane dehydrogenation to propylene. Chin J Catal 2010d; 31: 552–556.10.1016/S1872-2067(09)60071-1Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Cui Y, Wei F. Intensive features of 1-hexene catalytic cracking to propylene using SAPO-34. Arab J Sci Eng B 2010e; 35: 15–24.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Naveed S, Shu Q, Wei F. Experimental investigation of attrition resistance of zeolite catalysts in two particle gas-solid-solid fluidization system. Pak J Sci Ind Res 2010f; 53: 169–174.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Wang Y, Wei F. Parametric characterization and influence of tin on the performance of Pt-Sn/SAPO-34 catalyst for selective propane dehydrogenation to propylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010g; 49: 1274–1280.10.1021/ie901465sSearch in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Wei X, Wei F. Attrition behavior of small particles in bimodal particles fluidized bed environment: influence of density and size ratio. Korean J Chem Eng 2010h; 27: 1606–1612.10.1007/s11814-010-0240-5Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Naveed S, Ramzan N, Wei F. Integrated approach for heat transfer in fluidized bed reactors. Heat transfer. 1st ed. INTECH, Rijeka, Croatia, 2011a: 3–14.10.5772/13644Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F, Naveed S. Pt-Sn-based catalyst for selective propane dehydrogenation to propylene: higher propylene selectivity and yield. Pak Patent 140812, 2011b.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Baksh F, Ramzan N, Alqahtani A. Rational asymmetric catalyst design, intensification and modeling. Advances in Chemical Engineering, INTECH, Croatia. 1st ed. 2012: 3–14.10.5772/39209Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Baksh F, Jie Z, Wei F. Dehydrogenation of C₃–C₄ paraffin’s to corresponding olefins over Slit-SAPO-34 supported Pt-Sn-based novel catalyst. J Ind Eng Chem 2013a; 19: 540–546.10.1016/j.jiec.2012.09.024Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Wei F, Naveed S. Highly stable Pt-Sn-based, SAPO-34 supported, Al-binded catalyst, and integrated fluidized bed reactor design for alkane dehydrogenation. Pak Patent 141413, 2013b.Search in Google Scholar

Nawaz Z, Sharief KA, Baksh FR, Al-Qahtani A. Methods used for the dehydrogenation of alkanes. WO 2014191945 A1, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Nesterenko NS, Ponomoreva OA, Yuschenko VV, Ivanova II, Testa F, DiRenzo F, Fajula F. Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene and isobutane over Ga- and Fe-containing mesoporous silicas. Appl Catal A 2003; 254: 261–272.10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00488-5Search in Google Scholar

New Clariant CATOFIN propane dehydrogenation catalysts delivers significant savings, 2013. Available at: http://newsroom.clariant.com/newclariant-catofin-propane-dehydrogenation-catalyst-delivers-significantsavings.Search in Google Scholar

Neylon MK, Choi S, Kwon H, Curry KE, Thompson LT. Catalytic properties of early transition metal nitrides and carbides: n-butane hydrogenolysis, dehydrogenation and isomerization. Appl Catal A 1999; 183: 253–263.10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00053-8Search in Google Scholar

Nijhuis TA, Tinnemans SJ, Visser T, Weckhuysen BM. Towards real-time spectroscopic process control for the dehydrogenation of propane over supported chromium oxide catalysts. Chem Eng Sci 2004; 59: 5487–5492.10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.103Search in Google Scholar

Olah GA, Molnar A. Hydrocarbon chemistry. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, Inc., 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Oviol L, Bruns M, Fridman V, Merriam J, Urbancic M. Mind the gap. Hydrocarbon Engineering, Reprinted in September 2012 (http://www.catalysts.clariant.com/C12575E4001FB2B8/vwLookupDownloads/Catalysts_Catafin_HE.pdf/$FILE/Catalysts_Catafin_HE.pdf).Search in Google Scholar

Pakhomova NA, Parakhinc OA, Nemykinab EI, Danilevich VV, Chernovc MP, Pecherichenko VA. Microspherical chromium oxide/alumina catalyst KDM for fluidized bed isobutane dehydrogenation: development and industrial application experience. Catal Ind 2012; 4: 298–307.10.1134/S2070050412040149Search in Google Scholar

Pedersen EO. Dehydrogenation of propane by carbon supported metal catalysts. Ph.D. thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Pless JD, Bardin BB, Kim HS, Ko D, Smith MT, Hammond RR, Stair PC, Poeppelmeier KR. Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over Mg-V/Mo oxides. J Catal 2004; 223: 419–431.10.1016/j.jcat.2004.01.023Search in Google Scholar

