Startseite Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
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Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid

  • Ahmed J. Jasim , Ghassan M. Sulaiman EMAIL logo , Hilal Ay , Salman A. A. Mohammed , Hamdoon A. Mohammed EMAIL logo , Majid S. Jabir und Riaz A. Khan EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 5. August 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

Chrysin (CHR), a dihydroxy flavone, exhibits several bioactivities, i.e., anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer, and is known to possess limited aqueous solubility causing lowered bioavailability, and compromised therapeutic efficacy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated chrysin (CHR–AuNPs) were prepared and characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infra-red, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and zeta potential analyses. The nanoformulated CHR–AuNPs were primarily examined on trial scale for their cytotoxic, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial activity in comparison to the unformulated CHR. The CHR–AuNPs effectively scavenged the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals, also in comparison to CHR and AuNPs. The CHR–AuNPs also exhibited potential cytotoxic effects in a dose-dependent manner and demonstrated significant reduction (P = 0.05) of the cells proliferation, and growth of the human breast cancer cell lines, AMJ13, which were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazal-z-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium, and crystal violet assays, respectively. When compared with the pure CHR and free-AuNPs, the CHR–AuNPs exerted highest anti-microbial bioactivity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The strong anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, as well as cytotoxic activity of the CHR–AuNPs preparation has the potential for clinical use after considerable appropriate developments.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: chrysin; chrysin-nano; gold nanoparticles; chrysin-conjugated nanoparticles; anti-oxidant; anti-microbial; anti-cancer; cytotoxicity; AMJ13 cell lines

1 Introduction

Cancer, the state of uncontrolled cells proliferation, is a significant health problem all over the world, and more than 11 million people have been diagnosed with various cancer types [1]. It is estimated that by 2025, breast cancer cases will rise to 19 million. In addition, cancer is the most common cause of death, due to factors, such as poor oral absorption and diminished biodistribution of the chemotherapeutic agents. The adverse effects of conventional treatments, i.e., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery combined co-therapies are insufficiently effective [2]. As a result, new treatment modules with the enhanced oral absorption or facilitated systemic delivery, higher bioavailability, and better biotransport stability are required. Newer strategies for delivering the developed therapeutic modules with site-specificity and appropriate trigger release of the chemotherapeutic agents to tumor cells are a priority [3]. Recently, nanotechnology-based diagnosis and therapy systems have been developed for the majority of cancers treatment approaches [4]. The multifunctional nanosystems are among the most recent developments. Several strategies have been technologically advanced to selectively deliver these anti-cancer drugs to cancer lesions [5]. The majority of these strategies rely on the tumor microenvironment’s distinct biological and physical characteristics, which are manipulated to outreach to the cancer cells. Recently, special emphasis has been placed on the link between inflammation and the development of cancer cells in patients with stabilized (non-metastatic) cancers [6].

Nanomedicine, the nanotechnology branch dealing with the development of drugs and their delivery systems at the nanoscale, is a promising theranostic tool taking care of diagnosis and therapy as well. Recent breakthroughs in the utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) have also offered the renewed potential to dispense anti-cancer drugs to particular tissues with dose accuracy, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety [7,8]. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown distinctive properties, and their numerous surface functions have made them one of the choices for a nanoscale particle for use in nanomedicines. These NPs are biocompatible and have a large surface-to-volume ratio which is considered enough for loading higher concentrations of single or multiple drugs for site delivery. The AuNPs have been utilized in a wide range of biotechnological applications, notably in drug delivery systems [9,10]. The AuNPs based therapeutic modules have been reported to have superior outcomes over conventional cancer treatment modalities due to their competitive performance as drug carriers [11].

Epidemiological studies concerning the roles of flavonoids in the healthcare system have confirmed that people with diets high in flavonoid products are less likely to develop cancer and some other chronic diseases [12]. There is also a growing interest in using flavonoid-rich plant-based products, as well as pure flavonoid compounds, as nutritional supplements in the treatment and prophylactics of cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and coronary disorders [12]. Flavonoids are poly-hydroxylated compounds with the molecular framework of the three cyclic structures, C6‒C3‒C6 carbons arrangement. The number and distribution of the hydroxyl groups attached to the flavonoid framework seem to play important role in the biological activities elicitations of these flavonoid classes of compounds [13]. Among these, chrysin (CHR) is one of the interesting anti-cancer compounds, which is chemically identified as 5,7-dihydroxyflavone [13]. CHR has been reported to possess several biological activities, and certain therapeutic potentials of this compound are confirmed. The anti-cancer activity of CHR has been established, and its role in the limitation of breast, ovarian, cervical, gastric, bladder, lungs, and prostate cancers have been reported [14]. Unfortunately, the poor bioavailability of CHR associated with its meager aqueous solubility and aqueous dispersion is a reason for its limited clinical applications [15], and this has led to devise suitable delivery systems for CHR-containing formulation [15,16], which needs to be a highly active tissue-targeted drug delivery system that can be synthesized from a wide range of materials, including inorganic NPs [17]. The NP-based therapy and drug delivery systems have the potential to provide a better outcome as a combination therapy. The AuNPs may outperform monotherapy in improving the efficacy and biocompatibility of a cancer therapeutic agent [18]. In this study, CHR was formulated as a gold conjugated nanoparticle (CHR–AuNP) preparation and was investigated as the nanoformulation for anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial activities in comparison to the pure CHR. The anti-oxidant potential as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging capacity, cytotoxic activity against triple-negative human breast cancer-derived AMJ13 cell lines, and anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial strains were evaluated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials and reagents

