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Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property

  • Xiaodong Zhu , Fengqiu Qin , Yangwen Xia , Yuanyuan Zhong , Xiuping Zhang , Wei Feng EMAIL logo and Yu Jiao EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 15, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Pure and Ag@AgCl modified TiO2 were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method, which exhibit anatase/rutile/brookite (A/R/B) triphasic structure. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, photocurrent response, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and the photocatalytic activity was evaluated by taking 100 mL (10 mg/L) methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution as the target pollutant. The results show that Ag@AgCl modification is beneficial for the separation of photogenerated charges and the absorption in visible region. The degradation degree of MB increases from 75.7% for pure TiO2 to 97.3% for Ag@AgCl modified TiO2.

Keywords: TiO2 ; triphasic structure; Ag@AgCl modification; photocatalytic activity

1 Introduction

As one of the new green environmental protection technologies, photocatalytic technology can be applied for the degradation of organic pollutants [1,2,3,4,5]. Among many photocatalytic materials, TiO2 shows the advantages of low cost, mild reaction conditions, high chemical stability, and no secondary pollution [6,7,8,9,10]. However, due to the shortcomings of TiO2, such as low sunlight utilization and fast recombination of photogenerated charges, its photocatalytic degradation effect is greatly limited [11,12,13]. When noble-metals and semiconductors are combined, Schottky junctions will be formed on the interfaces, which promote the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. On the other hand, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of noble-metal can enhance visible light absorption, advancing the photocatalytic performance [14,15,16,17]. Moreover, Ag@AgCl modification can further improve the photocatalytic activity on the basis of Ag modification. Wang et al. [18] prepared Ag@AgCl/TiO2 photocatalyst and found that the recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes is retarded and the absorption in visible region is enhanced through Ag@AgCl modification. Therefore, Ag@AgCl/TiO2 shows higher photocatalytic activity than pure TiO2 and Ag/TiO2.

It is generally believed that TiO2 with mixed crystal exhibits better photocatalytic performance than single structure owing to the mixed crystal effect. Anatase/rutile TiO2 is the focus of mixed TiO2 and has been widely studied. Basis of two-phase mixed crystal, anatase/rutile/brookite triphasic TiO2 exhibits higher photocatalytic activity than two-phase and monophase TiO2 [19,20,21]. It is reported by Mutuma et al. [22] that the photocatalytic activity of anatase/rutile/brookite three-phase mixed crystal TiO2 is higher than that of anatase/rutile two-phase mixed crystal TiO2.

In our previous work, it has been proved that the anatase/rutile/brookite triphase TiO2 shows better activity than two-phase and monophase TiO2 [20]. In the present work, the advantages of TiO2 with triphase and Ag@AgCl modification were combined to prepare Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite TiO2 composite by one-step hydrothermal method. The effect of Ag@AgCl modification on the structure and photocatalytic performance of anatase/rutile/brookite triphasic TiO2 were investigated.

2 Experimental

2.1 Synthesis of photocatalyst materials

Polyethylene glycol (analytical reagent, AR), butyl titanate (AR), anhydrous ethanol (AR), hydrochloric acid (AR), silver nitrate (AR), and methylene blue (MB) (AR) were purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (PR China).

10 mL of butyl titanate was added to 30 mL anhydrous ethanol to obtain solution A. 30 mL of deionized water, 1 mL of hydrochloric acid, and 1 mL of polyethylene glycol were mixed evenly to obtain solution B, which was added to solution A dropwise to obtain a mixture. Then, the mixture was transferred to a hydrothermal reaction kettle for hydrothermal treatment at 190°C for 15 h. The obtained powder was washed several times to neutral, and dried at 80°C in an oven. Finally, after grinding, the pure TiO2 was prepared, which is marked as ARB.

Ag@AgCl modified TiO2 marked as Ag@AgCl–ARB can be obtained by adding certain amount of AgNO3 in solution B, and keeping the other steps same as the preparation procedure of ARB. The molar ratio of Ag/Ti is 2%.