Pujado P, Vora B. Make C₃–C₄ olefins selectively. Hydrol Proc 1990; 19: 65–70.Search in Google Scholar

Puurunen RL, Beheydt BG, Weckhuysen BM. Monitoring chromia/alumina catalysts in situ during propane dehydrogenation by optical fiber UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. J Catal 2001; 204: 253–257.10.1006/jcat.2001.3372Search in Google Scholar

Rodríguez L, Romero D, Rodríguez D, Sánchez J, Domínguez F, Arteaga G. Dehydrogenation of n-butane over Pd-Ga/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Appl Catal A 2010; 373: 66–70.10.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.040Search in Google Scholar

Rokicki A, Brummer R, Fridman VZ. Catalyst and process improvements for increased stability CATOFIN i-C₄ and C₃ dehydrogenation, catalysts in petroleum refining and petrochemicals. Proc 11th Saudi-Japanese Symposium, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 2001.Search in Google Scholar

Rossignol S, Kappenstein C. Effect of doping elements on the thermal stability of transition alumina. J Inorg Mater 2001; 3: 51–58.10.1016/S1466-6049(00)00088-XSearch in Google Scholar

Russell AS, Stokes JJ. Role of surface area in dehydrocyclization catalysis. Ind Eng Chem 1946; 38: 1071–1074.10.1021/ie50442a027Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D. Dehydrogenation in a fluidized bed – an east-west collaboration. Chemtech 1993; 23: 35–39.Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D. Dehydrogenations in fluidized bed: catalysis and reactor engineering. Catal Today 2011; 178: 142–150.10.1016/j.cattod.2011.07.013Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D, Miracca I. Oxidation and functionalization: classical and alternative routes and sources. Proc DGMK Conf, Hamburg, 2005: 773.Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D, Miracca I. Dehydrogenation of paraffins: synergies between catalyst design and reactor engineering. Catal Today 2006; 111: 133–139.10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.012Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D, Rylander P. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D, Buonomo F, Fusco G, Miracca I. Paraffins activation through fluidized bed dehydrogenation: the answer to light olefins demand increase. Stud Surf Sci Catal. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998; 119: 919.Search in Google Scholar

Sanfilippo D, Miracca I, Trifiro F. In Encyclopedia of hydrocarbons, refining and petrochemicals. ENI, Rome, 2006; II: 687–700.Search in Google Scholar

Sattler JJHB. Propane dehydrogenation on metal and metal oxide catalysts. Ph.D. thesis. Universiteit Utrecht, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Sattler JJHB, Gonzalez-Jimenez ID, Luo L, Stears BA, Malek A, Barton DG, Kilos BA, Kaminsky MP, Verhoeven TWGM, Koers EJ, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Platinum-promoted Ga/Al₂O₃ as highly active, selective, and stable. Angew Chem Int Ed 2014a; 53: 9251–9256.10.1002/anie.201404460Search in Google Scholar

Sattler JJHB, Martinez JR, Jimenez ES, Weckhuysen BM. Catalytic dehydrogenation of light alkanes on metals and metal oxides. Chem Rev 2014b; 114: 10613–10653.10.1021/cr5002436Search in Google Scholar

Schindler GP, Magin W, Harth K. Regeneration of a dehydrogenation catalyst. US Patent Appl 20040029715, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Scott A. Metathesis, dehydro fill propylene shortfall. Chem Week 1999; 161: 41–42.Search in Google Scholar

Setoyama T. Recent topics on catalyst research at Mitsubishi Chemical, 17th Saudi Arabia-Japan Joint Symposium, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Shen Z, Liu J, Xu H, Yue Y, Hua W, Shen W. Dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene over a highly efficient Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5 catalyst in the presence of CO₂. Appl Catal A 2009; 356: 148–153.10.1016/j.apcata.2008.12.038Search in Google Scholar

Shi X, Ji S, Wang K. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene with carbon dioxide over Cr-Ce/SBA-15 catalysts. Catal Lett 2008; 125: 331–339.10.1007/s10562-008-9569-3Search in Google Scholar

Shimada H, Akazawa T, Ikenaga N, Suzuki T. Dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene with iron-loaded activated carbon catalyst. Appl Catal A 1998; 168: 243–250.10.1016/S0926-860X(97)00350-5Search in Google Scholar

Siddiqi G, Sun P, Galvita V, Bell AT. Catalyst performance of novel Pt/Mg(Ga)(Al)O catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation. J Catal 2010; 274: 200–206.10.1016/j.jcat.2010.06.016Search in Google Scholar

