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Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity

  • Saade Abdalkareem Jasim , Indrajit Patra , Maria Jade Catalan Opulencia , Kadda Hachem EMAIL logo , Rosario Mireya Romero Parra , Mohammad Javed Ansari , Abduladheem Turki Jalil , Moaed E. Al-Gazally , Mahin Naderifar , Mehrdad Khatami EMAIL logo and Reza Akhavan-Sigari
Published/Copyright: June 25, 2022
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, magnetic spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanostructures were eco-friendly synthesized using Nasturtium officinale extract. Physicochemical properties of these nanostructures were determined by transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry, and energy dispersive X-ray mapping analysis. XRD patterns conform to the CuFe2O4 formation. SEM results demonstrated ceramic spinel CuFe2O4 nanostructures with spherical surface morphologies. The cytotoxicity effect of CuFe2O4 nanostructures against rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells was evaluated based on MTT assay. The magnetic nanostructures had low toxicity at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. It appears that these nanostructures can be considered as suitable candidates for drug delivery and other biomedical applications, because of their low toxicity effects.

Keywords: magnetic ceramic ferrites; copper ferrite nanostructures; cytotoxicity evaluation; green chemistry; plant extracts

1 Introduction

Brain tumors and neurological diseases (e.g., Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s) cause nerve cell damage, reduced motor control, cognitive impairment, and death [1]. Current treatments are expensive and have various side effects such as fatigue, general weakness, nausea, and increased liver enzymes, among others [2,3]. Therefore, researchers are looking for new methods to differentiate [4] and repair nerve neurons [5], and prevent diseases [6,7]. Recent findings suggest that a number of microstructures [8] and nanomaterials induce neuroprotective effects and preserve neuronal life [9,10]. Nanomaterials [11] play a significant role in the advancement of science [12–14] and technology [15–18]. These nanomaterials are deployed in the protection of neurons and treatment of brain tumors due to their nanometer size, antioxidant [19,20], surface plasmonic resonance properties [21,22], antimicrobial [23–27], magnetic properties [28], etc. [29,30]. New developments in science [31–33], innovative production [34–36] and technology [37–39] even in energy [40,41,42,43,44], computer [45–49], mathematic [50–55], geometry [56–63], and calculation [64–68] have significant impact on human health [69–72] and life [73,74].

In recent decades, ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with the chemical formula of MFe2O4 (M: divalent metal ion, e.g., Zn, Co, Cu, etc.) [75,76] have attracted the attention of researchers in various biomedical fields including magnetic drug delivery [77], hyperthermia [78], catalyst [79], optical [80], labeling of cells [81], etc. [82–86]. Spinel ferrite NPs are of particular importance in neuroprotection [87], and can also be employed as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents [88]. Ceramic structures [89–92] have been employed in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases, such as cancers, catalyst [93], and neurological diseases. Spinel ferrites play important roles in biomedicine and nanomedicine due to multimetal components and their unique magnetic properties. Ferrite magnetic NPs can be easily separated and recovered in a reaction mixture by using an external magnet [94,95]. These types of magnetically recyclable nanostructure showed a high activity even after 13 cycles [79,96]. Copper ferrite NPs are ceramic nanoscale materials [97], which can be deployed for different biomedical and biological applications. Some synthesis methodologies of magnetic ferrite NPs are reported (Table 1).

Table 1

Some synthesis methodologies of ferrite NPs and their magnetization values

Ferrite NPs Size (nm) Synthesis methodology Magnetization values (emu/g) Ref.
CoFe2O4 Below 50 Autocombustion synthesis using egg white 42.8 [98]
CuFe2O4 77.7 Sol–gel method 32 [99]
CuFe2O4/Fe2O3 core-shell 80–200 By a simple hydroxide co-precipitation and annealing method 42 [100]
CuFe2O4 ∼9 (average) Sonochemically 9.3 [101]
CuFe2O4 20–50 Chemical co-precipitation 2.7 [102]
CuFe2O4 14.5–22.3  Sol–gel autocombustion 35.4 [103]

Plant extract or plant derivatives such as polysaccharides [104–106] with their medical usage [107–111] for the production of NPs could be an alternative to physiochemical synthesis methods [112].