2.2 Characterization

The crystal structure and phase information were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a DX-2700 X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation as the X-ray source, the scan range 2θ was 20–70° and scan speed was 0.06°/s (Dandong Haoyuan Instrument Co. Ltd, Dandong, China). The morphology was observed by a JEM-F200 transmission electron microscope (TEM and HRTEM) and a Hitachi SU8220 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA). The composition and valence of elements were analyzed by an XSAM800 multifunctional surface analysis system (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) (Thermo Scientific K-Alpha, Kratos Ltd, Manchester, UK). The photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured using an F-4600 fluorescence spectrum analyzer with an Xe lamp at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm (Shimadzu Group Company, Kyoto, Japan). The photocurrent response (PC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were measured by a DH-7000 electrochemical workstation (Beijing Jinyang Wanda Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). The optical absorption was analyzed by a UV-3600 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Group Company, Kyoto, Japan).

2.3 Photocatalytic activity test

The photocatalytic activity of samples was evaluated by measuring the decomposition of MB. 100 mL of 10 mg/L MB aqueous solution and 0.05 g sample powder were mixed together and stirred in dark for 30 min to achieve adsorption–desorption equilibrium. Then, the irradiation was carried out using a 250 W Xe lamp as the light source. After centrifugal separation, the solution was taken every 15 min and the absorbance at 664 nm was measured. The degradation degree was calculated by formula (A 0 – A t )/A0 × 100%.

On the basis of the MB degradation system, 2 mL (0.1 mol/L) of p-benzoquinone (BQ, · O 2 − trapping agent), isopropanol (IPA, ·OH trapping agent), and ammonium oxalate (AO, h+ trapping agent) were added to investigate the active species.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Phase composition

Figure 1 presents the XRD patterns of samples. The diffraction peaks of ARB at 25.4, 38.0, and 48.0° are indexed to the (101), (004), and (200) planes of anatase. The diffraction peaks at 27.4, 36.2, 41.3, 54.4, and 56.6° are indexed to the (110), (101), (111), (211), and (220) planes of rutile. In addition, the diffraction peak corresponding to the (121) planes of brookite appears at 31.1°, implying that the prepared ARB is composed of three phases, namely, anatase, rutile, and brookite [23]. As for Ag@AgCl–ARB, besides the anatase, rutile, and brookite phase, new diffraction peaks at 38.1 and 44.4° are indexed to the (111) and (200) planes of metallic Ag [24], and peaks at 32.3 and 46.3° correspond to the (200) and (220) planes of AgCl, respectively [19].

Figure 1 XRD patterns of the samples.
Figure 1

XRD patterns of the samples.

3.2 Morphology

Figure 2 depicts the SEM images of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB. Both the samples are irregular in shape and ranging in size from ten to tens of nanometers. ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB present almost the same morphology, implying that Ag@AgCl modification has no distinct influence on the morphology. Figure 2(c) and (h) are the element mappings of Ag@AgCl–ARB. The Ag@AgCl–ARB is mainly composed of Ti, O, Ag, and Cl, distributed uniformly in the sample, which demonstrates that Ag and Cl elements are present in Ag@AgCl–ARB.

Figure 2 SEM images of ARB (a), Ag@AgCl–ARB (b), element mappings (c–g), and EDS analysis of Ag@AgCl–ARB (h).
Figure 2

SEM images of ARB (a), Ag@AgCl–ARB (b), element mappings (c–g), and EDS analysis of Ag@AgCl–ARB (h).