Song H, Rioux RM, Hoefelmeyer JD, Komor R, Niesz K, Grass M, Yang P, Somorjai GA. Hydrothermal growth of mesoporous SBA-15 silica in the presence of PVP-stabilized Pt nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128: 3027–3037.10.1021/ja057383rSearch in Google Scholar

Spivey JJ, Roberts GW, Goodwin JG, Kim S, Rhodes WD. Turnover frequencies in metal catalysis: meanings, functionalities and relationships. Catalysis 2004; 17: 320–348.10.1039/9781847553294-00320Search in Google Scholar

Stobbe DE, VanBuren FR, Hoogenraad MS, VanDillen AJ, Geus JW. Iron oxide dehydrogenation catalysts supported on magnesium oxide. Part 2 – reduction behaviour. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1991; 87: 1631–1637.10.1039/FT9918701631Search in Google Scholar

Stobbe DE, VanBuren FR, VanDillen AJ, Geus JW. Potassium promotion of iron oxide dehydrogenation catalysts supported on magnesium oxide: 2. Butene dehydrogenation activity. J Catal 1992; 135: 548–562.10.1016/0021-9517(92)90053-KSearch in Google Scholar

Suppia DD. Study on structural transformation of molybdenum oxide catalyst for propane oxydehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. Masters thesis. University of Malaya, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Trifiro F, Cavani F. Catalytica Studies Division. Study=4192 OD, 1993. Available at: http://www.sud-chemieinc.com/houdry_isobutane.shtml. Accessed on 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Tullo AH. Propylene on demand. Chem Eng News 2003; 81: 15–16.10.1021/cen-v081n050.p015Search in Google Scholar

Uhde STAR Process. Oxydehydrogenation of light paraffins to olefins, 2012. Available at: http://www.uhde.biz/cgi-bin/byteserver.pl/pdf/broschueren/. Accessed on 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Uhde STAR Process. Oxydehydrogenation of light paraffins to olefins, 2013. Available at: http://www.thyssenkrupp-industrial-solutions.com/fileadmin/documents/brochures/uhde_brochures_pdf_en_12.pdf. Accessed on 2013.Search in Google Scholar

UOP. UOP Oleflex User Conference, USA, 2001.Search in Google Scholar

UOP. UOP LLC, 25 East Algonquin Road, Des Plaines, IL 60017-5017. 4217-25, 2004. Available at: http://www.uop.com. Accessed on 2012.Search in Google Scholar

UOP. UOP Oleflex process for light olefin production, 2013. Available at: http://pet-oil.blogspot.nl/2012/10/uop-oleflex-process-for-light-olefin.html. Accessed on 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Urbancic MA, Fridman VZ, Rokicki A. A new Houdry catalyst for the ‘third wave’–propane dehydrogenation. Proc 19th N Am Catal Soc Meet, Philadelphia, PA, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Vaezifar S, Faghihian H, Kamali M. Dehydrogenation of isobutane over Sn/Pt/Na-ZSM-5 catalysts: the effect of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio, amount and distribution of Pt nanoparticles on the catalytic behavior. Korean J Chem Eng 2011; 28: 370–377.10.1007/s11814-010-0369-2Search in Google Scholar

Vora BV, Pujado PR, Adams ND, LeMerle CA. A new source of propylene – the Oleflex process. International Conference on Propylene, Madrid, Spain, 1989.Search in Google Scholar

Wachs IE, Weckhuysen BM. Structure and reactivity of surface vanadium oxide species on oxide supports. Appl Catal A 1997; 157: 67–90.10.1016/S0926-860X(97)00021-5Search in Google Scholar

Wachowski L, Kirszuensztejn P, Lopatka R, Czajka B. Studies of physicochemical and surface-properties of alumina modified with rare-earth-oxides, 1. Preparation, structure and thermal-stability. Mater Chem Phys 1994; 37: 29–38.10.1016/0254-0584(94)90067-1Search in Google Scholar

Waddams AL. Chemicals from petroleum. 4th ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1980.Search in Google Scholar

Wang L, Tao L, Xie M, Xu G, Huang J, Xu Y. Dehydrogenation and aromatization of methane under non-oxidizing conditions. Catal Lett 1993; 21: 35–41.10.1007/BF00767368Search in Google Scholar

Wang J, Zhang F, Hua W, Yue Y, Gao Z. Dehydrogenation of propane over MWW-type zeolites supported gallium oxide. Catal Commun 2012; 18: 63–67.10.1016/j.catcom.2011.11.023Search in Google Scholar