CHR (structurally 5,7-dihydroxyflavone; purity ∼97%), DPPH, ascorbic acid, ethanol, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and RPMI-1640 medium were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O) was obtained from Strem Chemicals (UK), while sodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7·2H2O), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazal-z-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), and crystal violet were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmBH (Schnelldorf, Germany). Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin were procured from Biosource International (Nivelles, Belgium). Molar Hinton agar was purchased from Merck, Germany. Double distilled water was obtained from Millipore water purification system. All the other chemicals and reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade.

2.2 Organisms

AMJ13, human triple-negative breast cancer cell lines were provided by the Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq. The cells were cultured in sterile Falcon flasks (T 25 cm2, USA), and supplemented with RPMI-1640 medium enriched with l-glutamine (2 mM) and FBS (10%, 20 mM) at a condition of 5% of CO2, 37°C of temperature, and 1 atmospheric pressure.

Clinical isolates, Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), were used to evaluate the anti-microbial activity of the prepared formulations. The clinical isolates were provided by the Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.

2.3 Preparation of AuNPs

AuNPs were prepared by chemical method. In brief, an aqueous solution of HAuCl4·3H2O (MW 393.83 amu, 0.1 mM, 10 mL water) was let to boil on a hot plate at atmospheric pressure under stirring, and at the boiling, trisodium citrate (MW 294 amu, 0.3 mM, 15 mL water) was added in one instance, heating was stopped, and stirring continued for overnight at room temperature (22–25°C) [19].

2.4 CHR–AuNPs conjugation

Pure CHR (10 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of DMSO and stirred at 1,000 rpm for 15 min under room temperature to obtain a homogeneous solution with complete and clear visible solubility [20]. The CHR suspension was added to the solution of AuNPs (1:9 mL) and stirred for 20 h, through overnight at room temperature. The color of the solution changed to light violet, and the excess CHR was removed by ultracentrifugation (13,000 rpm, 30 min) at the end of the reaction [21]. The percentage of conjugated CHR on the AuNPs were calculated using the following equation:

(1) Drug loading (%) = Weight of chrysin in NPs/Weight of NPs × 100 .

The CHR in vitro release from CHR–AuNPs was performed as previously reported [20] with minor modification. Briefly, 10 mg of CHR–AuNPs was taken in a release medium constituting PBS and DMSO at 37°C under agitation. The pH was set at 7.4, and CHR is released for different periods from 1 to 15 h, after each hour the measurement of the CHR absorbance was recorded by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The concentrations of the released CHR from CHR–AuNPs were calculated using the following equation:

(2) Cumulative release ratio ( % ) = ( Wr / Wt ) × 100 ,

where Wr is the CHR weight in each release and Wt is the weight of CHR–AuNPs taken.

2.5 Characterization of prepared NPs

For Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) analysis, a spectrophotometer (8400S, Shimadzu, Japan) with a spectral range from 4,000 to 400 cm−1 and a resolution of 4 cm−1 was used. An X-ray diffractometer was employed to determine the crystalline state of the prepared samples (XRD-6000, Shimadzu, Japan). The diffraction patterns were obtained using the K copper incident beam (λ = 1.542°) at 2 = 20–60° planes. The X-ray tube had 45 kV voltage and 30 mA current. For field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis, MIRA 3 TESCAN was used. To examine the shape and metallic presence, an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was performed. The Zeta PALS instrument (UK) was used to measure the zeta potential and particle size [22].