Figure 3 shows TEM and HRTEM images of the samples. From Figure 3(a), it can be observed that the single particle is roughly granular, and the size is between 10–20 nm. The crystal plane spacings marked in Figure 3(c) 0.35, 0.32, and 0.29 nm can be attributed to the (101) plane of anatase, the (110) plane of rutile, and the (121) plane of brookite [20,25,26], respectively, indicating that ARB consists of anatase, rutile, and brookite phase, which is in accordance with the XRD results. Figure 3(d) shows the HRTEM images of Ag@AgCl–ARB, the crystal lattice fringes 0.35, 0.32, and 0.29 nm correspond to the crystal plane of anatase (101), rutile (110), and brookite (121), respectively.

Figure 3 TEM images of ARB (a), Ag@AgCl–ARB (b), HRTEM images of ARB (c), and Ag@AgCl–ARB (d).
Figure 3

TEM images of ARB (a), Ag@AgCl–ARB (b), HRTEM images of ARB (c), and Ag@AgCl–ARB (d).

3.3 Element composition

Figure 4(a) shows the full XPS spectra of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB. The Ag@AgCl–ARB is mainly composed of Ti, O, Ag, and Cl. No other impurity peaks were detected in ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB, indicating the high purity of samples. Figure 4(b) shows the high resolution spectra of Ti 2p. Two peaks at 458.4 and 464.1 eV in the spectrum of ARB are indexed to Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2, verifying that the Ti element exists in 4+ valence state [27,28]. In Figure 4(c), the O 1s peaks of ARB are located at 529.6 and 530.3 eV, corresponding to lattice oxygen (O2−) and surface hydroxyl group (OH−), respectively [28]. After Ag@AgCl modification, the binding energies of Ti 2p and O 1s shift to lower position, which can be ascribed to the interaction between Ag, Cl elements, and Ti, O elements [29,30]. The peaks at Ag 3d5/2 366.7 and Ag 3d3/2 372.8 eV are attributed to metals Ag0 and Ag+ in Figure 4(d) [31,32]. As demonstrated in Figure 4(e), the characteristic peaks of Cl 2p3/2 and Cl 2p1/2 of Cl element are located at 197.5 and 199.0 eV, respectively, which indicate that Cl element is in −1 valence state [31].

Figure 4 XPS survey of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB (a), high resolution spectra of Ti 2p (b), O 1 s (c), Ag 3d (d), and Cl 2p (e).
Figure 4

XPS survey of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB (a), high resolution spectra of Ti 2p (b), O 1 s (c), Ag 3d (d), and Cl 2p (e).

3.4 Photogenerated charges separation analysis

Figure 5(a) shows the PL spectra of samples. Since the PL peaks are responsible for the recombination between photogenerated electrons and holes, the stronger the PL peak intensity, the higher the recombination of photogenerated charge [33]. Compared with ARB, although the PL peak positions of Ag@AgCl modified ARB does not change, the peak intensity is significantly lower than that of ARB, implying that Ag@AgCl modification retards the recombination effectively.

Figure 5 PL spectra (a), EIS (b), and PC curves (c) of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB.
Figure 5

PL spectra (a), EIS (b), and PC curves (c) of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB.

Figure 5(b) shows the EIS Nyquist plots of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB. According to Nyquist theorem, the arc radius of Ag@AgCl–ARB is smaller than ARB, which indicates that Ag@AgCl–ARB possesses lower charge movement resistance [34,35,36]. Figure 5(c) shows the PC curves of samples. Generally, the higher the photocurrent, the stronger the photoinduced electrons and holes separation ability [35,37]. Both ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB produce photocurrent under light irradiation. Nevertheless, Ag@AgCl–ARB shows higher photocurrent density, implying that Ag@AgCl modification is beneficial to the separation of photoinduced charges. The electrochemical test results are consistent with PL spectra.

3.5 Optical absorption analysis

Figure 6 presents the UV-visible absorption spectra and band gap of the samples. It can be found in Figure 6(a) that the absorption edges of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB are basically the same, both showing absorption edges at 400 nm approximately. Figure 6(b) shows the (αhv)1/2–hv curves of the samples. The band gap width of the semiconductor can be estimated by Tauc-plot [38,39,40]. The gap width of Ag@AgCl–ARB (2.84 eV) is smaller than that of ARB (2.93 eV). In the visible region, Ag@AgCl–ARB shows higher absorption than that of ARB, indicating that the plasma resonance effect caused by Ag particles is beneficial to increasing the absorption of visible light [41].