In this study, copper ferrite NPs were eco-friendly synthesized using aqueous extract of Nasturtium officinale (family: Brassicaceae, English name: watercress). The physicochemical properties of these NPs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses. Finally, the cytotoxicity of these was evaluated against rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells based on MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Iron(iii) chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥98%), copper(ii) chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99%), and sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥ 98%) were utilized for the green synthesis of copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles (CFN). Deionized water was utilized in all stages of the synthesis. Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were purchased from the cellular bank of Pasteur Institute of Iran (Tehran). PC12 cell culture was performed with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; GIBCO, Invitrogen, Paisley, UK), penicillin and streptomycin (both from GIBCO, UK), Fetal Calf Serum (FCS; GIBCO, Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA), and sodium pyruvate (GIBCO, USA) under normal conditions (37°C, 5% CO2, 1% antibiotic solution [pen-strep], high glucose DMEM containing 10% FCS). Cell viability was determined by tetrazolium dye MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), and also dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

2.2 Preparation of CFN

The flowering branches of watercress were washed with deionized water. Plant moisture was removed at 27°C. To each gram of watercress powder, 20 cc of deionized water was added and shaken at 27°C, overnight. Finally, the extract was separated with Whatman paper (size No. 40) and centrifuged. About 3.2 g of FeCl3·6H2O and 1.6 g CuCl2·2H2O was added to 200 cc of watercress aqueous extract at 60°C, respectively, and dissolved with stirring. The pH of the mixture was raised to 10 by utilizing NaOH 1 M solution. The final solution was stirred for 2 h at 60°C. The resulting NPs were washed with deionized water and finally dried at 60°C and calcined at 500°C for 8 h.

2.3 Characterization CFN

XRD analysis was deployed to determine the position of the crystal and the percentage of crystallinity of CFN using Panalytical X’PertPro. This analysis was performed in the 2θ of 10–80° using copper anode material. FE-SEM and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) were deployed for evaluating the morphology and identifying the chemical composition of CFN, respectively (using sigma VP, ZEISS Company equipped with EDS detector of Oxford Instruments Company). The size and shape were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis using Philips CM120. Additionally, the magnetic properties of these NPs were analyzed using VSM analysis (LBKFB; Kashan Kavir Meghnatis Company, Iran) at room temperature.

2.4 Cytotoxicity evaluation of NPs using MTT test

The MTT assay was deployed to assess the cytotoxicity and viability of incubated cells in various concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL) of CFN. Doxorubicin (4 and 8 µg/mL) was utilized as positive control. Around 5,000 cells per well were seeded on the microplate. Concentration of NPs was transferred to each well. Plates were incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 72 h. To perform the MTT assay, the MTT solution was added into each well. After 3 h incubation at 37°C, the medium was eliminated and 100 µL of DMSO was gently added to each well. Subsequently, the absorbance was measured at 490 nm by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader (BioTeks Elx 800). The IC50 (inhibitory concentration needed for cytotoxicity) was assessed by using the Probit test and plotting the level of inhibition vs the concentration.

3 Results

Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern of CFN synthesized at pH = 10 and temperature of 60°C. The XRD patterns of calcined CFN at 500°C for 4 and 8 h are shown in Figure 1a and b, respectively. The XRD spectrum of the calcined NPs for 4 h shows three broad peaks at 2θ = 35.9°, 57.2°, and 62.3°. The XRD spectrum of calcined NPs for 8 h shows five sharp peaks at 2θ = 30°, 35.9°, 43°, 57.2°, and 62.8°. Therefore, the synthesis process of crystallization of CFN strongly depended on the calcination time. The peaks mentioned in two XRD spectra correspond to the cubic spinel structure of the CFN [79,113,114].

Figure 1 XRD spectrum of CFN after calcination at 500°C for 4 h (a) and 8 h (b).
Figure 1

XRD spectrum of CFN after calcination at 500°C for 4 h (a) and 8 h (b).

Figure 2a and b shows the FE-SEM–EDS images prepared from calcined CFN NPs at 500°C for 4 and 8 h, respectively. SEM images of the calcined NPs for 4 and 8 h confirmed the plate-like and spherical surface morphology, respectively. Cubic and sheet-shaped plates with 76–141 nm wide illustrated that the NPs did not crystallize well in a short time (Figure 2a). As the crystallization time increases, the particles are formed in a regular and spherical manner of 15–50 nm (Figure 2b). Based on the results, by increasing the crystallization time, CFN were more spherical and smaller with higher purity. The presence of iron (59.3 wt%), copper (12.7 wt%), and oxygen (28 wt%) confirmed the type of element constituents of CFN [115]. The presence of element carbon in the EDS diagram was due to the residues of the plant extract in the structure of CFN (Figure 2c and d) [116].

Figure 2 FE-SEM–EDS images of NPs: FE-SEM of NPs calcined at 500°C for 4 h (a), 8 h (b), and EDS of CFN (c and d).
Figure 2

FE-SEM–EDS images of NPs: FE-SEM of NPs calcined at 500°C for 4 h (a), 8 h (b), and EDS of CFN (c and d).

The TEM images with a bright-field background are shown in Figure 3. Nanostructure with spherical and elliptical morphology can be detected.

