Home Physical Sciences Precise ground state properties of the heaviest elements for studies of their atomic and nuclear structure
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Precise ground state properties of the heaviest elements for studies of their atomic and nuclear structure

  • Michael Block EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 18, 2019
Radiochimica Acta
From the journal Radiochimica Acta Volume 107 Issue 7

Abstract

The precise determination of atomic and nuclear properties such as masses, differential charge radii, nuclear spins and electromagnetic moments of exotic nuclides has recently been extended to the region of the heaviest elements. To this end, ion trap-based techniques and laser spectroscopy methods have been employed to provide information complementary to that obtained by nuclear spectroscopy. This enables more detailed studies of the atomic and nuclear structure of these exotic nuclides far from stability. This contribution summarizes some of the recent achievements and addresses future perspectives for measurements on even heavier elements.

Keywords: Superheavy elements; mass measurements; Penning traps; resonance ionization spectroscopy

Dedicated to: The memory of Professor Günter Herrmann.

Acknowledgements

The contributions of the members of the SHIPTRAP, TRIGATRAP and RADRIS collaborations to the experiments reviewed in this manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. This work has been financially supported in part by BMBF within the grant 05P18UMFN1. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 654002.

References

1. Sobiczewski, A., Gareev, F., Kalinkin, B.: Closed shells for Z>82 and N>126 in a diffuse potential well. Phys. Lett. 22, 500 (1966).10.1016/0031-9163(66)91243-1Search in Google Scholar

2. Meldner, H.: Predictions of new magic regions and masses for superheavy nuclei from calculations with realistic shell model single particle Hamiltonians. Ark. Fys. 36, 593 (1967).Search in Google Scholar

3. Nilsson, S. G., Tsang, C. F., Sobiczewski, A., Szymański, Z., Wycech, S., Gustafson, C., Lamm, I.-L., Möller, P., Nilsson, B.: On the nuclear structure and stability of heavy and superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 131, 1 (1969).10.1016/0375-9474(69)90809-4Search in Google Scholar

4. Mosel, U., Greiner, W.: On the stability of superheavy nuclei against fission. Z. Phys. 222, 261 (1969).10.1007/BF01392125Search in Google Scholar

5. Öhrström, L., Reedijk, J.: Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 (IUPAC Recommendations 2016). Pure Appl. Chem. 88, 1225 (2016).10.1515/pac-2016-0501Search in Google Scholar

6. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. K.: Superheavy element research. Rep. Prog. Phys. 78, 036301 (2015).10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036301Search in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Münzenberg, G.: From bohrium to copernicium and beyond SHE research at SHIP. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 5 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.008Search in Google Scholar

8. Morita, K.: SHE research at RIKEN/GARIS. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 30 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.10.007Search in Google Scholar

9. Block, M., Ackermann, D., Blaum, K., Droese, C., Dworschak, M., Eliseev, S., Fleckenstein, T., Haettner, E., Herfurth, F., Hessberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Ketelaer, J., Ketter, J., Kluge, H. J., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Novikov, Y. N., Plass, W. R., Popeko, A., Rahaman, S., Rodríguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P. G., Vorobyev, G. K., Weber, C.: Direct mass measurements above uranium bridge the gap to the island of stability. Nature 463, 785 (2010).10.1038/nature08774Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Minaya Ramirez, E., Ackermann, D., Blaum, K., Block, M., Droese, C., Düllmann, Ch. E., Dworschak, M., Eibach, M., Eliseev, S., Haettner, E., Herfurth, F., Heflberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Ketelaer, J., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Nesterenko, D., Novikov, Yu. N., Plafl, W. R., RodrÌguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P. G., Weber, C.: Direct mapping of nuclear shell effects in the heaviest elements. Science 337, 1207 (2012).10.1126/science.1225636Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Eibach, M., Beyer, T., Blaum, K., Block, M., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eberhardt, K., Grund, J., Nagy, Sz., Nitsche, H., Nörtershäuser, W., Renisch, D., Rykaczewski, K. P., Schneider, F., Smorra, C., Vieten, J., Wang, M., Wendt, K.: Direct high-precision mass measurements on Am-241, Am-243, Pu-244, and Cf-249. Phys. Rev. C 89, 064318 (2014).10.1103/PhysRevC.89.064318Search in Google Scholar

