Home Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
Article Open Access

Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications

  • Shahroz Saleem , Abdullah Hasan Jabbar , Muhammad Hasnain Jameel EMAIL logo , Azka Rehman , Zahraa Hashim Kareem , Ali Hashim Abbas , Zunaira Ghaffar , Saba Abdul Razzaq , Rami Adel Pashameah , Eman Alzahrani , Eng-Poh Ng and Salit Mohd Sapuan
Published/Copyright: September 26, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, copper oxide (CuO) specimens were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal process at altered calcination temperatures; 350, 450, and 550°C. The synthesized samples were analyzed through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy to analyze the impact of calcination temperature on the structural, morphological, vibration spectra, functional group, and optical properties of CuO for optoelectronic device applications. XRD confirms the pure single-phase monoclinic structure of synthesized samples with no impurity phases and has good crystallinity with the development in calcination temperature. The average crystalline size, lattice constant, and porosity were found in the range of 3.98–5.06 nm; a = 3.4357 Å, b = 3.9902 Å, c = 4.8977 Å – a = 3.0573 Å, b = 3.9573 Å, c = 4.6892 Å; and 3.37–1.03%, respectively. SEM exhibited a variation in morphology by increasing calcination temperature. Raman spectra revealed that the CuO sample calcinated at 550°C with a stone-like shape having a large grain size of 3.25 μm exhibited that Raman peak intensity and the multiphonon band became stronger and sharper and exhibited higher intensity compared to the samples calcinated at 350 and 450°C. FTIR spectra confirmed that these synthesized specimens exhibited the peaks associated with the typical stretching vibrations of the Cu–O bond between 400 and 500 cm−1 exhibiting the formation of CuO. The energy bandgap was slightly reduced from 1.61 to 1.43 eV with the increase in the calcination temperature. The optical studies revealed that the calcination temperature of 550°C improves the optical properties of CuO by tuning its optical bandgap. The modified structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the prepared CuO samples make them an appropriate candidate for optoelectronic device applications.

Keywords: copper oxide; XRD; Raman; SEM; FTIR; UV; optoelectronic devices

1 Introduction

During the past decade, there has been gained significant consideration in the progress of several electronic devices including solar cells, gas sensors, magnetic readers, photodetectors, catalysis, nonvolatile memory devices, and so on [1]. Optoelectronic devices are such important devices that can be applied in energy storage, information storage media, detection, and source of light. These devices can be a part of many applications, such as automatic access control systems, military services, and medical equipment [2]. Optoelectronic devices based on SnO2 [3], CeO2 [4], ZnO [5], Ga2O3 [6], and Fe2O3 [7] have been studied in detail. But, these 1D nanoparticle (NP)-based optoelectronic devices can be identified only by either visible or ultraviolet light due to their relatively largest bandgap.

Metal oxide semiconductors have been important materials in the area of materials science in the current decade. Semiconductors with a low bandgap, such as SiC, PbS, and copper oxide (CuO) due to their quantum confinement effect, higher surface–volume ratio, and some exceptional physical and chemical characteristics, have all been examined in detail for electrical and optoelectronic device applications [8]. Compared to inorganic semiconductor materials, metal oxide semiconductors are environmental friendly, show high mobility, are chemically and thermally stable, are inexpensive, are compatible, , and can be easily processed with semiconductors and metals. In the class of metal oxide semiconductors, CuO is a well-known p-type semiconductor material exhibiting the smallest direct energy bandgap of 1.3–2.1 eV at room temperature and can act as a promising material for optoelectronic devices, and hence, CuO is widely used for several optoelectronic device productions [9]. The CuO semiconductor is a kind of metal oxide that has been deliberated for several causes including higher theoretical capacity, safety, environmentally friendly, radiation resistance, chemical durability, nontoxicity, and also some exceptional characteristics like the optical and electronic characteristics. Furthermore, Cu can be converted into both Cu2O and CuO based on the several distinct structures, oxidative environments, and the different morphologies [10,11]. Work about CuO-based optoelectronic has not been extensively deliberated.

Numerous techniques are applied to fabricate CuO, such as sol–gel [12], pyrolysis [13], magnetron sputtering [14], hydrothermal [15], thermal oxidation [16], and co-precipitation [17]. Among these synthesis methods, hydrothermal is a well-known fast and facile production method to fabricate CuO due to its well-defined size and shape, scalable fabrication, and easy manipulation. However, the hydrothermal method is very rarely applied for the synthesis of nanomaterials. The current literature explains the hydrothermal production of CuO for optoelectronic device applications.