Figure 6 UV-visible absorption spectra (a) and band gap (b) of the samples.
Figure 6

UV-visible absorption spectra (a) and band gap (b) of the samples.

3.6 Photocatalytic activity

Figure 7(a) presents the degradation degree curves of MB. The self-degradation of MB without photocatalyst is 8%, which is relatively low in the degradation process. Therefore, the degradation of MB is mainly derived from the presence of photocatalysts under irradiation. After illumination for 60 min, the degradation degree of MB by ARB is 75.7%, and it is 97.3% for Ag@AgCl–ARB, indicating that the photocatalytic efficiency is significantly improved for Ag@AgCl modification. For comparison, Ag–ARB (Ag/Ti = 2%) was prepared, which shows a degradation degree of 86.5%. It is proved that Ag modification improves the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, but the effect is inferior to Ag@AgCl modification.

Figure 7 Degradation degree curves (a) and kinetic curves (b) of ARB, Ag-ARB, and Ag@AgCl–ARB.
Figure 7

Degradation degree curves (a) and kinetic curves (b) of ARB, Ag-ARB, and Ag@AgCl–ARB.

The kinetics fitting results are shown in Figure 7(b). It can be found that the time t shows a linear relationship with –ln(C/C0), which suggests that the reaction of photocatalytic degradation of MB conforms to the first-order reaction [42]. The higher the reaction rate constant, the higher the photocatalytic activity. The first-order reaction rate constants of ARB, Ag–ARB, and Ag@AgCl–ARB are 0.022, 0.032, and 0.055 min−1, respectively. Ag@AgCl–ARB shows the highest k value, which is in line with the photocatalytic degradation results.

To study the reusability of Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalyst, the cycling experiment of degradation MB was carried out. The experimental results are shown in Figure 8. As the number of cycles increases, the degradation degree of MB decreases slightly. After 5 cycles, the degradation degree of Ag@AgCl–ARB composite decreases from 97.3 to 85.2%.

Figure 8 The reuse experiment of Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalyst for MB degradation.
Figure 8

The reuse experiment of Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalyst for MB degradation.

The XRD pattern of Ag@AgCl–ARB composite photocatalyst after five cycles is shown in Figure 9. Compared with the initial sample, it is found that the diffraction peak intensity of AgCl (200) crystal plane at 32.3° decreases after cycle experiment, implying that part of AgCl is decomposed during the photocatalytic experiment [43]. The positions of other peaks are unchanged; however, the peak intensity decreases slightly, which may be caused by a small amount of undegraded MB molecules covering the surface of Ag@AgCl–ARB [44,45]. Meanwhile, it also causes the decline in photocatalytic activity, which is consistent with the cycling experimental results.

Figure 9 XRD patterns of Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalyst before and after the photocatalytic experiment.
Figure 9

XRD patterns of Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalyst before and after the photocatalytic experiment.

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer was used to investigate the silver ion leached out from the photocatalyst in the supernatant after reaction. It is measured to be 0.0660 ± 0.0003 mg/L in the solution, indicating that a small amount of Ag ion was leached into the solution.

3.7 Photodegradation mechanism

Figure 10 shows the results of active group capture experiment of Ag@AgCl–ARB. After adding BQ, IPA, and AO in MB degradation system, the order of photocatalytic degradation degrees of MB in the samples are BQ (30.8%) < IPA (76.5%) < AO (84.2%) < no Scavenger (97.3%), which suggests that · O 2 − is the main active species, while ·OH and h+ are the secondary active species.