12. Ito, Y., Schury, P., Wada, M., Arai, F., Haba, H., Hirayama, Y., Ishizawa, S., Kaji, D., Kimura, S., Koura, H., MacCormick, M., Miyatake, H., Moon, J. Y., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Mukai, M., Murray, I., Niwase, T., Okada, K., Ozawa, A., Rosenbusch, M., Takamine, A., Tanaka, T., Watanabe, Y. X., Wollnik, H., Yamaki, S.: First direct mass measurements of Nuclides around Z=100 with a multireflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 152501 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.152501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Sobiczewski, A., Pomorski, K.: Description of structure and properties of superheavy nuclei. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 58, 292 (2007).10.1016/j.ppnp.2006.05.001Search in Google Scholar

14. Bender, M., Heenen, P.-H., Reinhard, P.-G.: Self-consistent mean-field models for nuclear structure. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 121 (2003).10.1103/RevModPhys.75.121Search in Google Scholar

15. Giuliani, S. A., Matheson, Z., Nazarewicz, W., Olsen, E., Reinhard, P.-G., Sadhukhan, J., Schuetrumpf, B., Schunck, N., Schwerdtfeger, P.: Superheavy elements: oganesson and beyond. Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 011001 (2019).10.1103/RevModPhys.91.011001Search in Google Scholar

16. Goriely, S., Martínez Pinedo, G.: The production of transuranium elements by the r-process nucleosynthesis. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 30 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.020Search in Google Scholar

17. Petermann, I., Langanke, K., Martínez-Pinedo, G., Panov, I. V., Reinhard, P.-G., Thielemann, F.-K.: Have superheavy elements been produced in nature? Eur. Phys. J. A 48, 122 (2012).10.1140/epja/i2012-12122-6Search in Google Scholar

18. Ter-Akopian, G. M., Dmitriev, S. N.: Searches for superheavy elements in nature: cosmic-ray nuclei; spontaneous fission. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 177 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.09.004Search in Google Scholar

19. Korschinek, G., Kutschera, W.: Mass spectrometric searches for superheavy elements in terrestrial matter. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 190 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.003Search in Google Scholar

20. Khuyagbaatar, J., Yakushev, A., Düllmann, Ch. E., Ackermann, D., Andersson, L. L., Asai, M., Block, M., Boll, R. A., Brand, H., Cox, D. M., Dasgupta, M., Derkx, X., Di Nitto, A., Eberhardt, K., Even, J., Evers, M., Fahlander, C., Forsberg, U., Gates, J. M., Gharibyan, N., Golubev, P., Gregorich, K. E., Hamilton, J. H., Hartmann, W., Herzberg, R. D., Heßberger, F. P., Hinde, D. J., Hoffmann, J., Hollinger, R., Hübner, A., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Kratz, J. V., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Laatiaoui, M., Lahiri, S., Lang, R., Lommel, B., Maiti, M., Miernik, K., Minami, S., Mistry, A., Mokry, C., Nitsche, H., Omtvedt, J. P., Pang, G. K., Papadakis, P., Renisch, D., Roberto, J., Rudolph, D., Runke, J., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sarmiento, L. G., Schädel, M., Schausten, B., Semchenkov, A., Shaughnessy, D. A., Steinegger, P., Steiner, J., Tereshatov, E. E., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Tinschert, K., Torres De Heidenreich, T., Trautmann, N., Türler, A., Uusitalo, J., Ward, D. E., Wegrzecki, M., Wiehl, N., Van Cleve, S. M., Yakusheva, V.: 48Ca+249Bk fusion reaction leading to element Z=117: long-lived α-decaying 270Db and Discovery of 266Lr. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 172501 (2014).10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Block, M.: Recent trends in precision measurements of atomic and nuclear properties with lasers and ion traps. Hyperfine Int. 238, 40 (2017).10.1007/s10751-017-1410-1Search in Google Scholar