CuO also has some disadvantages, such as good photo response at a low bandgap than with a large bandgap, which limits its applications. CuO demonstrated a reduction in photo response with the particle size reduction due to the quantum confinement effect. In recent years, there was limited work described for improving the morphological, optical, and structural characteristics of CuO for optoelectronic devices. Jana et al. described that CuO NPs possess the energy bandgap reduction in the range of 1.63–1.34 eV with particle size enhancement. At this bandgap, these nanostructures showed good photo response for CuO-based devices [18]. Al-Amri et al. produced Ni-doped CuO NPs when the content of Ni dopant was increased, which caused to enhance the energy bandgap between 2.73 and 3.80 eV and reduce the particle size, and consequently, the smallest energy bandgap CuO NPs demonstrated good photo response for the optoelectronic devices compared with larger bandgap CuO-based optoelectronic devices [19]. Abd-Elnaiem et al. reported the synthesis of CuO nanowires by anodization of copper foams, which as a catalyst found to be useful in developing the photocatalytic efficiency of organic dye decomposition [20]. Giziński et al. reported the synthesis of CuO that was applied as a catalyst in the photoelechemical and electrochemical reactions, as this is a promising candidate as the electrode for nonenzymatic glucose sensors [21].

In this study, we produced CuO samples and performed their calcination at different temperatures such as 350, 450, and 550°C. In adddition, we demonstrated the impact of calcination temperatures on the morphology, optical, and structural characteristics, and vibrational mode of produced CuO. By varying the calcination temperatures, the particle size, average crystalline size, and Raman spectra were enhanced, while the porosity, agglomeration, and bandgap were reduced. As a result, the photo response of CuO-based optoelectronic devices was increased with the reduction in the wide bandgap at the highest temperature. Analyses of the produced samples were performed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM); Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and powder X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques for analyzing their characteristics in detail.

2 Experimental details

CuO was produced through hydrothermal synthesis by considering sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and copper sulfate (CuSO4·2H2O) as initial chemical materials, and double-distilled water was used to dissolve these chemicals in it. CuSO4·2H2O is highly soluble in water with solubility value of 1.055 molar, and its solubility increases with an increase in heat. CuSO4 2H2O was used as a source of Cu. A stoichiometric amount of CuSO4·2H2O (0.2 M) and NaOH (0.4 M) were separately dissolved into 150 mL double-distilled water with continuous stirring on an electronic stirrer. After complete mixing, 50 mL of 5-M NaOH was placed into this solution to maintain pH at 9 during the complete chemical reaction. This chemical solution was placed in a Teflon-lined sealed stainless steel autoclave at a constant temperature of 200°C for 6 h in auto-generous pressure. This product was then placed at room temperature and cooled. The obtained product was kept in the furnace at the calcination temperature of 350°C for 1 h. The black product was centrifuged, washed completely with double distilled water many times, washed three times with ethanol, and thoroughly dried in air at room temperature. This material was then ground, and finally, the fine material in the black powder form was obtained, which is known as CuO. Similarly, two more specimens were fabricated at the calcination temperature of 450 and 550°C, respectively.

The XRD-determined data were collected after Cu Kα radiation in the peak position (2θ) range of 20–60°, while the scanning step size is 0.05° and the rate is 6° min−1. The SEM (JEOL Model JSM-6390LV) with an operating voltage 20 KV was used to examine the CuO morphology. The Varian, Cary 5000 spectrophotometer was used to examine the UV-Vis spectrum of CuO samples between 300 and 800 nm. The molecular structure of the prepared products was confirmed by Thermo Nicolet, Avatar370 FT-IR spectrometer. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the CuO samples to confirm their atomic molecular arrangements.

2.1 Structural analysis

Figure 1 shows the XRD peaks of the fabricated CuO specimens. These peaks are similar to JCPDS 5-661 and showed the monoclinic structure, confirming its pure phase with lattice constants (a = 3.4357, b = 3.9902, and c = 4.8977), (a = 3.1903, b = 3.9789, and c = 4.7743), and (a = 3.0573, b = 3.9573, and c = 4.6892), for the specimens calcined at 350, 450, and 550°C, respectively. The most intense and characteristic peak among all XRD patterns corresponds to the reflecting plane (111), which shows the formation of a single-phase monoclinic structure. With the enhancement in calcination temperature, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) was slightly decreased, and the intensity of XRD peaks slightly improved due to crystallinity and crystallite size increased. XRD analysis confirmed the nonexistence of impurity phases that represents the phase purity of CuO samples. Table 1 presents that the crystalline size is enhanced by about 3.98–5.06 nm with the increase of the calcination temperature from 300 to 500°C. In the case of the smallest crystalline size, lower calcination temperature may cause slow nucleation and growth process, which prevents grain from growing during the time scale of the experiment; therefore, crystalline size is smaller at the calcination temperature of 350°C. But when calcination temperature increases to 550°C, the growth and nucleation process are almost simultaneously fast yielding lower monodispersity and larger crystalline size. The sample with a smaller grain size has a larger surface area, which was reduced with the increase in the crystalline size at the higher calcination temperature of 550°C. This specific surface area with the increasing calcination temperature can be associated with the agglomeration of the grains, and as a result, the densification process may be deliberated [22].

Figure 1 XRD diagram of CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C.
Figure 1

XRD diagram of CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C.