2.6 Cytotoxicity assay

Standard MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the AuNPs, CHR, and the CHR–AuNPs nanoformulation against AMJ13 cell lines [23]. The AMJ13 cells were grown and maintained in Falcon® flasks containing RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. The cells were passaged twice a week with Trypsin-EDTA, reseeded at 80% confluence, and incubated at 37°C. The cell lines were seeded at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well and treated with AuNPs, CHR, and the CHR–AuNPs formulation at various concentrations after 24 h, or when a confluent monolayer was achieved. After 72 h of treatments, cells viability was assessed by removing the medium, adding 28 µL of 2 mg/mL MTT solution, and incubating the cells for 2.5 h at 37°C. Following the removal of the MTT solution, the crystals in the wells were solubilized by adding 130 µL of DMSO, followed by 15 min of incubation at 37°C with shaking. The absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at 492 nm, and the experiments were repeated thrice. The reduction in cells proliferations (cytotoxicity) was calculated using the following equation:

(3) Cytotoxicty (%) = ( Ab contol − Bb sample/Ab control ) × 100 ,

where Ab control is the absorbance of the control, while Bb is the absorbance obtained for the tested samples.

Crystal violet staining was also used to investigate the viability of the cells in the presence of AuNPs, CHR, and CHR–AuNPs. The cells were seeded into 24-well micro-titration plates at a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL and incubated for 24 h at 37°C to visualize their shape under an inverted microscope [24]. The cells were then treated with the IC50 concentration of AuNPs, CHR, and CHR–AuNPs for 24 h. The plates were stained with crystal violet and incubated for 12 min at 37°C. Then, tap water was used to remove the dye, and the cells were investigated under the microscope at 40× magnification power, where clear images of the cells were captured with a digital camera attached to the microscope [25].

2.7 Anti-oxidant activity

Anti-oxidant activities of AuNPs, CHR, and CHR–AuNPs formulations were measured using DPPH free radicals scavenging method [26]. The tested samples (1 mL in absolute ethanol) at four different concentrations, 1.3, 2.6, 12.5, and 25 μg mL were mixed with 450 µL of DPPH solution. The standard positive control, ascorbic acid (at a concentration of 10 µg/mL), was mixed with DPPH solution in the same manner. The reduction in the DPPH free radicals color in response to the scavenging power of the tested samples and ascorbic acid was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm after 30 min of incubation in dark. The anti-oxidant activity of the samples, in terms of their scavenging effects, was calculated from the following equation:

(4) Scavenging activity (%) = Ab control − Ab sample / Ab control × 100 ,

where Ab control and Ab sample are the absorbance of the control and test samples, respectively.

2.8 Anti-microbial activity

The anti-microbial activities of AuNPs, CHR, and CHR–AuNPs were tested against human pathogens: S. aureus and E. coli. The bacteria were extracted from their stock cultures using a sterile wire loop [27]. To investigate the effects of AuNPs, CHR, and CHR–AuNPs, the growth curves of the bacteria were obtained. The microbial strains were cultured on Molar Hinton agar plates at 37°C, with inoculations of 50 mL of nutrient broth on freshly cultured plates [28]. The bacteria grew until the nutrient broth reached an optical density (OD) of 0.1 at 600 nm, which corresponded to a microbial concentration of 108 CFU/mL. The nutrient broth was then supplemented with NPs, and microbial cultures (1 mL) were added and incubated at 37°C for 12 h under slight agitation. Microbial growth was determined using a spectrophotometer by measuring the OD [29].

2.9 Statistical analysis

All the data were analyzed using the unpaired t-test, which compared the studying groups at a significant p-value of <0.05. All experiments were performed in triplicate and data were calculated as the mean ± standard deviation.

3 Results

3.1 NPs preparation and CHR conjugation

The AuNPs were prepared by chemical reduction method utilizing trisodium citrate dehydrate and HAuCl4·3H2O. A solution of HAuCl4·3H2O was reacted with trisodium citrate dihydrate aqueous solution, and the reaction mixture color changed from pale yellow to purple, and finally to red, indicating the preparation of the AuNPs (Figure 1). Based on equation (1), the AuNPs conjugation to CHR was 15.2%, and the release kinetics of CHR in physiological pH of 7.4 was performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy (Figure 2). During the early phase of first hour, it was ∼25% release, in the second hour the release rate was over 50%. In the sixth hour the (%) release rate reached ∼80%. From 6 to 9 h, the release was observed at above 85% and thereafter it stabilized for the rest of the total 15 h of the drug release period during the simulated release experiment. The fast release of the drug was observed from 9 to 15 h at ∼85%.

Figure 1 Samples: (a) AuNPs preparation, (b) CHR solution, and (c) CHR–AuNPs preparation.
Figure 1

Samples: (a) AuNPs preparation, (b) CHR solution, and (c) CHR–AuNPs preparation.