22. Lunney, D., Pearson, J., Thibault, C.: Recent trends in the determination of nuclear masses. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 1021 (2003).10.1103/RevModPhys.75.1021Search in Google Scholar

23. Greenlees, P. T., Rubert, J., Piot, J., Gall, B. J. P., Andersson, L. L., Asai, M., Asfari, Z., Cox, D. M., Dechery, F., Dorvaux, O., Grahn, T., Hauschild, K., Henning, G., Herzan, A., Herzberg, R.-D. Heßberger, F. P., Jakobsson, U., Jones, P., Julin, R., Juutinen, S., Ketelhut, S., Khoo, T.-L., Leino, M., Ljungvall, J., Lopez-Martens, A., Lozeva, R., Nieminen, P., Pakarinen, J., Papadakis, P., Parr, E., Peura, P., Rahkila, P., Rinta-Antila, S., Ruotsalainen, P., Sandzelius, M., Sarén, J., Scholey, C., Seweryniak, D., Sorri, J., Sulignano, B., Theisen, Ch., Uusitalo, J., Venhart, M.: Shell-structure and pairing Interaction in superheavy nuclei: rotational properties of the Z=104 nucleus 256Rf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 012501 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.012501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Schuetrumpf, B., Nazarewicz, W., Reinhard, P.-G.: Central depression in nucleonic densities: trend analysis in the nuclear density functional theory approach. Phys. Rev. C 96, 024306 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevC.96.024306Search in Google Scholar

25. Myers, W. D., Swiatecki, W. J.: Average nuclear properties. Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 55, 395 (1969).10.1016/0003-4916(69)90202-4Search in Google Scholar

26. Möller, P., Nix, J., Myers, W. D., Swiatecki, W. J.: The coulomb redistribution energy as revealed by a refined study of nuclear masses. Nucl. Phys. A 536, 61 (1992).10.1016/0375-9474(92)90245-FSearch in Google Scholar

27. Grasso, M., Gaudefroy, L., Khan, E., Nikšic, T., Piekarewicz, J., Sorlin, O., Van Giai, N., Vretenar, D.: Nuclear “bubble” structure in 34Si. Phys. Rev. C 79, 034318 (2009).10.1103/PhysRevC.79.034318Search in Google Scholar

28. Duguet, T., Somà, V., Lecluse, S., Barbieri, C., Navrátil, P.: Ab initio calculation of the potential bubble nucleus 34Si. Phys. Rev. C 95, 034319 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevC.95.034319Search in Google Scholar

29. Walker, P. M., Xu, F. R.: High-K isomerism in rotational nuclei. Phys. Scr. 91, 013010 (2016).10.1088/0031-8949/91/1/013010Search in Google Scholar

30. Dracoulis, G., Walker, P. M., Kondev, F.: Review of metastable states in heavy nuclei. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 076301 (2016)10.1088/0034-4885/79/7/076301Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Hofmann, S., Heßberger, F. P., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S.: The new isotope 270110 and its decay products 266Hs and 262Sg. Eur. Phys. J. A 10, 4 (2001).10.1007/s100500170137Search in Google Scholar

32. Fricke, B.: Superheavy Elements: A Prediction of their Chemical and Physical Properties, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg GmbH (1975) 21, p. 89.10.1007/BFb0116498Search in Google Scholar

33. Pyykkö, P.: Relativistic effects in structural chemistry. Chem. Rev. 88, 563 (1988).10.1021/cr00085a006Search in Google Scholar

34. Schwerdtfeger, P., Pašteka, L. F., Punnett, A., Bowman, P. O.: Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 551 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.02.005Search in Google Scholar