Figure 3 TEM images of CFN.
Figure 3

TEM images of CFN.

The magnetic properties of CFN at room temperature and ±16 kOe applied field are shown in Figure 4. The amount of magnetic saturation (Ms) for the synthesized NPs was 10 emu/g. According to the literature, CFN had weak superparamagnetic properties. Additionally, the amount of Ms of NPs depends on their size [117,118].

Figure 4 Hysteresis loop of CFN.
Figure 4

Hysteresis loop of CFN.

The cytotoxic effect of CFN was evaluated on PC12 cell lines using MTT assay and compared with the results obtained from the untreated cells (as negative control) and doxorubicin (as positive control) (Figure 5). The CFN demonstrated an insignificance index of anti-multiplication/cytotoxicity effects on PC12 cell lines with IC50 value 225.01 µg/mL. As shown in Figure 5, the cytotoxicity of NPs at a concentration of 250 µg/mL was higher than the positive control.

Figure 5 Cell viability of CFN on neuronal cell line in comparison with doxorubicin as positive control and untreated control (*P value < 0.01).
Figure 5

Cell viability of CFN on neuronal cell line in comparison with doxorubicin as positive control and untreated control (*P value < 0.01).

4 Discussion

In this study, CFN were successfully synthesized using N. officinale aqueous extract. The spinel structure and superparamagnetic behavior of these NPs were confirmed by XRD and VSM analyses. The cytotoxicity of these was evaluated by MTT method against neuronal PC12 cells for 72 h. The cytotoxicity of these at concentrations of 1–1,000 µg/mL was evaluated against rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by MTT method. The CFN demonstrated an insignificance index of anti-multiplication/cytotoxicity effects on PC12 cell lines with IC50 value of 225.01 µg/mL.

According to the literature, plant extract as well as biogenic NPs of copper oxide and iron oxide are the best biological agents in reducing brain damage and treating degenerative neurological diseases. Kanagesan et al. reported that copper ferrite NPs had antioxidant and time-dependent anti-cancer properties at low concentrations and at high concentrations, respectively. These NPs had significant toxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells at a concentration of 500 μg/mL [119]. CuFe2O4@Ag biogenic NPs with high permeability in human gastric adenocarcinoma and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7breast cancer caused fragmentation of cell nuclei and increased caspase-3 activity and apoptosis [120]. Copper ions increased the surface to volume ratio in CFN, thus demonstrating good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus [121].

In recent years, medicinal plants together with various nanomaterials can be considered as promising neuroprotective agents. Scientists are seeking to increase the neuroprotective effect of drugs by producing NPs using plant extracts. In one study, PC12 cell damage by methadone was reduced with Nigella sativa and CuO NPs [122]. In vivo studies demonstrated that iron NPs containing plant saponin could be employed as neuroprotective agent – with better performance than plant saponin due to the synergistic effects of iron NPs and saponin [123]. The synergy of metal ions and plant extracts has been proven in reducing brain damage and treating neurodegenerative diseases. CuO NPs synthesized by applying N. sativa L. have shown suitable antioxidant properties. These biogenic NPs protected phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells from destructive agents by reducing nucleic acid damage, inflammatory agents, and activity of the enzyme caspase-3 [122]. Sharma et al. reported that magnetic iron oxide NPs were harmless to neurons. Additionally, these NPs in combination with other therapeutic agents were useful in brain and spinal cord injuries as diagnostic and therapeutic agents [124]. In another study, iron oxide NPs were studied (in vivo analysis) for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, because of their unique magnetic properties, thus identifying these superparamagnetic NPs as neuroprotective agents [125]. Ruanglertboon et al. demonstrated that watercress ethanolic extract improved dexamethasone-induced neuronal destruction in male mice. These results introduced the N. officinale plant as a neuroprotective agent [126]. According to the literature and the results of this study, CFN and N. officinale extract demonstrated no toxicity on neuronal PC12 cells, and as well as promising functionality; therefore, they can be suggested as attractive neuroprotective agents.

5 Conclusion

In this study, CFN were synthesized using aqueous extract of N. officinale via a simple and green method. Physicochemical properties of these NPs were evaluated by XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, VSM, and TEM analyses. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility and toxicity of these NPs with high functionality and unique properties for clinical and biomedical applications.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by Tarbiat Modares University.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-03-22
Revised: 2022-05-24
Accepted: 2022-05-29
Published Online: 2022-06-25

© 2022 Saade Abdalkareem Jasim et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0143
Keywords for this article
magnetic ceramic ferrites; copper ferrite nanostructures; cytotoxicity evaluation; green chemistry; plant extracts
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
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  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
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  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
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  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
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  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
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  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
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  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
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  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
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  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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