Figure 2 Release profile of CHR from the CHR–AuNPs nanoformulation.
Figure 2

Release profile of CHR from the CHR–AuNPs nanoformulation.

3.2 UV-Vis spectroscopy of prepared NPs

To confirm the formation and binding of AuNPs to CHR, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used. As seen from Figure 3, the AuNPs’ UV-Vis spectrum showed absorption maxima λ max at 520 nm. While the CHR, a light yellowish solution, showed the UV absorption maxima at λ max 268 nm. The absorption maxima for CHR–AuNPs was exhibited at 260 and 550 nm λ max values.

Figure 3 UV-Vis spectroscopic spectra: (a) AuNPs, (b) CHR, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.
Figure 3

UV-Vis spectroscopic spectra: (a) AuNPs, (b) CHR, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.

3.3 FT-IR spectroscopic analyses

The FT-IR spectrum (Figure 4) of CHR exhibited absorptions at 3012.79 cm−1 (OH), at 2929.87, 2713.84, and 2630.91 cm−1 (C‒H stretchings), and at 1653.00 cm−1 (α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, C═O). The bands at 1355.96 and 1028.06 cm−1 (C‒O‒C) and 840.96 and 731.02 cm−1 (aromatic character) were observed. The AuNPs-CTT absorptions at 3419.79 cm−1 (O‒H stretching), 2987.74 and 2931.80 cm−1 (C‒H stretchings), at 1583.56 cm−1 (C═O) group, and at 1398.39 cm−1 (ether function) were observed for the citrate-surface AuNPs. The CHR–AuNPs absorption at 3448.72 cm−1 (O‒H), at 2960.73 and 2935.66 cm−1 (CH stretchings), at 1587.42, 1463.97, and 1390.68 cm−1 (aromatic C═C bonds), and 1276.88 cm−1 (C‒O stretchings) were observed.

Figure 4 FT-IR spectroscopic analyses: (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.
Figure 4

FT-IR spectroscopic analyses: (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.

3.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses

Crystal structures of CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs were confirmed by the XRD analysis (Figure 5). The AuNPs’ diffraction peaks were observed at 30.56°, 38.12°, 44.18°, and 56.35°, which verified the face-centered polycrystalline cubic structure. The crystallinity of AuNPs was compared with the available XRD pattern in the database, JCPDS 00-004-0784 [30]. The CHR showed strong 2θ peaks at 7.18°, 12.60°, 14.92°, 17.75°, 92.14°, 27.34°, and 27.68°, indicating a more crystalline structure. When CHR was loaded onto AuNPs, five peaks were observed, i.e., 23.5°, 27.55°, 38.15°, 44.01°, and 57.45°.

Figure 5 XRD analyses: (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.
Figure 5

XRD analyses: (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.

3.5 FE-SEM and EDX analyses

FE-SEM images (Figure 6) exhibited relatively spherical shapes of the AuNPs with 17.37–25.90 nm size range. CHR–AuNPs nano-preparation showed spherical, nearly homogenous composition with size ranging between 31.53 and 38.58 nm. The CHR EDX analysis showed the presence of C and O, the AuNPs EDX analysis showed the presence of Au (51.76%, main component), while CHR–AuNPs showed the presence of Au, C, and O elements, as shown in Figure 6; right lane.

Figure 6 FE-SEM, and energy dispersive analysis (EDX): (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.
Figure 6

FE-SEM, and energy dispersive analysis (EDX): (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.

3.6 ζ-potential analyses

CHR ζ-potential and mobility were −161.00 and −3.30, respectively. The AuNPs carried −31.54 mV ζ-potential, and the mobility was −2.46, while the CHR–AuNPs carried −48.92 mV ζ-potential, and mobility was −3.82 (Figure 7).

Figure 7 The ζ-potentials: (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.
Figure 7

The ζ-potentials: (a) CHR, (b) AuNPs, and (c) CHR–AuNPs.

3.7 Cytotoxicity testing against AMJ13 cell lines

The CHR–AuNPs exhibited higher anti-cancer activity against AMJ13 breast cancer cell lines in comparison to CHR and AuNPs with concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Figure 8). At 100 µg/mL CHR–AuNPs concentration, highest 89% cytotoxicity was observed, while at 6.25 µg/mL, 17% cytotoxicity was observed for the CHR–AuNPs as compared to the control group. The AuNPs treatment was 73.3% effective at 100 µg/mL, whereas CHR treatment was 41.5% effective. At 6.25 µg/mL, AuNPs were effective at 8.9% and CHR was effective at 4.6%.