35. Ephraim, E., Fritzsche, S., Kaldor, U.: Electronic structure theory of the superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 518 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.017Search in Google Scholar

36. Pershina, V.: Electronic structure and properties of superheavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 578 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.04.007Search in Google Scholar

37. Schädel, M.: Chemistry of superheavy elements. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 368 (2006).10.1002/anie.200461072Search in Google Scholar

38. Nagame, Y., Kratz, J. V., Schädel, M.: Chemical studies of elements with Z≥104 in liquid phase. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 614 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.013Search in Google Scholar

39. Türler, A., Eichler, R., Yakushev, A.: Chemical studies of elements with Z≥104 in gas phase. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 640 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.09.012Search in Google Scholar

40. Backe, H., Lauth, W., Block, M., Laatiaoui, M.: Prospects for laser spectroscopy, ion chemistry and mobility measurements of superheavy elements in buffer-gas traps. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 492 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.002Search in Google Scholar

41. Roberto, J., Alexander, C. W., Boll, R. A., Burns, J. D., Ezold, J. G., Felker, L. K., Hogle, S. L., Rykaczewski, K. P.: Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 99 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009Search in Google Scholar

42. Davids, C. N.: Recoil separators. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 204, 124 (2003).10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01899-2Search in Google Scholar

43. Leino, M.: Gas-filled separators–an overview. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 204, 129 (2003).10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01901-8Search in Google Scholar

44. Münzenberg, G., Faust, W., Hofmann, S., Armbruster, P., Güttner, K., Ewald, H.: The velocity filter SHIP, a separator of unslowed heavy ion fusion products. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 161, 65 (1979).10.1016/0029-554X(79)90362-8Search in Google Scholar

45. Neumayr, J., Beck, L., Habs, D., Heinz, S., Szerypo, J., Thirolf, P. G., Varentsov, V., Voit, F., Ackermann, D., Beck, D., Block, M., Di, Z., Eliseev, S. A., Geissel, H., Herfurth, F., Heßberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Kluge, H.-J., Mukherjee, M., Münzenberg, G., Petrick, M., Quint, W., Rahaman, S., Rauth, C., Rodríguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Sikler, G., Wang, Z., Weber, C., Plaß, W. R., Breitenfeldt, M., Chaudhurid, A., Marx, G., Schweikhard, L., Dodonov, A. F., Novikov, Y., Suhonen, M.: The ion-catcher device for SHIPTRAP. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 244, 489 (2006).10.1016/j.nimb.2005.10.017Search in Google Scholar

46. Lautenschläger, F., Chhetri, P., Ackermann, D., Backe, H., Block, M., Cheal, B., Clark, A., Droese, C., Ferrer, R., Giacoppo, F., Götz, S., Heßberger, F. P., Kaleja, O., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kunz, P., Mistry, A. K., Laatiaoui, M., Lauth, W., Raeder, S., Walther, Th., Wraith, C.: Developments for resonance ionization laser spectroscopy of the heaviest elements at SHIP. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 383, 115 (2016).10.1016/j.nimb.2016.06.001Search in Google Scholar

47. v.d. Wense, L., Seiferle, B., Laatiaoui, M., Thirolf, P. G.: Determination of the extraction efficiency for 233U source α-recoil ions from the MLL buffer-gas stopping cell. Eur. Phys. J. A 51, 29 (2015).10.1140/epja/i2015-15029-8Search in Google Scholar

48. Droese, C., Eliseev, S., Blaum, K., Block, M., Herfurth, F., Laatiaoui, M., Lautenschläger, F., Minaya Ramirez, E., Schweikhar, L., Simon, V. V., Thirolff, P. G.: The cryogenic gas stopping cell of SHIPTRAP. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 338, 126 (2014).10.1016/j.nimb.2014.08.004Search in Google Scholar

