Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
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Nazrin Asmawi
, Muhammad Huzaifah Mohd Roslim
Abstract
Recent researchers are keen on developing alternative bioplastic materials from renewable and eco-friendly sources to replace the materials obtained from crude oil and other petroleum-based sources. The measures for these replacements have been made continuously to create a sustainable future for the forthcoming generations. Researchers are focusing on bio-based alternatives due to their numerous benefits, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and structural flexibility. The main problem on the current bio-based material such as poly lactic acid, poly butylene succinate and poly L lactide, polyhydroxybuturate, and polyhydroxyalkalonates is the cost of production. Compare with cassava starch, the cost is much cheaper around 0.32 $/kg compare with other bio-based will cost around 1.2–2.4 $/kg. Conversion of biomass into useful materials has been the order of the day, as it reduces the cost of inventory and aims to develop a nature-derived material. The development of nanocomposites from biological sources has progressively experimented with the researchers and the deriving of polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen has aided the development of nanobiocomposites. Corn starch has been the dominant bioplastic material derived out of corn which can handle a variety of reinforcements and render a biocomposite material with better and enhanced properties. Cassava starch is the most economic and cheap polysaccharide derived from the cassava plant and has a greater potential to act as biopolymer material for the development of biocomposites. The development of cassava starch-based biocomposite film was widely used for a wide range of applications mainly for food packaging applications. This review focuses on the extraction, preparation, and properties of cassava starch from cassava plants. The properties of the cassava starch and its composites were also comprehensively dealt with. The development of biocomposite films based on cassava starch for food packaging applications has been reviewed along with the challenges associated with it.
Funding source: Research Excellence Consortium
Award Identifier / Grant number: JPT (BPKI) 1000/016/018/25 (57)
Funding source: Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE)
Award Identifier / Grant number: FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UPM/02/21
Funding source: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Award Identifier / Grant number: PY/2022/02318— Q.J130000.3851.21H99
Acknowledgements
Appreciation is given to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) for funding this project through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UPM/02/21). Besides that, the authors would like to express gratitude for the financial support received from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the project “The impact of Malaysian bamboos’ chemical and fibre characteristics on their pulp and paper properties”, grant number PY/2022/02318 – Q.J130000.3851.21H99. The research has been carried out under the programme, Research Excellence Consortium (JPT (BPKI) 1000/016/018/25 (57)), provided by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE).
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Dipeptidyl peptidase IV: a multifunctional enzyme with implications in several pathologies including cancer
- Structural peculiarities? Aperiodic crystals, modulated phases, composite structures
- Crystalline materials in art and conservation: verdigris pigments – what we know and what we still don’t know
- Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Regulations for food packaging materials
- Process intensification using immobilized enzymes
- Succinic acid: applications and microbial production using organic wastes as low cost substrates
- Microbial electrotechnology – Intensification of bioprocesses through the combination of electrochemistry and biotechnology
- Biopolymer conjugation with phytochemicals and applications
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Dipeptidyl peptidase IV: a multifunctional enzyme with implications in several pathologies including cancer
- Structural peculiarities? Aperiodic crystals, modulated phases, composite structures
- Crystalline materials in art and conservation: verdigris pigments – what we know and what we still don’t know
- Corn starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Cassava starch nanocomposite films reinforced with nanocellulose
- Regulations for food packaging materials
- Process intensification using immobilized enzymes
- Succinic acid: applications and microbial production using organic wastes as low cost substrates
- Microbial electrotechnology – Intensification of bioprocesses through the combination of electrochemistry and biotechnology
- Biopolymer conjugation with phytochemicals and applications