Size and shape control of metal nanoparticles in millifluidic reactors
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Samuel E. Lohse
Sam Lohse was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1981. He received his Bachelors of Science degrees in Biochemistry and Chemistry from Idaho State University in 2003 and 2005, respectively. He also received his Masters of Science in Chemistry working under the direction of Dr Jeff Rosentreter in 2005. During his PhD studies, he worked under the direction of Dr Jim Hutchison at the University of Oregon, studying the direct synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles using alkylthiosulfates (both in batch and millifluidic systems). He received his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Oregon in June of 2011. Sam worked as a postdoctoral researcher in Dr Catherine Murphy’s research group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 2011 to 2014, where he studied the connection between nanoparticle surface chemistry and their bio-interactions as a member of the Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology. Following his postdoctoral work, he joined Colorado Mesa University in the Fall of 2014, where his research group studies the physiochemical transformations of metal nanoparticles in environmentally relevant media.
Abstract
Engineered metal nanoparticles (metal NPs) possess unique size -dependent optical and electronic properties that could enable new applications in biomedicine, energy generation, microelectronics, micro-optics, and catalysis. For metal NPs to make a mark in these fields, however, new synthetic strategies must be developed that permit NP synthesis on the kilogram scale, while maintaining precise control over NP physiochemical properties (size, shape, composition, and surface chemistry). Currently, NP batch syntheses produce product on the milligram scale and rely on synthetic strategies that are not readily amenable to scale-up. Flow reactor systems (including lab-on-a-chip devices) provide a synthesis platform that can circumvent many of the traditional limitations of batch-scale NP syntheses. These reactors provide more uniform reagent mixing, more uniform heat transfer, opportunities to interface in situ monitoring technology, and allow product yield to be scaled up simply by running multiple reactors in parallel. While many NP syntheses have been successfully transferred to microfluidic reactor systems, microfluidic reactor fabrication is time intensive and typically requires sophisticated lithography facilities. Consequently, millifluidic flow reactors (reactors with channel dimensions of 0.5–10.0 mm) are gaining popularity in NP synthesis. These millifluidic reactors provide many of the same synthetic advantages as microfluidic devices, but are simpler to construct, easier to reconfigure, and more straightforward to interface with in situ monitoring techniques. In this chapter, we will discuss the progress that has been made in developing millifluidic reactors for functionalized metal NP synthesis. First, we will review the basic wet-chemical strategies used to control metal NP size and shape in batch reactors. We will then survey some of the basic principles of millifluidic device design, construction, and operation. We will also discuss the potential for incorporating in situ monitoring for quality control during synthesis. We will conclude by highlighting some particularly relevant examples of millifluidic metal NP synthesis that have set new standards for metal NP size, shape, and surface chemistry control.
Graphical Abstract:

About the author

Sam Lohse was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1981. He received his Bachelors of Science degrees in Biochemistry and Chemistry from Idaho State University in 2003 and 2005, respectively. He also received his Masters of Science in Chemistry working under the direction of Dr Jeff Rosentreter in 2005. During his PhD studies, he worked under the direction of Dr Jim Hutchison at the University of Oregon, studying the direct synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticles using alkylthiosulfates (both in batch and millifluidic systems). He received his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Oregon in June of 2011. Sam worked as a postdoctoral researcher in Dr Catherine Murphy’s research group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 2011 to 2014, where he studied the connection between nanoparticle surface chemistry and their bio-interactions as a member of the Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology. Following his postdoctoral work, he joined Colorado Mesa University in the Fall of 2014, where his research group studies the physiochemical transformations of metal nanoparticles in environmentally relevant media.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge Colorado Mesa University and its Chemistry Faculty for their support. The author would also like to thank Drs. Lallie McKenzie and Pat Haben, as well as Prof. Jim Hutchison, all of whom shaped the author’s early conception of metal nanoparticle synthesis in fluid reactors.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Raman microspectroscopy for Cultural Heritage studies
- Fundamental principles of battery design
- Nanostructured anode materials
- Photocatalysis with nucleic acids and peptides
- Size-controlled atomically precise copper nanoclusters: Synthetic protocols, spectroscopic properties and applications
- 10.1515/psr-2017-0178
- Synthesis and characterization of size-controlled silver nanowires
- Synthesis of “three-legged” tri-dentate podand ligands incorporating long-chain aliphatic moieties, for water remediators, and for isolating metal ions in non-aqueous solution
- Size and shape control of metal nanoparticles in millifluidic reactors
Articles in the same Issue
- Raman microspectroscopy for Cultural Heritage studies
- Fundamental principles of battery design
- Nanostructured anode materials
- Photocatalysis with nucleic acids and peptides
- Size-controlled atomically precise copper nanoclusters: Synthetic protocols, spectroscopic properties and applications
- 10.1515/psr-2017-0178
- Synthesis and characterization of size-controlled silver nanowires
- Synthesis of “three-legged” tri-dentate podand ligands incorporating long-chain aliphatic moieties, for water remediators, and for isolating metal ions in non-aqueous solution
- Size and shape control of metal nanoparticles in millifluidic reactors