Table 1

XRD data of different parameters of CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C

Calcination temperature (°C) Crystalline size (nm) d-Spacing (Å) Lattice constant (Å) Lattice volume (Å) X-ray density (g/cm3) Bulk density (g/cm3) Porosity (%) Williamson–Hall analysis ( ε ) Dislocation density (δ)
350°C 3.98 2.4846 3.4357 3.9902 4.8977 58.1477 1.07 1.03 3.37 5.03 × 10−3 6.31 × 10−2
450°C 4.11 2.4779 3.1903 3.9789 4.7744 52.4860 1.12 1.10 1.78 4.45 × 10−3 5. 91 × 10−2
550°C 5.06 2.4648 3.0573 3.9573 4.6892 49.1322 1.94 1.92 1.03 3.18 × 10−3 3.90 × 10−2

The Debye–Scherrer formula was applied for the calculation of the average crystalline size from the peak (111) [23].

(1) D = K λ β cos Θ ,

where “K” is the shape factor, which has a constant value of 0.94, λ is the wavelength of falling X-ray radiation, and “β” is the full width at half the maximum value of the diffraction angle θ. The specific surface area can be calculated by the following formula [24]:

(2) S = 6 / D ρ .

The constant 6 is known as the form factor of spherical particles; “D” is the crystallite size, while “ρ” is X-ray density. The calculated values of specific surface areas are 1.4089, 1.3034, and 0.6112 m2/kg.

The Bragg formula λ = 2d sin θ was used to determine the d-spacing values among atomic layers. The lattice constants value a, b, and c were calculated by equation (3). The lattice geometry formula was used to determine the primary unit cell volumes (V) [25].

(3) V = a b c sin β .

The experimentally calculated values of d-spacing and lattice constant are given in Table 1. The values of lattice parameters have been calculated by using the miller indices and determined d-spacing values of characteristic peak (111) of three samples. The shrinkage of the lattice constant was caused by the increase in temperature; therefore, the lattice constant decrease from which attributed to the heat coupling due to calcination temperature, at the highest temperature, d-spacing between atoms was largest due to which heat coupling in the sample allowing the copper atoms to diffuse towards the tetrahedral site, therefore lattice constant was higher. In the case of the smallest lattice constant, d-spacing between atoms was the smallest due to which the copper atoms by heat coupling could not much be allowed to diffuse toward the tetrahedral site; therefore, the lattice constant was reduced.

The X-ray density (ρ XRD) can be calculated by the following relation [26]:

(4) ρ XRD = Z M N A V ,

where “Z” is some molecules per unit cell, “M” is the molecular weight, “N A” is Avogadro’s number, and “V” is the monoclinic unit cell volume, and its value from equation (4) is substituted in equation (5):

(5) ρ XRD =   8 A N a b c sin β ,

where M is the molecular weight of the particular oxide and a b c sin β is the volume of the monoclinic unit cell. X-ray density (ρ XRD) was enlarged by about 1.07–1.96 g/cm3 by the growth temperature of about 350–550°C. The growth in molecular weight of the sample became the main cause behind the growth of X-ray density (ρ XRD).

The Archimedes principle was used to determine the bulk density (ρ β ) of all samples, which is presented in equation (6). At the calcination temperature from 350 to 550°C, the bulk density was enhanced by about 1.03–1.92 g/cm3. The small bulk density was associated with the pore creation and increased during the synthesis mechanism, which was enhanced due to the growth of the temperature, and as a result, the bulk density was enhanced [27].

(6) ρ B =   m V .

The porosity has been determined through equation (7) [28]. The porosity was reduced from 3.37 to 1.03% with the development in the temperature of about 350–550°C. In this mathematical form, (ρ β) and (ρ x ) are bulk density and X-ray density, respectively, which are given in Table 1.

(7) Porosity = 1 − ρ B ρ x × 100 % .

The dislocation density, described as the length of dislocation lines per unit volume of the crystal, can be determined by equation (8). It is the measure of the number of dislocations present in the content of the material. Dislocations are the irregularity or crystallographic defect in a crystal that arises from the lattice mismatch from another part of that crystal. This can be determined by the following formula [29]:

(8) δ = 1 / D 2 .

As the temperature increases, FWHM begins to decrease and the peak intensity increases, which shows that the crystalline size decreases because of the influence of the strain factor due to fabrication; therefore, dislocation density is reduced. The increasing calcination temperature produces the least crystallographic defects in the crystal of synthesized material, which reveals the better crystallinity of that material.

2.2 Microstrain

The microstrain produced in the lattice by the altered calcination temperature on CuO specimens was estimated by the W–H method of analysis; the crystalline size was also calculated from this method by using equation 9. The distortion and microstrain or crystal imperfection are mathematically expressed as ε = β s / 4 tan θ , which arise by microstrain (ε) and strain-induced broadening. In the W–H method, crystalline size changes with tan θ, while in the case of Scherrer’s equation, crystalline size varies with 1/cos θ.