Figure 8 Cytotoxic effects: CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs on AMJ13 cell lines; n = 3, N.S., non-significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
Figure 8

Cytotoxic effects: CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs on AMJ13 cell lines; n = 3, N.S., non-significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Crystal violet staining and microscopic examination (Figure 9) demonstrated stronger cytotoxic impacts of CHR–AuNPs against the AMJ13 cell lines. CHR–AuNPs caused cell shape changes, cell size reduction, cell clustering with reduced cell extensions, and shrinkage of nuclei. These changes were absent in non-treated cells (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Morphological changes: changes in AMJ13 cell lines stained with crystal violet dye after treatment with CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs: (a) non-treated control cells, (b) CHR-treated cells, (c) AuNPs-treated cells, and (d) CHR–AuNPs-treated cells.
Figure 9

Morphological changes: changes in AMJ13 cell lines stained with crystal violet dye after treatment with CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs: (a) non-treated control cells, (b) CHR-treated cells, (c) AuNPs-treated cells, and (d) CHR–AuNPs-treated cells.

3.8 Anti-oxidant activity

The anti-oxidant activity of CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs, measured at four different concentrations (Figure 10), showed highest free radicals scavenging at 25 μg/mL for all the preparations and the CHR, as compared to the standard, ascorbic acid. The CHR–AuNPs exhibited 91.33% efficacy, while the AuNPs radical scavenging efficiency was 74.89%, and the CHR showed an efficacy of 52.1%. The lowest concentration, 3.1 µg/mL, showed an efficiency of nearly 15, 25, 30, and 100% for CHR, AuNPs, CHR–AuNPs, and the ascorbic acid, respectively.

Figure 10 Anti-oxidant activity: CHR–AuNPs, CHR, and AuNPs at different concentrations; n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
Figure 10

Anti-oxidant activity: CHR–AuNPs, CHR, and AuNPs at different concentrations; n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

3.9 Anti-microbial activities

CHR–AuNPs were found the most effective, and showed highest rate of microbial inhibitions against S. aureus and E. coli (Figure 11). The inhibition efficiency was followed by AuNPs and CHR which was concentration dependent for all the three preparations, CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs.

Figure 11 Anti-microbial activity: CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs anti-microbial activity against (a) S. aureus, (b) E. coli. The values represent mean ± s.d.; n = 3, N.S., non-significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
Figure 11

Anti-microbial activity: CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs anti-microbial activity against (a) S. aureus, (b) E. coli. The values represent mean ± s.d.; n = 3, N.S., non-significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

4 Discussion

CHR, a naturally occurring dihydroxy flavone, is found in passionflower, silver linden, certain geranium species, and is also present in honey and bee propolis [31]. CHR is also used as nutraceutical, and is popular as a supplement for bodybuilding. The compound is used for anxiety, inflammation, gout, HIV/AIDS, erectile dysfunction (ED), and baldness, although no pharmacological evidence has been provided. The compound is also suspected to increase the male hormone, testosterone, levels. The product is found to protect against neurological changes, improve behavioral patterns, and cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease. It is also anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, and myosin-light-chain inhibitor in its functions [32,33]. Additionally, CHR has been also reported for its beneficial applications in the treatment of aging, protection against UVA- and UVB-induced skin injuries in experimental animals [34,35].

The need for CHR’s better formulation, controlled delivery, increments in gut absorptions, and enhanced bioavailability was proposed to overcome the aqueous solubility of the compound. Nanoformulation techniques have been adopted to overcome the comparative increased lipophilicity of this flavonoid product which lacks any glycosidal moiety and is devoid of any hydrophilic substitutions, especially hydroxyl groups, commonly present in majority of flavonoids (Figure 12).

Figure 12 The CHR structure and properties: ball stick, space-filling models, physico-chemical, and biological properties.
Figure 12

The CHR structure and properties: ball stick, space-filling models, physico-chemical, and biological properties.

The nanoscale polymeric conjugation, nanoencapsulation, micellar loading, nanoemulsion, aqueous polymeric nanodispersions, cyclodextrin inclusion, nanoliposomes, nanoscale moiety-tagging, and nanometal carriers have been among the important methods to modulate the delivery of the many of the lipophilic products to achieve the therapeutic goals through increased bioavailability, notwithstanding the oral delivery route [36]. The metal NP tagging of drugs has provided specific drug targeting, chosen on-site delivery, reduction in toxicity, increased therapeutic efficacy, enhanced safety, biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and faster development of safe formulations [37]. In this context, the use of gold nanoscale platforms, including gold nanorods, gold nanoclusters, AuNPs, colloidal gold tagging of drugs, and bio-based entities for therapy and diagnosis have been developed [38]. The AuNPs have proved to be inert, safe, least toxic, tunable, mostly monodisperse nature with synthetic protocols well-developed to produce size and shape differentiated nanoentities, and flexible to surface modifications. The AuNPs tagged drugs are known to resist enzymatic degradation, and have been used to improve poor pharmacokinetics of drugs, its solubility, cancer tissue uptake of the drugs, and can simultaneously engage to adjacent and multiple receptors [39]. Nonetheless, the approach to AuNPs synthesis including the biogenetic, biomimetic, green, environmentally-sustainable, microbial, physical, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER), and chemical reduction methods have been developed. Some of these methods have made available the synthesis of AuNPs defining the size, shape, and surface coatings through facile, robust, and quick procedures [40].