49. Laatiaoui, M., Lauth, W., Backe, H., Block, M., Ackermann, D., Cheal, B., Chhetri, P., Düllmann, C. E., van Duppen, P., Even, J., Ferrer, R., Giacoppo, F., Götz, S., Heßberger, F. P., Huyse, M., Kaleja, O., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kunz, P., Lautenschläger, F., Mistry, A. K., Raeder, S., Ramirez, E. M., Walther, T., Wraith, C., Yakushev, A.: Atom-at-a-time laser resonance ionization spectroscopy of nobelium. Nature 538, 495 (2016).10.1038/nature19345Search in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Wollnik, H.: History of mass measurements in time-of-flight mass analyzers. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349, 38 (2013).10.1016/j.ijms.2013.04.023Search in Google Scholar

51. Blaum, K.: High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ions. Phys. Rep. 425, 1 (2006).10.1016/j.physrep.2005.10.011Search in Google Scholar

52. Kluge, H.-J.: Penning trap mass spectrometry of radionuclides. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349, 26 (2013).10.1016/j.ijms.2013.04.017Search in Google Scholar

53. Wienholtz, F., Beck, D., Blaum, K., Borgmann, Ch., Breitenfeldt, M., Cakirli, R. B., George, S., Herfurth, F., Holt, J. D., Kowalska, M., Kreim, S., Lunney, D., Manea, V., Menéndez, J., Neidherr, D., Rosenbusch, M., Schweikhard, L., Schwenk, A., Simonis, J., Stanja, J., Wolf, R. N., Zuber, K.: Masses of exotic calcium isotopes pin down nuclear forces. Nature 498, 346 (2013).10.1038/nature12226Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Wolf, R., Beck, D., Blaum, K., Böhm, Ch., Borgmann, Ch., Breitenfeldt, M., Chamel, N., Goriely, S., Herfurth, F., Kowalska, M., Kreim, S., Lunney, D., Manea, V., Minaya Ramirez, E., Naimi, S., Neidherr, D., Rosenbusch, M., Schweikhard, L., Stanja, J., Wienholtz, F., Zuber, K.: Plumbing neutron stars to new depths with the binding energy of the exotic nuclide 82Zn. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 041101 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.041101Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Schury, P., Wada, M., Ito, Y., Naimi, S., Sonoda, T., Mita, H., Takamine, A., Okada, K., Wollnik, H., Chon, S., Haba, H., Kaji, D., Koura, H., Miyatake, H., Morimoto, K., Morita, K., Ozawa, A.: A multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph for short-lived and super-heavy nuclei. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 317, 537 (2013).10.1016/j.nimb.2013.06.025Search in Google Scholar

56. Plaß, W., Dickel, T., Purushothaman, S., Dendooven, P., Geissel, H., Ebert, J., Haettner, E., Jesch, C., Ranjan, M., Reiter, M. P., Weick, H., Amjad, F., Ayet, S., Diwisch, M., Estrade, A., Farinon, F., Greiner, F., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Knöbel, R., Kurcewicz, J., Lang, J., Moore, I., Mukha, I., Nociforo, C., Petrick, M., Pfützner, M., Pietri, S., Prochazka, A., Rink, A.-K., Rinta-Antila, S., Schäfer, D., Scheidenberger, C., Takechi, M., Tanaka, Y. K., Winfield, J. S., Yavor, M. I.: The FRS ion catcher – a facility for high-precision experiments with stopped projectile and fission fragments. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 317, 457 (2013).10.1016/j.nimb.2013.07.063Search in Google Scholar

57. Brown, L. S., Gabrielse, G.: Geonium theory: physics of a single electron or ion in a Penning trap. Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 233 (1986).10.1103/RevModPhys.58.233Search in Google Scholar

58. Kretzschmar, M.: Particle motion in a Penning trap. Eur. J. Phys. 12, 240 (1991).10.1088/0143-0807/12/5/010Search in Google Scholar

59. Myers, E. G.: The most precise atomic mass measurements in Penning traps. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349, 107 (2013).10.1016/j.ijms.2013.03.018Search in Google Scholar