Grain size broadening and broadening are used to obtain the total integral breadth of the Bragg peak, which are expressed as follows [30]:

B hkl = β D + β S ,

B hkl = k λ / D cos θ + 4 ε tan θ ,

(9) B hkl ( cos θ ) = k λ / D + ( 4 ε sin θ ) .

In this method, the microstrain can be estimated by the slope of the graph plotted between “4 sin θ” versus “β hkl cos θ”, while the crystalline size can be estimated from the y-intercept, as shown in Figure 2. From this method, it can be seen that the crystalline sizes of CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C were 7.30, 9.51, and 12.60 nm, respectively. Both of these approaches provided nearly comparable consequences, but the Williamson-Hall plot method was giving some large crystalline size. This large size can be due to the existence of changed geometries of grains and microstrain in the crystal lattice of samples. As the calcination temperature increases from 350 to 550°C, the microstrain decreases from 5.03 × 10−3 to 3.18 × 10−3. An increase in the calcination temperature of CuO samples becomes a reason for the increasing crystalline size and enlarging crystallite boundary movement, and thus increasing the grain development. Consequently, the disorder effect was reduced, which became a cause of decreasing broadening and enhancing the intensity of XRD peaks. Therefore, the microstrain and dislocation density reduce because of the decrease in lattice defects with grain boundaries on increasing the calcination temperature of the CuO sample. From the examined data, the microstrain in CuO crystallines may arise from excess boundaries by dislocations. It is noted that the fitting is so bad, and this bad fitting may be due to the noise signals produced during the growth and nucleation process caused by the calcination temperature.

Figure 2 Williamson–Hall plots of CuO samples calcinated at calcination temperatures of 350, 450, and 550°C.
Figure 2

Williamson–Hall plots of CuO samples calcinated at calcination temperatures of 350, 450, and 550°C.

2.3 Morphological analysis

The specimens were observed by SEM to analyze their size and morphology. The SEM images of the prepared CuO samples are illustrated in Figure 3. The grains shown in Figure 3(a) are irregular in shape, that shown in Figure 3(b) are in a random shape, and that shown in Figure 3(c) are in a stone-like shape. For the samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C, the size of grains analyzed in SEM pictures is within the range of 1.06–3.25 μm. The agglomeration among grains was reduced with the temperature growth. Due to the high surface charge and high magnetization among grains, agglomeration occurred in the Ostwald ripening process. The lower calcination temperature of 350°C produces a large number of cores and decreases the rate of the nucleation process, which prevents the grains from growing and causes the agglomeration due to the high intense collapse of bubbles, and the grain size was 1.06 μm. When the temperature increased up to 550°C, a small number of cores formed among grains because of which small agglomeration takes place due to less intense collapse of bubbles. Therefore, when the temperature was enlarged from 300 up to 500°C, the rate of the nucleation process increases because of the existence of charges at the surface of the grains and then agglomeration decreases due to a reduction in the number of cores, and consequently, grains grow up to 3.25 μm and crystallinity also increases. In other words, the space between the grains is slightly increased by the increase in calcination temperature, which reduces the agglomeration of grains. The grains exhibit irregular morphology due to the agglomeration of primary grains, which were minimally increased with the increase in the calcination temperature. The grain size grows with the growth in the calcination temperature, and the consistency of size and shape of CuO was detected. Further, with the increase in the size of grains, the bandgap decreases, due to which electronic conduction between valance and conduction band increased, and hence, the working capability of a device increased.

Figure 3 SEM pictures of CuO samples calcinated at (a) 350, (b) 450, and (c) 550°C.
Figure 3

SEM pictures of CuO samples calcinated at (a) 350, (b) 450, and (c) 550°C.

2.4 Raman analysis

Raman spectroscopy, which is a very sensitive probe to the vibrations of the material and its local atomic arrangements, has been usually employed for the examination of the microstructural nature of the materials. Raman scattering also gives important details about the bonds and structures of materials [31] and is also used to identify the presence of unintended phases such as Cu(OH)2, Cu2O, and material crystallinity. Since there are two molecules in each primitive cell of the CuO with space group C6 2h, its Raman active normal modes at central zones of copper oxide molecules are at ΓRA = 4A u + 5Bu + A g + 2B g. Raman spectra of three CuO samples are illustrated in Figure 4, and it can be seen that Raman spectra have two main one-phonon modes. The peak assignments at 240, 242, and 246 cm−1 are related to the A g mode of vibration of samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C, respectively, while the peaks at 256, 259, and 261 cm−1 are assigned to B g mode of vibration of samples calcinated at 350, 450, 550°C, respectively. These peaks assignments are nearly equal to the reported data in the previous study [32]. Maximum physical characteristics of any material are produced due to the interactions among the vibration modes of molecules. The oxygen atoms only move with a displacement in the b-direction for A g and perpendicular to the b-axis for B g Raman modes. Irwin and Wei reported that crystal defects reduce with the increase in the crystalline size of NPs due to the smaller surface/volume ratio, and these crystal defects can contribute to Raman spectra as all three of the Raman modes in CuO are assigned to vibrations of oxygen atom [33].