The citrate reduction method for producing AuNPs is preferred owing to the ease with which AuNPs can be dispersed in water, and the negative charges of the citrate ions found on the AuNPs surface provide the needed stability to the monodispersed aqueous solution. The reduction of tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) by citric acid was introduced by Turkevich et al. [41] and later modified by Frens [42]. The citrate ions act both as reducing agent and a surface capping agent. The reaction goes without the concern for pH and the particle size decreases with the increase in ratio of the citric acid to the auric acid up to 3.5:1.

The prepared AuNPs also confirmed the surface-plasmonic resonance of the gold metallic NPs and the color-based observations during the preparation of the AuNPs which exhibited distinct color changes (Figure 1). Moreover, for the cancer cell uptake, NPs under 50 nm have been reported to be allowed access to the cancer cells, where they bind to the cellular sites. Because of their ability to bind to the cell membrane, the AuNPs provide better drug delivery options. The negatively charged citrate coated AuNPs, and the aqueous solution of free chrysin, as examples of gold nanoparticles and molecular entity, are being suggested to provide ionic and hydrophobic interactions, respectively, while the prepared final formulation, gold nanoparticles-conjugated-chrysin, CHR-AuNPs, apparently facilitated the biochemical interactions against the cancer cell lines to produce the cytotoxic effects [43,44]. The present findings indicated that the NPs were stable in solution, as described by the literature [45]. The zeta potential varies depending on the surface charge of dispersion, and higher values imply greater physical stability. At least ±30 mV are required to prevent flocculation and maintain stable dispersion, more than 60 mV confer excellent stability, although value as higher as 100 mV can be obtained. A value of 20 mV confers short-term stability, whereas those ranging between −5 and 5 mV demonstrate fast aggregation [45]. Zeta potential value can also be employed to indicate if the encapsulation of an active, charged material occurs within the center of the NP or on its surface [21].

The UV absorption λ max change from the AuNPs values at 520 nm, to the CHR–AuNPs at 570 nm demonstrate the ability of the AuNPs to bind to the CHR molecules, wherein the UV absorption λ max value for the CHR was observed at 268 nm which falls in the UV range, while the absorption change from 520 to 560 nm, of the CHR–AuNPs, falls in the visible range of the spectrum, again demonstrating the plasmon resonance phenomenon, and changes in the optical properties of the CHR–AuNPs, showed the presence of strong CHR, λ max at 268, and the conjugated AuNPs with UV-Vis absorption λ max value at 560 nm (Figure 3). However, several other factors, including particle size, morphology, and probable aggregation determines the absorption maxima [46]. Furthermore, towards establishing the identity of the CHR–AuNPs preparation, the FT-IR spectrum (Figure 4) of CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs exhibited characteristic infra-red vibrational absorptions of the constituent functional groups. The OH stretching vibration frequencies of the CHR were found centered at 3012.79 cm−1 indicating the presence of alcoholic functions in the flavonoid structure, while the stretchings at 2929.87, 2713.84, and 2630.91 cm−1 indicated the presence of the aromatic CH bonds, while the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (C═O) appeared at 1653.00 cm−1. The FT-IR spectrum also indicated the characteristics of an aromatic product with needle-sharp peaks and peaks observed at 840.96 and 731.02 cm−1, the typical aromatic character’s absorption peaks. The IR absorptions observed at 3419.79 cm−1 indicated the presence of O‒H stretching vibrations, while absorptions at 2987.74 and 2931.80 cm−1 indicated the CH stretching vibrations. The absorption peak at 1583.56, confirmed the presence of C═O group, while the absorption at 1398.39 cm−1 was confirmed for ethereal functionality of the citrate surface AuNPs. The spectrum also displayed non-aromatic characteristics of the product where no aromatic system related absorptions were observed together with non-sharp, somewhat rounded-tip, and lesser peaks. The FT-IR spectrum of CHR–AuNPs showed absorption peak at 3448.72 cm−1 belonging the hydroxyl group (O‒H), while the CH stretchings were reflected by the absorptions bands observed at 2960.73 and 2935.66 cm−1. The absorption at 1587.42 cm−1 for the metal conjugated C═O, at 1463.97 and 1390.68 were attributed to aromatic C‒C bonds, and the aromatic C–O stretchings were observed at 1276.88 cm−1. All the CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs specific peaks have been observed which exhibited the plausible hydrogen bond, as well as the electrostatic and protonated carbonyl groups’ strong associations with the anionic AuNPs [47]. The functional groups IR confirmation, together with the XRD and EDX analyses provided the final conformity to the prepared structure. According to the XRD analysis results obtained, the final product was confirmed to be molecularly dispersed, and in an amorphous state. Since the CHR coupling interaction did not affect the size of the mineral core, the changes in the NP size, and the observed differences were attributed to the organic envelope of the NP structure [48]. The percentage of carbon and oxygen compositions in the drug-loaded AuNPs was high, thereby confirming that CHR was conjugated with the AuNPs. The anionic nature of the preparations and their size determinations were also obtained from the ζ-potential and the SEM analyses. The high, −30 mV, ζ-potential value confirmed the stable nature of the product (Figure 7) [49]. The surface charge of the NPs also determines the drug’s affinity for NPs [50]. The high ζ-potential is also used to interpret the surface attachments of the NPs [51]. The ζ-potential values are also a driving factor for biodistribution [52]. It is a design guide for the rational nanomedicine for providing maximum therapeutic efficacy and bioaccumulation predictability in vivo, where particle size and surface charge controls are critical [53].

