Mechanical performances of hygrothermally conditioned CNT/epoxy composites using seawater
-
Smrutisikha Bal
Abstract
Hygrothermic aging of epoxy and carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy composites (0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.%) was studied for their application suitability in seawater environments. The specimens were emerged in seawater and kept at constant temperature of 30°C for a maximum duration of 180 days. The specimens were periodically weighed for water absorption study and tested for mechanical as well as thermal properties. All aged samples were showing some amount of degradation owing to their moisture-absorption rates. CNT composites absorbed less moisture than pure epoxy because of the presence of nanofillers. C0.75 was found to be hygrothermally more stable reflecting minimum reduction in flexural properties and glass transition temperature value, which was due to least moisture/water absorption. Deterioration of properties was significant in C1, though it was better than pure epoxy. Fractographic analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed interfacial debonding as the dominant failure mechanism, resulting in pull out of nanotubes.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Naval Research Board, New Delhi for providing the financial support for this research work (Grant/Award Number: ‘209/MAT/2010-11’).
References
[1] Zhang A, Dong-xing Z, Di-hong L, Tao S, Hai-ying X, Jin J. Energy Procedia 2012, 16, 1737–1743.10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.269Suche in Google Scholar
[2] Muthirakkal S, Murthy HN, Krishna M, Rai KS, Karippal JJ. Iran Polym. J. 2010, 19, 89–103.Suche in Google Scholar
[3] Cauich-Cupul JI, Pérez-Pacheco E, Valadez-González A, Herrera-Franco PJ. J. Mater. Sci. 2011, 46, 6664–6672.10.1007/s10853-011-5619-0Suche in Google Scholar
[4] Hough JA, Karad SK, Jones FR. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2015, 65, 1299–1305.10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.01.009Suche in Google Scholar
[5] Costa ML, Almeida SF, Rezende MC. Mater. Res. 2005, 8, 335–340.10.1590/S1516-14392005000300019Suche in Google Scholar
[6] Asp LE. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1998, 58, 967–977.10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00222-4Suche in Google Scholar
[7] Ray BC. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 298, 111–117.10.1016/j.jcis.2005.12.023Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] Ladhari A, Daly HB, Belhadjsalah H, Cole KC, Denault J. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2010, 95, 429–439.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.12.001Suche in Google Scholar
[9] Pramoda KP, Liu T. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 2004, 42, 1823–1830.10.1002/polb.20061Suche in Google Scholar
[10] Gurtin ME, Yatomi C. J. Comp. Mater. 1979, 13, 126–131.10.1177/002199837901300204Suche in Google Scholar
[11] Lee JH, Rhee KY, Lee JH. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010, 256, 7658–7667.10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.06.023Suche in Google Scholar
[12] Guadagno L, Vertuccio L, Sorrentino A, Raimondo M, Naddeo C, Vittoria V, Iannuzzo G, Calvi E, Russo S. Carbon 2009, 47, 2419–2430.10.1016/j.carbon.2009.04.035Suche in Google Scholar
[13] Prolongo SG, Gude MR, Urena A. Compos. Part A 2012, 43, 2169–2175.10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.07.014Suche in Google Scholar
[14] Jen Y, Huang C. Trans. Can. Soc. Mech. Eng. 2013, 37, 755–763.10.1139/tcsme-2013-0063Suche in Google Scholar
[15] Nogueira P, Ramirez C, Torres A, Abad MJ, Cano J, Lopez J, López-Bueno I, Barral L. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 80, 71–80.10.1002/1097-4628(20010404)80:1<71::AID-APP1077>3.0.CO;2-HSuche in Google Scholar
[16] Cabanelas JC, Prolongo SG, Serrano B, Bravo J, Baselga J. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2003, 144, 143–144.Suche in Google Scholar
[17] Zhou J, Lucas JP. Polymer 1999, 40, 5505–5512.10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00790-3Suche in Google Scholar
[18] Barkoula NM, Paipetis A, Matikas T, Vavouliotis A, Karapappas P, Kostopoulos V. Mech. Compos. Mater. 2009, 45, 21–32.10.1007/s11029-009-9059-8Suche in Google Scholar
