Non-ruthenium catalysts based self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction
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Olga V. Lagunova
,
Evgeny G. Chupakhin
and
Ilya L. Mallphanov
Abstract
Self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction represent a novel class of smart materials that exhibit autonomous, reversible, and periodic changes in color and size without the need for external stimuli. Currently, most such gels are based on catalytically active ruthenium complexes, which are not only expensive but also light-sensitive, potentially limiting their practical application. Therefore, the development of self-oscillating gels based on non-ruthenium catalysts is an important task, since there is a need for inexpensive and accessible chemomechanical materials for industrial use. This review presents and summarizes the advancements made in self-oscillating gels based on Fe, Co, and Ce catalysts. Furthermore, it discusses the opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this emerging field.
Funding source: the Russian Federal Academic Leadership Program â₠œPriority 2030â₠ at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
Award Identifier / Grant number: 124021400010-7
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: This research was supported by funds provided through the Russian Federal Academic Leadership Program “Priority 2030” at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, project number 124021400010-7.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
List of acronyms
- BZ
-
Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction
- BIS
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N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide
- CFBZ
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catalyst-free Belousov-Zhabotinsky solution
- TMEDA
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N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine
- IPA
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N-isopropylacrylamide
- AIBN
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2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile
- ACMO
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acryloylmorpholine
- bpy
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2,2′-bipyridine and its derivatives
- phen
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1,10-phenanthroline and its derivates
- AAc
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Acrylic acid
- VP
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vinylpyrrolidone
- bathophen
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bathophenanthroline
- AMPS
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2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid
- Co(acphen)(bpy)2 2+
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(5-acrylamido-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(2,2′-bypiridine)cobalt(II) sulfate complex
- Co(acphen)(phen)2 2+
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(5-acrylamido-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) sulfate complex
- Co(acphen)3 2+
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tris(5-acrylamido-1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) sulfate complex
- AA
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Acrylamide
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