Figure 4 Raman spectra of the prepared CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C.
Figure 4

Raman spectra of the prepared CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C.

It is noted that the multiphonon Raman band peakes of CuO specimens which are calcinated at different temperatures of 350, 450, and 550°C that presented at 1,387, 1,390, and 1,391 cm−1. In particular, the multiphonon band 2B g in CuO was suggested to be the stretching vibration in the x 2−y 2 plane, induced by the electronic density deviation in this layer. The shift of these peaks toward higher wavenumbers (redshift) and appropriately low value of FWHM ascertains the CuO NPs. The phonon confinement effect is utilized to describe the redshift in materials. The production of redshift and lowering or decreasing broadening of Raman modes may be due to the reduction of the agglomeration state. As the Raman peaks move toward high wavenumbers, it means that CuO can be an excellent material for optoelectronic device applications.

The intensity of the multiphonon Raman peak is very weak in comparison with one phonon band and changes with the size and morphology of fabricated CuO samples. It has been described that the multiphonon band of the as-produced CuO grains with stone-like morphology and 3.25 μm particles possess greater intensity than that of CuO grains with random morphology and 3.21 μm, which in turn is greater than that of CuO grains with irregular morphology and 1.06 μm grain size. Anisotropy of different CuO NPs is utilized to describe the dissimilarity in the Raman intensity of different morphologies. The electronic movement among the x–y plane becomes substantial in the x–y plane and changes the intensity of 2B g mode in the irregular-, random- and stone-like grains. Another description for the change in the Raman intensity of this mode is the phonon–plasmon coupling because of the higher local density of anisotropic carriers CuO grains. A crystallinity effect and finite size of these grains are revealed by the change in the multiphonon intensity.

2.5 Chemical composition analysis

Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy in the transmission mode was utilized to generate the spectra for obtaining the information about compounds present on CuO samples and to obtain sufficient information about the molecular information of CuO samples, which were produced at the calcination temperatures of 350, 450, and 550°C. The functional group spectra were analyzed between 400 and 4,000 cm−1. Peaks found at 446, 452, 469 cm−1 for three samples can be related to the high-frequency Au mode of CuO; these high-frequency modes are related to the typical stretching vibrations of Cu–O bond in the monoclinic structure of three CuO samples, which confirmed the formation of CuO as shown in Figure 5. These peaks were detected from Cu–O stretching along the (202) direction [34]. The small bands found between 2,100 and 2,200 cm−1 are assigned to O═C═O stretching vibrations. The region between 3,600–3,800 cm−1 contained the strong broadband peaks of O–H vibrational stretching surface of the hydroxyl groups of adsorbed water molecules. The IR band found between 1,000 and 1,100 cm−1 can be assigned to C–OH stretching and O–H bending vibration, exhibiting the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups [35]. The peaks noticed between the regions of 2,900 and 3,000 cm−1 are attributed to C–H stretching vibrations of different molecules as presented in Table 2 [36]. Furthermore, no impurities were detected. The IR spectra confirmed the pure monoclinic crystal structure of the prepared CuO samples.

Figure 5 FTIR spectra of CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C.
Figure 5

FTIR spectra of CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C.

Table 2

FTIR spectra with possible assignments for CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C

Frequency (cm−1) Possible assignment
350°C 450°C 550°C
446 452 469 Cu–O stretching vibration
1,032 1,038 1,042 C–OH stretching and OH bending vibration
2,150 2,160 2,163 O═C═O
2,974 2,980 2,991 C–H stretching vibrations
3,691 3,708 3,720 O–H stretching vibrations

2.6 Optical studies

Ultra-visible (UV) spectra were utilized to examine the optical characteristics of CuO samples. The UV-vis absorbance spectra were estimated for three CuO samples in the range of 300–800 nm, and the energy bandgap is illustrated in Figure 6. The values of the energy bandgap for three samples are determined by the Tauc relation:

(10) α hν = A ( h ν − E g ) n ,

where “ν” is the frequency of the light source, “α” is an absorption coefficient, “A” is constant (independent of n), “h’ is Plank’s constant, and “n” is the exponent, which is governed by the quantum selection rules.

Figure 6 UV absorbance and optical bandgap of CuO samples calcined at 350, 450, and 550°C.
Figure 6

UV absorbance and optical bandgap of CuO samples calcined at 350, 450, and 550°C.

Figure 6 shows the absorption edges for the CuO samples at blue shift regions 436, 543, and 549 nm, which correspond to the wide energy bandgap of 1.61, 1.53, and 1.43 eV, respectively. There is an additional fact that absorbance is reduced with the wavelength enhancement, which revealed the existence of an energy bandgap in these three CuO samples.