60. Bollen, G., Davies, D., Facina, M., Huikari, J., Kwan, E., Lofy, P. A., Morrissey, D. J., Prinke, A., Ringle, R., Savory, J., Schury, P., Schwarz, S., Sumithrarachchi, C., Sun, T., Weissman, L.: Experiments with thermalized rare isotope beams from projectile fragmentation: a precision mass measurement of the superallowed β emitter 38Ca. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 152501 (2006).10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.152501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Smith, M., Brodeur, M., Brunner, T., Ettenauer, S., Lapierre, A., Ringle, R., Ryjkov, V. L., Ames, F., Bricault, P., Drake, G. W., Delheij, P., Lunney, D., Sarazin, F., Dilling, J.: First Penning-trap mass measurement of the exotic halo nucleus 11Li. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 202501 (2008).10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.202501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. König, M., Bollen, G., Kluge, H.-J., Otto, T., Szerypo, J.: Quadrupole excitation of stored ion motion at the true cyclotron frequency. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process. 142, 95 (1995).10.1016/0168-1176(95)04146-CSearch in Google Scholar

63. Eliseev, S., Blaum, K., Block, M., Dörr, A., Droese, C., Eronen, T., Goncharov, M., Höcker, M., Ketter, J., Minaya Ramirez, E., Nesterenko, D. A., Novikov, Yu. N., Schweikhard, L.: A phase-imaging technique for cyclotron-frequency measurements. Appl. Phys. B 114, 107 (2014).10.1007/s00340-013-5621-0Search in Google Scholar

64. Eliseev, S., Blaum, K., Block, M., Droese, C., Goncharov, M., Minaya Ramirez, E., Nesterenko, D. A., Novikov, Y. N., Schweikhard, L.: Phase-imaging ion-cyclotron-resonance measurements for short-lived nuclides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 082501 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.082501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Eliseev, S., Blaum, K., Block, M., Chenmarev, S., Dorrer, H., Düllmann, Ch. E., Enss, C., Filianin, P. E., Gastaldo, L., Goncharov, M., Köster, U., Lautenschläger, F., Novikov, Y. N., Rischka, A., Schüssler, R. X., Schweikhard, L., Türler, A.: Direct measurement of the mass difference of 163Ho and 163Dy solves the Q-value puzzle for the neutrino mass determination. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 062501 (2015).10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.062501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Vilen, M., Kelly, J. M., Kankainen, A., Brodeur, M., Aprahamian, A., Canete, L., Eronen, T., Jokinen, A., Kuta, T., Moore, I. D., Mumpower, M. R., Nesterenko, D. A., Penttilä, H., Pohjalainen, I., Porter, W. S., Rinta-Antila, S., Surman, R., Voss, A., Äystö, J.: Precision mass measurements on neutron-rich rare-earth isotopes at JYFLTRAP: reduced neutron pairing and implications for r-process calculations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 262701 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.262701Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Orford, R., Vassh, N., Clark, J. A., McLaughlin, G. C., Mumpower, M. R., Savard, G., Surman, R., Aprahamian, A., Buchinger, F., Burkey, M. T., Gorelov, D. A., Hirsh, T. Y., Klimes, J. W., Morgan, G. E., Nystrom, A., Sharma, K. S.: Precision mass measurements of neutron-rich neodymium and samarium isotopes and their role in understanding rare-earth peak formation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 262702 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.262702Search in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Block, M.: Direct mass measurements of the heaviest elements with Penning traps. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349, 94 (2013).10.1016/j.ijms.2013.02.013Search in Google Scholar

69. Block, M.: Direct mass measurements of the heaviest elements with Penning traps. Nucl. Phys. A 944, 471 (2015).10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.09.009Search in Google Scholar