[19] Xiao GZ, Delamar M, Shanahan ME. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1997, 65, 449–458.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970718)65:3<449::AID-APP4>3.0.CO;2-HSuche in Google Scholar
[20] Xiao GZ, Shanahan ME. Polymer 1998, 39, 3253–3260.10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10060-XSuche in Google Scholar
[21] Zulfli NM, Bakar AA, Chow WS. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2013, 32, 1715–1721.10.1177/0731684413501926Suche in Google Scholar
[22] Starkova O, Buschhorn ST, Mannov E, Schulte K, Aniskevich A. Eur. Polym. J. 2013, 49, 2138–2148.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.05.010Suche in Google Scholar
[23] Bal S. Mater. Des. 2010, 31, 2406–2413.10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.058Suche in Google Scholar
[24] Bal S, Saha S. High Perform. Polym. 2014, 26, 953–960.10.1177/0954008314535823Suche in Google Scholar
[25] Garg M, Sharma S, Mehta R. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2013, 51, 1–7.Suche in Google Scholar
[26] Zafar A, Bertocco F, Schjødt-Thomsen J, Rauhe JC. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2012, 72, 656–666.10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.01.010Suche in Google Scholar
[27] Tsenoglou CJ, Pavlidou S, Papaspyrides CD. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2006, 66, 2855–2864.10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.02.022Suche in Google Scholar
[28] Shen CH, Springer GS. J. Compos. Mater. 1976, 10, 2–20.10.1177/002199837601000101Suche in Google Scholar
[29] Srihari S, Revathi A, Rao RM. J. Reinf. Plast. 2002, 21, 983–991.10.1177/073168402128987644Suche in Google Scholar
[30] Mohan TP, Kanny K. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2011, 42, 385–393.10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.12.010Suche in Google Scholar
[31] Becker O, Varley RJ, Simon GP. Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40, 187–195.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.09.008Suche in Google Scholar
[32] Liu W, Hoa SV, Pugh M. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005, 65, 2364–2373.10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.007Suche in Google Scholar
[33] Zhao H, Li RKY. Compos Part A 2008, 39, 602–611.10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.006Suche in Google Scholar
[34] Prolongo SG, Campo M, Gude MR, Chaos-Morán R, Ureña A. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69, 349–357.10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.018Suche in Google Scholar
[35] Song YS, Youn JR. Carbon 2005, 43, 1378–1385.10.1016/j.carbon.2005.01.007Suche in Google Scholar
[36] Zhou Y, Pervin F, Lewis L, Jeelani S. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2008, 475, 157–165.10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.043Suche in Google Scholar
[37] Ramana GV, Padya B, Kumar RN, Prabhakar KV, Jain PK. Indian J. Eng. Mater. S2010, 17, 331–337.Suche in Google Scholar
[38] Al-Rawi KR, Hedar AJ, Mahmood OA. IJAIEM 2014, 3, 132–137.Suche in Google Scholar
[39] Ma PC, Mo SY, Tang BZ, Kim JK. Carbon 2010, 48, 1824–1834.10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.028Suche in Google Scholar
[40] Salam MB, Hosur MV, Zainuddin S, Jeelani S. O J. Comp. Mater. 2013, 3, 1–9.10.4236/ojcm.2013.32A001Suche in Google Scholar
[41] Alamri H, Low IM. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2013, 44, 23–31.10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.08.026Suche in Google Scholar
[42] Dhakal HN, Zhang ZY, Richardson MOW. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2007, 67, 1674–1683.10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019Suche in Google Scholar
[43] Vertuccio L, Sorrentino A, Guadagno L, Bugatti V, Raimondo M, Naddeo C, Vittoria V. J. Polym. Res. 2013, 20, 1–3.10.1007/s10965-013-0178-5Suche in Google Scholar
[44] Pandian A, Vairavan M, Jebbas Thangaiah WJ, Uthayakumar M. J. Compos. Article 2014, ID 587980, 8 pages.10.1155/2014/587980Suche in Google Scholar
[45] Marouani S, Curtil L, Hamelin P. Compos. Part B Eng. 2012, 43, 2020–2030.10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.01.001Suche in Google Scholar
[46] Gellert EP, Turley D. Compos A Appl. Sci. Manufact. 1999, 30, 1259–1265.10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00037-8Suche in Google Scholar
[47] Anter FH, Hasan HS. J. Univ. Anbar Pure Sci. 2011, 5. ISSN: 1991-8941.Suche in Google Scholar