The optical properties of the synthesized CuO samples were analyzed for the determination of the electronic transition type and bandgap. When a semiconductor absorbs the energy, photons have energy more than its bandgap, and then move the electrons from the valance bandgap to the conduction band, and as a result, the wavelength absorbance capacity semiconductor improved consistently to the energy bandgap. A relation between absorption coefficient and falling photon’s energy depends on the electronic transition type. When the electron momentum is conserved, the transition is directly due to conserved electron momentum. However in indirect bandgap structure, during the electronic transition momentum and exchange of photons was not conserved.

To our knowledge, when any material absorbs light, then electron goes from valence to the conduction band, and their energy levels are quantized by free electrons [37]. In our research work, there are a few features such as defects, for example, vacancies in CuO NPs (e.g., Cu1+ and O vacancies) and quantum size effect, which reduced with the decrease in the energy bandgap due to the increasing calcination temperature [19,37,38,39].

CuO has the standard bandgap of 1.20 eV. In our work, the synthesized samples have a lightly more bandgap of 1.61, 1.53, and 1.43 eV, at the calcination temperature of 350, 450, and 550°C, respectively, as shown in Table 3. The defect that exists behind the wide bandgap is the slight high energy of conduction band minimum (CBM), which is nearly equal to the reported bandgap in the reports [36], and this high bandgap causes the CuO sample to show the slightly high resistivity and slightly low conductivity. But when the calcination temperature increased to 550°C, slightly high energy of CBM becomes low, and hence, the bandgap reduced up to 1.43 eV. So resistivity is reduced and conductivity enhanced. In the present case, CuO samples exhibit their electronic properties in the range of semiconductor materials. The optoelectronic devices such as power switching instruments can be worked at calculated bandgap 1.61 eV, 1.53 eV, 1.43 eV with different calcinated temperatures at 350, 450, and 550°C moreover it can also work at slightly higher temperature. These CuO semiconductor materials are beneficial at larger wavelengths compared to other low-bandgap CuO semiconductor materials. The required temperature to operate such a bandgap CuO-based optoelectronic device would be reduced with the reduction in this bandgap of CuO, and hopefully, this bandgap will reduce with a further increase in the calcination temperature. In such a way, the CuO with reducing bandgap would be shown as a good photoresponse for optoelectronic devices compared to larger bandgap CuO.

Table 3

The bandgap for CuO samples calcinated at 350, 450, and 550°C

Samples Absorption wavelength (nm) Bandgap (eV)
350°C 599 1.61
450°C 747 1.53
550°C 754 1.43

3 Conclusion

In this study, a hydrothermal method was used for the synthesis of CuO samples to analyze the impact of calcination temperatures on the structural, morphological, vibration mode, and optical properties. XRD showed that the prepared products have a pure monoclinic phase and crystalline nature. A single-phase monoclinic structure of CuO having an average crystallite size of 3.98–5.06 nm was confirmed by XRD without the impurity phase. This increase in the crystallite size was due to the increase in nucleation and growth process with the increase in calcination temperature. d-spacing, lattice constant, unit cell volume, porosity, dislocation density, and microstrain were decreased by increasing the calcination temperature. A small decrement in dislocation density and microstrain in CuO samples was noted due to an increase in the crystalline size at the highest calcination temperature of 550°C, showing the least crystallographic defect and lattice defect in a crystal, which confirmed its better crystallinity and structural improvement. SEM images revealed that agglomeration was decreased by the increasing calcination temperature, which was responsible for the decrease in porosity. Raman spectra revealed that the CuO sample calcinated at 550°C with a stone-like shape having a large grain size of 3.25 μm exhibited that Raman peaks intensity and the multiphonon band became stronger and sharper and exhibited higher intensity than that of calcination at lower temperatures. FTIR spectra confirmed that these synthesized specimens exhibited the peaks associated with the typical stretching vibrations of Cu-O bond in the range of 400–500 cm−1, which revealed the formation of CuO. The bandgap energy was decreased from 1.61 to 1.43 eV due to the quantum confinement effect by increasing calcination temperature, which is in good agreement with XRD results. These obtained consequences suggested that increasing the calcination temperature improves the structural, morphological, vibrational model, and optical properties of CuO and makes them the best candidate for the development of those optoelectronic devices, which are constructed on the basis of such low bandgap CuO materials and can only operate at the low temperature. Such optoelectronic devices cannot operate at a higher temperature because there may be a high probability of burning or damaging of device. However, further enhancements in the calcination temperature for CuO samples may be employed to study in detail its effect on the structural, morphological, vibrational model, and optical properties of CuO.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the ‎Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University ‎for supporting this work by Grant Code: (22UQU4320141DSR25). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants (Nos. 51872227 and 51572219).