70. Ketelaer, J., Krämer, J., Beck, D., Blaum, K., Block, M., Eberhardt, K., Eitel, G., Ferrer, R., Geppert, C., George, S., Herfurth, F., Ketter, J., Nagy, Sz., Neidherr, D., Neugart, R., Nörtershäuser, W., Repp, J., Smorra, C., Trautmann, N., Weber, C.: TRIGA-SPEC: a setup for mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy at the research reactor TRIGA Mainz. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 594 162 (2008).10.1016/j.nima.2008.06.023Search in Google Scholar

71. Dworschak, M., Block, M., Ackermann, D., Audi, G., Blaum, K., Droese, C., Eliseev, S., Fleckenstein, T., Haettner, E., Herfurth, F., Heßberger, F. P., Hofmann, S., Ketelaer, J., Ketter, J., Kluge, H.-J., Marx, G., Mazzocco, M., Novikov, Yu. N., Plaß, W. R., Popeko, A., Rahaman, S., Rodríguez, D., Scheidenberger, C., Schweikhard, L., Thirolf, P. G., Vorobyev, G. K., Wang, M., Weber, C.: Penning trap mass measurements on nobelium isotopes. Phys. Rev. C 81, 064312 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevC.81.064312Search in Google Scholar

72. Wang, M., Audi, G., Kondev, F. G., Huang, W. J., Naimi, S., Xu, X.: The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references. Chin. Phys. C 41, 030003 (2016).10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003Search in Google Scholar

73. Campbell, P., Moore, I.-D., Pearson, M.-D.: Laser spectroscopy for nuclear structure physics. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016).10.1016/j.ppnp.2015.09.003Search in Google Scholar

74. Backe, H., Hies, M., Kunz, H., Lauth, W., Curtze, O., Schwamb, P., Sewtz, M., Theobald, W., Zahn, R., Eberhardt, K., Trautmann, N., Habs, D., Repnow, R., Fricke, B.: Isotope shift measurements for superdeformed fission isomeric states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 920 (1998).10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.920Search in Google Scholar

75. Chhetri, P. K., Ackermann, D., Backe, H., Block, M., Cheal, B., Droese, C., Düllmann, Ch. E., Even, J., Ferrer, R., Giacoppo, F., Götz, S., Heßberger, F. P., Huyse, M., Kaleja, O., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kunz, P., Laatiaoui, M., Lautenschläger, F., Lauth, W., Lecesne, N., Lens, L., Ramirez, E. M., Mistry, A. K., Raeder, S., Van Duppen, P., Walther, Th., Yakushev, A., Zhang, Z.: Precision measurement of the first ionization potential of nobelium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 263003 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.263003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

76. Raeder, S., Ackermann, D., Backe, H., Beerwerth, R., Berengut, J. C., Block, M., Borschevsky, A., Cheal, B., Chhetri, P., Düllmann, Ch. E., Dzuba, V. A., Eliav, E., Even, J., Ferrer, R., Flambaum, V. V., Fritzsche, S., Giacoppo, F., Götz, S., Heßberger, F. P., Huyse, M., Kaldor, U., Kaleja, O., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kunz, P., Laatiaoui, M., Lautenschläger, F., Lauth, W., Mistry, A. K., Minaya Ramirez, E., Nazarewicz, W., Porsev, S. G., Safronova, M. S., Safronova, U. I., Schuetrumpf, B., Van Duppen, P., Walther, T., Wraith, C., Yakushev, A.: Probing sizes and shapes of nobelium isotopes by laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 232503 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.232503Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Borschevsky, A., Eliav, E., Vilkas, M. J., Ishikawa, Y., Kaldor, U.: Predicted spectrum of atomic nobelium. Phys. Rev. A 75, 042514 (2007).10.1103/PhysRevA.75.042514Search in Google Scholar

78. Porsev, S. G., Safronova, M. S., Safronova, U. I., Dzuba, V. A., Flambaum, V. V.: Nobelium energy levels and hyperfine-structure constants. Phys. Rev. A 98, 052512 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevA.98.052512Search in Google Scholar