The CHR–AuNPs exhibited higher anti-cancer activity against AMJ13 breast cancer cell lines in comparison to CHR and AuNPs with concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Figure 8). At 100 µg/mL CHR–AuNPs concentration, highest 89% cytotoxicity was observed, while at 6.25 µg/mL, 17% cytotoxicity was observed for the CHR–AuNPs as compared to the control group. The AuNPs treatment was 73.3% effective at 100 μg/mL, whereas CHR treatment was 41.5% effective. At 6.25 μg/mL, AuNPs were effective at 8.9% and CHR was effective at 4.6%. CHR–AuNPs were much more cytotoxic than free CHR, indicating that the anti-cancer efficacy of CHR has improved since it was functionalized with AuNPs. An overall increase of nearly 18× (85%) was obtained through nanoformulation as compared to the pure CHR.

The concentration of synthetic CHR–AuNPs used in this study was significantly lower than that of CHR. Cell viability decreases as NP concentrations rise, implying that more NPs can be accumulated inside cells, resulting in increased stress, and eventually cell death. The size, shape, surface area, and surface actuations affect NPs biokinetics and toxicity. The CHR–AuNPs inhibited cell proliferation and growth in human breast cancer cell lines, AMJ13, in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The CHR–AuNPs showed stronger cytotoxic effects than CHR, indicating that nano-based CHR is better bioavailable, more outreached to the cancer cell lines, and co-activated in conjugation with the AuNPs. Although the concentration of CHR–AuNPs used in this study was much lower than that of the pure CHR, the decreased cell viability observed as the CHR–AuNPs concentration increased, indicated that more NPs were able to accumulate within cells, and thereby putting stress to the cells, and consequently killing them. The cell death rates were dose-dependent, which could be because of the apoptosis, or necrotic activity, and that would be interesting to investigate the mechanism of cancer cells death.

The cytotoxic effects of CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs as shown in AMJ13 cancer cell lines were also proved by the crystal violet staining and the microscopic examination after 24 h of the dose-delivery (Figure 9). The CHR–AuNPs demonstrated stronger cytotoxic impacts against the AMJ13 cell lines. The results prove that CHR–AuNPs caused several impacts, such as changes in the cells shape, reduction in cells sizes, clustering of the cancer cells with a reduced number of cell extensions, suggestive suppressed inter-cellular communications, and shrinking of the nuclei. However, these impacts were absent in non-treated cells (Figure 9). The observations confirned the cytotoxic activity of the CHR–AuNPs conclusively against human breast cancer cell lines AMJ13.