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by Grant Code: (22UQU4320141DSR25) of the ‎Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants (Nos. 51872227 and 51572219).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Luo LB, Wang XH, Xie C, Li ZJ, Lu R, Yang XB, et al. One-dimensional CuO nanowire: synthesis, electrical, and optoelectronic devices application. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2014;9(1):1–8.10.1186/1556-276X-9-637Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Dutta NK, Zhang X. Optoelectronic devices. Singapore: World Scientific; 2018.10.1142/10894Search in Google Scholar

[3] Hadi A, Hashim A, Al-Khafaji Y. Structural, optical and electrical properties of PVA/PEO/SnO2 new nanocomposites for flexible devices. Trans Electr ElectrMater. 2020;21(3):283–92.10.1007/s42341-020-00189-wSearch in Google Scholar

[4] Aziz SB, Dannoun E, Tahir DA, Hussen SA, Abdulwahid RT, Nofal MM, et al. Synthesis of PVA/CeO2 based nanocomposites with tuned refractive index and reduced absorption edge: Structural and optical studies. Materials. 2021;14(6):1570.10.3390/ma14061570Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Capper P, Kasap SO, Willoughby A. Zinc oxide materials for electronic and optoelectronic device applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Xiao M, Dong K, Liang J, He J, Fang G. Enhanced photo-response performance of Cu2O-based graded heterojunction optoelectronic devices with Ga2O3 buffer layer. J Mater Chem C. 2022;10(14):5505–13.10.1039/D2TC00652ASearch in Google Scholar

[7] Veeralingam S, Borse PH, Badhulika S. 1D NiO–3D Fe2O3 mixed dimensional heterostructure for fast response flexible broadband photodetector. Nanotechnology. 2022;33(23):235201.10.1088/1361-6528/ac5838Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[8] Nesa M, Momin MA, Sharmin M, Bhuiyan AH. Structural, optical and electronic properties of CuO and Zn doped CuO: DFT based first-principles calculations. Chem Phys. 2020;528:110536.10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110536Search in Google Scholar

[9] Tetseo M, Deb P, Daimary S, Chandra J. CuO nanowire ‑ based metal semiconductor metal infrared photodetector. Appl Phys A. 2021;127(5):1–6.10.1007/s00339-021-04532-7Search in Google Scholar

[10] Noothongkaew S, Thumthan O, An KS. UV-Photodetectors based on CuO/ZnO nano-composites. Mater Lett. 2018;233:318–23.10.1016/j.matlet.2018.09.024Search in Google Scholar

[11] Hussein HT, Mohammed MK, Kamel RI, Nayef UM. Improved sensing performance of porous silicon photodetector with CuO nanoparticles. Chem Pap. 2021;75(12):6257.10.1007/s11696-021-01789-3Search in Google Scholar

[12] Arunkumar B, Jeyakumar SJ, Jothibas M. A sol–gel approach to the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract and their photo catalytic activity. Optik. 2019;183:698–705.10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.02.046Search in Google Scholar

[13] Chatragadda K, Vargeese AA. Synergistically catalysed pyrolysis of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene binder in composite propellants and burn rate enhancement by free-standing CuO nanoparticles. Combust Flame. 2017;182:28–35.10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.04.007Search in Google Scholar

[14] Verma M, Kumar V, Katoch A. Sputtering based synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their structural, thermal and optical studies. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2018;76(November 2017):55–60.10.1016/j.mssp.2017.12.018Search in Google Scholar

[15] Thangamani JG, Pasha SKK. Chemosphere Hydrothermal synthesis of copper (II) oxide-nanoparticles with highly enhanced BTEX gas sensing performance using chemiresistive sensor. Chemosphere. 2021;277(2):130237.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130237Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Kaur M, Muthe KP, Despande SK, Choudhury S, Singh JB. Growth and branching of CuO nanowires by thermal oxidation of copper. J Cryst Growth. 2006;289:670–5.10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.111Search in Google Scholar

[17] Anwar H, Naqvi SM, Abbas B, Shahid M, Iqbal M, Shahyar M, et al. Investigation of the effect of annealing temperature on structural, optical and antibacterial properties of copper oxide nanoparticles prepared by facile co-precipitation route. J Optoelectronic Biomed Mater. 2020;12(2):43–50.10.15251/JOBM.2020.122.43Search in Google Scholar

[18] Jana R, Dey A, Das M, Datta J, Das P, Ray PP. Improving performance of device made up of CuO nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal over the reflux method. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;452:155–64.10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.04.262Search in Google Scholar

[19] Al-Amri S, Ansari MS, Rafique S, Aldhahri M. Ni doped CuO nanoparticles: Structural and optical characterizations Ni doped CuO nanoparticles: Structural and optical characterizations. Curr Nanosci. 2015;11(2):191–7.10.2174/1573413710666141024212856Search in Google Scholar

[20] Abd-Elnaiem AM, Abdel-Rahim MA, Abdel-Latief AY, Mohamed AAR, Mojsilović K, Stępniowski WJ. Fabrication, characterization and photocatalytic activity of copper oxide nanowires formed by anodization of copper foams. Materials. 2021;14(17):5030.10.3390/ma14175030Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Giziński D, Brudzisz A, Santos JS, Trivinho-Strixino F, Stępniowski WJ, Czujko T. Nanostructured anodic copper oxides as catalysts in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reactions. Catalysts. 2020;10(11):1338.10.3390/catal10111338Search in Google Scholar