Weckhuysen BM, Wachs IE. Raman spectroscopy of supported chromium oxide catalysts: determination of chromium–oxygen bond distances and bond orders. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1996; 92: 1969.10.1039/FT9969201969Search in Google Scholar

Weckhuysen BM, Schoonheydt RA. Alkane dehydrogenation over supported chromium oxide catalysts. Catal Today 1999; 51: 223–232.10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00047-4Search in Google Scholar

Weckhuysen BM, Bensalem A, Schoonheydt RA. In situ UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy-on line activity measurements: the significance of Crn⁺-species (n=2, 3 and 6) in n-butane dehydrogenation catalyzed by supported chromium oxide catalysts. J Chem Soc Farad Trans 1998; 94: 2011.10.1039/a801710gSearch in Google Scholar

Weckhuysen BM, Verberckmoes AA, Debaere J, Ooms K, Langhans I, Schoonheydt RA. In situ UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy-on line activity measurements of supported chromium oxide catalysts: relating isobutane dehydrogenation activity with Cr-speciation via experimental design. J Mol Catal A 2000; 151: 115.10.1016/S1381-1169(99)00259-9Search in Google Scholar

Wei F, Tang XP, Zhou H, Nawaz Z. Development of propylene production enhancement technology. Petrochem Technol 2008; 37: 979–983.Search in Google Scholar

Wei F, Nawaz Z, Tang XP. Light alkane dehydrogenation to olefins catalyst, their preparation method and applications. Chin Patent Appl 200910091226.6, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Wei F, Nawaz Z, Tang XP, Chu Y, Wang Y. Integrated fluidized bed reactor design for alkane dehydrogenation. Chin Patent Appl 201010103170.4, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Wenner RR, Dybal EC. Catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Catal Eng Prog 1948: 44: 275–286.Search in Google Scholar

Xu B, Zheng B, Hua W, Yue Y, Gao Z. Support effect in dehydrogenation of propane in the presence of CO₂ over supported gallium oxide catalysts. J Catal 2006; 239: 470–477.10.1016/j.jcat.2006.02.017Search in Google Scholar

Xu B, Li T, Zheng B, Hua W, Yue Y, Gao Z. Enhanced stability of HZSM-5 supported Ga₂O₃ catalyst in propane dehydrogenation by dealumination. Catal Lett 2007; 119: 283–288.10.1007/s10562-007-9232-4Search in Google Scholar

Yang ML, Zhu YA, Fan C, Sui ZJ, Chen D, Zhou XG. DFT study of propane dehydrogenation on Pt catalyst: effects of step sites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13: 3257.10.1039/c0cp00341gSearch in Google Scholar

Yun JH, Lobo RF. Catalytic dehydrogenation of propane over iron-silicate zeolites. J Catal 2014; 312: 263–270.10.1016/j.jcat.2014.02.007Search in Google Scholar

Zangeneh FT, Sahebdelfar S, Bahmani M. Propane dehydrogenation over a commercial Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃ catalyst for isobutane dehydrogenation: optimization of reaction conditions. Chin J Chem Eng 2013; 21: 730–735.10.1016/S1004-9541(13)60537-6Search in Google Scholar

Zenz FA, Othmer DF. Fluidization and fluid particle systems. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1960.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang J, Liu X, Blume R, Zhang A, Schlögl R, Su DS. Surface-modified carbon nanotubes catalyze oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane. Science 2008; 322: 73–77.10.1126/science.1161916Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Shi J, Sheng X, Duan Y, Zhou S, Zhang Z. Effect of zinc addition on catalytic properties of PtSnK/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst for isobutane dehydrogenation. Fuel Process Technol 2012; 96: 220–227.10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.12.040Search in Google Scholar

Zhao H, Song H, Xu L, Chou L. Isobutane dehydrogenation over the mesoporous Cr₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts synthesized from a metal-organic framework MIL-101. Appl Catal A 2013; 456: 188–196.10.1016/j.apcata.2013.02.018Search in Google Scholar

Zheng B, Hua W, Yue Y, Gao Z. Dehydrogenation of propane to propene over different polymorphs of gallium oxide. J Catal 2005; 232: 143–151.10.1016/j.jcat.2005.03.001Search in Google Scholar

Zimmermann H, Verluis F. Aluminum and chromium oxide support with cesium and zirconium oxide promoters. US Patent 5,378,350, 1995 (assigned to Linde).Search in Google Scholar