Figure 10 Active species experiment of Ag@AgCl–ARB.
Figure 10

Active species experiment of Ag@AgCl–ARB.

The formation of · O 2 − was further verified by the nitro blue tetrazole (NBT) experiment. Figure 11(a) shows the absorbance curves of Ag@AgCl–ARB. With the increase in illumination time, the absorbance of NBT decreases gradually, which verifies the formation of · O 2 − species [46,47,48]. Figure 11(b) shows the NBT absorbance curves of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB after 30 min irradiation. The NBT absorbance of Ag@AgCl–ARB is lower than that of ARB, indicating that more · O 2 − species are generated in Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalyst compared to ARB, which is consistent with the PL spectra.

Figure 11 The NBT absorbance curves of Ag@AgCl–ARB with increasing time (a) and the comparison of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB (b).
Figure 11

The NBT absorbance curves of Ag@AgCl–ARB with increasing time (a) and the comparison of ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB (b).

The band potential can be estimated through the electronegativity equation of E CB = X – E 0 – E g/2 and EVB = E g + E CB, where E VB is the valence band potential, E CB is the conduction band potential, E 0 is the free electron energy on the hydrogen scale (E 0 = 4.5 eV), E g is the bandgap energy of the photocatalytic material, and X is the absolute electronegativity of the semiconductor [49,50,51]. Based on the DRS result (the band gap of ARB = 2.93 eV), the E CB and E VB of ARB are –0.15 and 2.78 eV, respectively. ARB consists of anatase, rutile, and brookite, and brookite shows the highest conduction band, followed by anatase and rutile [20,44,52,53]. On the other hand, the E CB and E VB of AgCl are determined to be −0.06 and 3.2 eV [54]. Based on the above content, a possible mechanism of the photogenerated charges separation and transfer for Ag@AgCl–ARB is proposed, as shown in Figure 12. In UV light region, photogenerated charges are generated, as TiO2 is three phase mixed crystal structure, which can accelerate the migration of carriers [52,53]. Moreover, the conduction bands of TiO2 and AgCl are higher than the Fermi level of metallic Ag, and the photogenerated electrons generated in TiO2 and AgCl will transfer to Ag particles, further inhibiting the recombination [54,55,56,57]. In visible light region, due to the SPR effect of Ag, the hot-electrons generated in Ag particles can be transferred to the conduction band of TiO2 and AgCl, which are captured by O2 to generate · O 2 − radicals, advancing the photocatalytic activity [58]. On the other hand, the holes will oxidize Cl− to form Cl0 radicals, which also contributes to the improvement in the photocatalytic activity [18,59]. Consequently, Ag@AgCl–ARB exhibits the best photocatalytic performance.

Figure 12 Schematic illustration of the charge separation and transfer in the Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalysts under ultraviolet light (a) and visible light irradiation (b).
Figure 12

Schematic illustration of the charge separation and transfer in the Ag@AgCl–ARB photocatalysts under ultraviolet light (a) and visible light irradiation (b).

4 Conclusion

ARB and Ag@AgCl–ARB were prepared by one step hydrothermal method. ARB shows a three-phase mixed crystal structure composed of anatase, rutile, and brookite. Ag@AgCl modification does not change the crystal structure of ARB. The formation of Ag@AgCl–ARB heterojunctions is advantageous to the separation of photogenerated charges and the absorption of visible light, which can be explained by the fact that Ag@AgCl–ARB exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by the Higher Education Talent Quality and Teaching Reform Project of Sichuan Province (JG2021-1104), the Talent Training Quality and Teaching Reform Project of Chengdu University (cdjgb2022033), and the Key Research and Development Projects of Liangshan Prefecture Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan Province (21ZDYF0202).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-05-22
Revised: 2022-07-12
Accepted: 2022-09-11
Published Online: 2022-10-15

© 2022 Xiaodong Zhu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0483
Keywords for this article
TiO2; triphasic structure; Ag@AgCl modification; photocatalytic activity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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