[22] Kumar H, Srivastava RC, Negi P, Agrawal HM, Singh A. Effect of sintering temperature on the structural properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Int J Mater Eng Innov. 2014;5(3):227–37.10.1504/IJMATEI.2014.064280Search in Google Scholar

[23] Hasnain MJ, Ahmed S, Jiang ZY, Tahir MB, Akhtar MH, Saleem S, et al. First principal calculations to investigate structural, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 and Cd-doped Fe2O4. Comput Condens Matter. 2022;30(December 2021):e00629.10.1016/j.cocom.2021.e00629Search in Google Scholar

[24] Torres A, Ruales C, Pulgarin C, Aimable A, Bowen P, Sarria V, et al. Innovative high-surface-area CuO pretreated cotton effective in bacterial inactivation under visible light. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010;2(9):2547–52.10.1142/9789814354868_0031Search in Google Scholar

[25] Saleem S, Jameel MH, Akhtar N, Nazir N, Ali A, Zaman A, et al. Modification in structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) by metal (Ni, Co) dopants for electronic device applications. Arab J Chem. 2022;15(1):103518.10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103518Search in Google Scholar

[26] Jameel MH, Agam MA, Hamzah MQ, Roslan MS, Rizvi SZH, Yabagi JA. Structural, optical and morphological properties of zinc -doped cobalt-ferrites CoFe2-xZnxO4 (x = 0.1–0.5). Dig J Nanomater Bio-structures. 2021;16(2):399–408.10.15251/DJNB.2021.162.399Search in Google Scholar

[27] Jameel MH, Saleem S, Hashim M, Roslan MS, Somaily HHN, Hessin MM, et al. A comparative study on characterizations and synthesis of pure lead sul fi de ( PbS) and Ag - doped PbS for photovoltaic applications. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;1484–92.10.1515/ntrev-2021-0100Search in Google Scholar

[28] Navale YH, Navale ST, Stadler FJ, Ramgir NS, Debnath AK, Gadkari SC, et al. Thermally evaporated copper oxide films: A view of annealing effect on physical and gas sensing properties. Ceram Int. 2017;43(9):7057–64.10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.02.135Search in Google Scholar

[29] Ali A, Jameel MH, Uddin S, Zaman A, Iqbal Z, Gul Q, et al. The effect of Ca dopant on the electrical and dielectric properties of BaTi4O9 sintered ceramics. Materials. 2021;14:1–11.10.3390/ma14185375Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[30] Reddy KR. Green synthesis, morphological and optical studies of CuO nanoparticles. J Mol Struct. 2017;1150:553–7.10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.005Search in Google Scholar

[31] Tran TH, Nguyen VT. Copper oxide nanomaterials prepared by solution methods, some properties, and potential applications: A brief review. Int Sch Res Not. 2014;2014:1–14. 10.1155/2014/856592.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Sundar S, Venkatachalam G, Kwon SJ. Biosynthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanowires and their use for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine. Nanomaterials. 2018;8(10):823.10.3390/nano8100823Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Siddiqui H, Qureshi MS, Haque FZ. Optik Surfactant assisted wet chemical synthesis of copper oxide ( CuO) nanostructures and their spectroscopic analysis. Opt – Int J Light Electron Opt. 2016;127(5):2740–7.10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.11.220Search in Google Scholar

[34] Mary APA, Ansari AT, Subramanian R. Journal of king saud university – science sugarcane juice mediated synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization and their antibacterial activity. J King Saud Univ – Sci. 2019;31(4):1103–14.10.1016/j.jksus.2019.03.003Search in Google Scholar

[35] Xu JF, Ji W, Shen ZX, Li WS, Tang SH, Ye XR, et al. Raman spectra of CuO nanocrystals. J Raman Spectrosc. 1999;415:413–5.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199905)30:5<413::AID-JRS387>3.0.CO;2-NSearch in Google Scholar

[36] Katwal R, Kaur H, Sharma G, Naushad M, Pathania D. Electrochemical synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity. J Ind Eng Chem. 2015;31:173–84.10.1016/j.jiec.2015.06.021Search in Google Scholar

[37] Vijayashree K, Rai KS, Demappa T. Synthesis of nanosized copper oxide by assimilating microwave radiation and its characterizations. Indian J Adv Chem Sci. 2016;1:6–9.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Yuan GQ, Jiang HF, Lin C, Liao SJ. Shape- and size-controlled electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide nanocrystals. J Cryst Growth. 2007;303:400–6.10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.12.047Search in Google Scholar

[39] Ali MJM, Radhy MM, Ali EM. Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles and their application for solar cell. Mater Today Proc. 2021;60:917–21.10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.250Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-04-23
Revised: 2022-06-18
Accepted: 2022-06-27
Published Online: 2022-09-26

© 2022 Shahroz Saleem et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0473
Keywords for this article
copper oxide; XRD; Raman; SEM; FTIR; UV; optoelectronic devices
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 9.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0473/html
Scroll to top button