79. Ferrer, R., Barzakh, A., Bastin, B., Beerwerth, R., Block, M., Creemers, P., Grawe, H., de Groote, R., Delahaye, P., Fléchard, X., Franchoo, S., Fritzsche, S., Gaffney, L. P., Ghys, L., Gins, W., Granados, C., Heinke, R., Hijazi, L., Huyse, M., Kron, T., Kudryavtsev, Yu., Laatiaoui, M., Lecesne, N., Loiselet, M., Lutton, F., Moore, I. D., Martínez, Y., Mogilevskiy, E., Naubereit, P., Piot, J., Raeder, S., Rothe, S., Savajols, H., Sels, S., Sonnenschein, V., Thomas, J.-C., Traykov, E., Van Beveren, C., Van den Bergh, P., Van Duppen, P., Wendt, K., Zadvornaya, A.: Towards high-resolution laser ionization spectroscopy of the heaviest elements in supersonic gas jet expansion. Nat. Commun. 8, Article no. 14520 (2017).10.1038/ncomms14520Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

80. Gates, J. M., Pang, G. K., Pore, J. L., Gregorich, K. E., Kwarsick, J. T., Savard, G., Esker, N. E., Kireeff Covo, M., Mogannam, M. J., Batchelder, J. C., Bleuel, D. L., Clark, R. M., Crawford, H. L., Fallon, P., Hubbard, K. K., Hurst, A. M., Kolaja, I. T., Macchiavelli, A. O., Morse, C., Orford, R., Phair, L., Stoyer, M. A.: First direct measurements of superheavy-element mass numbers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 222501 (2018).10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.222501Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2018-12-31
Accepted: 2019-03-14
Published Online: 2019-04-18
Published in Print: 2019-07-26

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Preface
  3. Günter Herrmann (1925–2017): A tribute to his research and organizational achievements
  4. The research reactor TRIGA Mainz – a strong and versatile neutron source for science and education
  5. Copper-catalyzed click reactions: quantification of retained copper using 64Cu-spiked Cu(I), exemplified for CuAAC reactions on liposomes
  6. Reactions of fission products from a 252Cf source with NO and mixtures of NO and CO in an inert gas
  7. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides
  8. Production and study of chemical properties of superheavy elements
  9. Precise ground state properties of the heaviest elements for studies of their atomic and nuclear structure
  10. Modeling the sorption of Np(V) on Na-montmorillonite – effects of pH, ionic strength and CO2
  11. Determination of complex formation constants of neptunium(V) with propionate and lactate in 0.5–2.6 m NaCl solutions at 22–60°C using a solvent extraction technique
  12. Nuclear forensics on uranium fuel pellets
  13. Recent developments in resonance ionization mass spectrometry for ultra-trace analysis of actinide elements
  14. Measurement of the laser resonance ionization efficiency for lutetium
https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-0002
Keywords for this article
Superheavy elements; mass measurements; Penning traps; resonance ionization spectroscopy

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Preface
  3. Günter Herrmann (1925–2017): A tribute to his research and organizational achievements
  4. The research reactor TRIGA Mainz – a strong and versatile neutron source for science and education
  5. Copper-catalyzed click reactions: quantification of retained copper using 64Cu-spiked Cu(I), exemplified for CuAAC reactions on liposomes
  6. Reactions of fission products from a 252Cf source with NO and mixtures of NO and CO in an inert gas
  7. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides
  8. Production and study of chemical properties of superheavy elements
  9. Precise ground state properties of the heaviest elements for studies of their atomic and nuclear structure
  10. Modeling the sorption of Np(V) on Na-montmorillonite – effects of pH, ionic strength and CO2
  11. Determination of complex formation constants of neptunium(V) with propionate and lactate in 0.5–2.6 m NaCl solutions at 22–60°C using a solvent extraction technique
  12. Nuclear forensics on uranium fuel pellets
  13. Recent developments in resonance ionization mass spectrometry for ultra-trace analysis of actinide elements
  14. Measurement of the laser resonance ionization efficiency for lutetium
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 16.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ract-2019-0002/pdf
Scroll to top button