[48] Abdalla M, Dean D, Adibempe D, Nyairo E, Robinson P, Thompson G. Polymer 2007, 48, 5662–5670.10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.073Suche in Google Scholar
[49] Ma PC, Kim JK, Tang BZ. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2004, 67, 2965.10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.05.006Suche in Google Scholar
[50] Tian S, Wang X. J Matter. Sci. 2008, 43, 4979–4987.10.1007/s10853-008-2734-7Suche in Google Scholar
[51] Davison, SP. Enviro-Mechanical Durability of Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials, PhD diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: USA, 2003.Suche in Google Scholar
[52] Karbhari VM, Xian G. Compos. Part B 2009, 40, 41–49.10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.07.003Suche in Google Scholar
[53] Pérez-Pacheco E, Cauich-Cupul JI, Valadez-González A, Herrera-Franco PJ. J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 1873–1882.10.1007/s10853-012-6947-4Suche in Google Scholar
[54] Allaoui A, Bai S, Cheng HM, Bai JB. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62, 1993–1998.10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00129-XSuche in Google Scholar
[55] Chen H, Jacobs O, Wu W, Rüdiger G, Schädel B. Polym. Test 2007, 26, 351–360.10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.11.004Suche in Google Scholar
[56] Song R, Yang D, He L. J. Mater. Sci. 2008, 43, 1205–1213.10.1007/s10853-007-2277-3Suche in Google Scholar
[57] Bal S. Bull. Mater. Sci. 2010, 33, 27–31.10.1007/s12034-010-0004-1Suche in Google Scholar
[58] Ayatollahi MR, Shadlou S, Shokrieh MM. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2011, 78, 2620–2632.10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.06.021Suche in Google Scholar
[59] Soles CL, Chang FT, Gidley DW, Yee AF. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2000, 38, 776–791.10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000301)38:5<776::AID-POLB15>3.0.CO;2-ASuche in Google Scholar
©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original articles
- Effect of the variation of the gating system on the magnetic properties of injection molded pole-oriented rings
- Effect of graphite and silicon carbide fillers on mechanical properties of PA6 polymer composites
- Mechanical properties, thermal and crystallization behavior of different surface-modified silica nanoparticle-filled PA66 composites
- Thermal characterization of reactive blending of 70PC/30PET mixtures prepared in the presence/absence of samarium acetylacetonate as a transesterification catalyst
- Understanding the interactive effects of material parameters governing the printer toner properties: a response surface study
- Quest for electroconducting structural polymers: CNTs/Polybond nanocomposites with improved electrical and mechanical properties
- Comb-like copolymer dispersant for PP/CaCO3 composites: effects of particle concentration on properties of composites
- Study of PVAc-PMMA-LiCl polymer blend electrolyte and the effect of plasticizer ethylene carbonate and nanofiller titania on PVAc-PMMA-LiCl polymer blend electrolyte
- Mechanical performances of hygrothermally conditioned CNT/epoxy composites using seawater
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original articles
- Effect of the variation of the gating system on the magnetic properties of injection molded pole-oriented rings
- Effect of graphite and silicon carbide fillers on mechanical properties of PA6 polymer composites
- Mechanical properties, thermal and crystallization behavior of different surface-modified silica nanoparticle-filled PA66 composites
- Thermal characterization of reactive blending of 70PC/30PET mixtures prepared in the presence/absence of samarium acetylacetonate as a transesterification catalyst
- Understanding the interactive effects of material parameters governing the printer toner properties: a response surface study
- Quest for electroconducting structural polymers: CNTs/Polybond nanocomposites with improved electrical and mechanical properties
- Comb-like copolymer dispersant for PP/CaCO3 composites: effects of particle concentration on properties of composites
- Study of PVAc-PMMA-LiCl polymer blend electrolyte and the effect of plasticizer ethylene carbonate and nanofiller titania on PVAc-PMMA-LiCl polymer blend electrolyte
- Mechanical performances of hygrothermally conditioned CNT/epoxy composites using seawater