The anti-oxidant potentials of the CHR, AuNPs, and CHR–AuNPs were observed at 1.3, 2.6, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL, which revealed that the CHR significantly reduced the levels of DPPH free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, with 25 μg/mL concentration performing significantly better than the other concentrations (Figure 10). The CHR–AuNPs were found to have higher, 91.33%, ability to quench the DPPH radicals than the CHR and AuNPs which showed 51.2 and 74.89% anti-oxidant activity as compared to the control ascorbic acid, which can be attributed to the increased surface energy and the catalytic potential of the CHR–AuNPs’. The anti-oxidants can donate electrons to the reactive radicals, and convert them to stable, non-reactive forms [54]. The anti-oxidant potential also resumed importance owing to the observations that the free radicals biology has been known to involve in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancers. The high anti-oxidant potential of the CHR–AuNPs preparation is in accordance with the increased cytotoxic effects of the preparation in comparison to the anti-oxidant potentials of the CHR and the AuNPs, and their cytotoxic effects.

The nano-CHR, CHR–AuNPs, was also more effective as an anti-microbial preparation, and showed higher rates of microbial inhibitions against microbial isolates, S. aureus and E. coli, which were observed after treatment with different concentrations, 25.31, 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/mL, of the preparation of CHR–AuNPs (Figure 11), and the anti-microbial activity was found to be concentration -dependent. The CHR–AuNPs exhibited highest anti-microbial inhibition rate, much higher than the AuNPs and pure CHR, thereby indicating that the pure CHR improved its anti-microbial efficacy when conjugated with the AuNPs. In addition, the AuNPs showed moderate anti-microbial properties, while the flavonoid CHR showed lesser anti-microbial activity.

The anti-microbial activity against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, followed similar patterns of the dose-dependent activity elicitations. The concentration of CHR on the AuNPs surface may have increased their ability to inhibit the bacteria. The mechanisms of microbial inhibitions have been reported to include several pathways, and activities including inhibition of DNA synthesis, alteration of cytoplasmic membrane functions, inhibition of energy metabolism, ligand reductions of the cells, formation of biofilms, inhibition of purines on the cell membrane, alteration of membrane permeability, and damage to the cytoplasmic membrane. The anti-microbial activity of NPs has been studied against Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Campylobacter jejuni, and E. coli. The Gram-negative microbial strains have thin peptidoglycan layer, and an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane, which is a barrier to cell entry of the negatively charged reactive oxygen species (ROS) [55], while the Gram-positive bacteria allowed entry of negatively charged ROS. Moreover, the anti-microbial activity of NPs is dependent on the particle size. It was demonstrated that decreasing the particle size of the NPs resulted in enhancing the anti-microbial activity [56]. Jones et al. [57] compared the activity MgO, TiO2, Al2O3, CuO, CeO2, and ZnO NPs against S. aureus. Their results demonstrated that the ZnO NPs showed significant anti-microbial activity. The activity was size dependent and differently-sized ZnO NPs were used in the ranges of >1 μm, 8 nm, and 50–70 nm. Their results confirmed that the small-sized, 8 nm of ZnO NPs was the best in terms of anti-microbial activity. In addition, some studies also referred to the toxicity mechanism of the metal oxide NPs against microbial strains which was also related to their size, morphology, and electrostatic attractions [58]. However, another study reported by Jiang et al. [59] suggested that the NPs affinity to aggregate and attach to the microbial surface may also contribute to NPs toxicity. Additionally, Aruoja et al. [60] suggested that the bactericidal effects of NPs might be specific to the type of metal oxide NPs, and it is a well-known fact that the metallic ions NPs have high affinity for electron-rich molecules, such as, the genetic material DNA. Moreover, Jose et al. [61] demonstrated that the NPs could interact with the isolated DNA molecules, and also cause a dose-dependent degradation.

5 Conclusions

The CHR–AuNPs were prepared through simple and efficient chemical method of AuNPs synthesis, and the AuNPs conjugation to the CHR molecules was carried out. The products’ physico-chemical characterizations and preliminary trial of biological studies were performed on an initial pilot test scale which included the anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and cytotoxic activity. It was found that the CHR–AuNPs preparation possessed strong cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell lines, AMJ13, as well as showed strong anti-oxidant potential and significant anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial strains, S. aureus and E. coli. The CHR–AuNPs has the potential to be used as an effective therapy as well as a co-therapy agent as part of multiple formulations-based treatments to control and combat the breast cancer. However, more experimentations in this regard are suggested.

Acknowledgments

The researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Qassim University for funding the publication of this project.

  1. Funding information: This research received no external funding.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-01-17
Revised: 2022-05-04
Accepted: 2022-06-25
Published Online: 2022-08-05

© 2022 Ahmed J. Jasim et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0153
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
chrysin; chrysin-nano; gold nanoparticles; chrysin-conjugated nanoparticles; anti-oxidant; anti-microbial; anti-cancer; cytotoxicity; AMJ13 cell lines
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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Heruntergeladen am 2.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0153/html?lang=de
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