Startseite Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
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Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass

  • Yuan Xie EMAIL logo , Yuanhua He , Xiantao Chen , Daqin Bu , Xiaolong He , Maoyong Zhi und Mingwu Wang EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 13. Dezember 2021
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

Establishing the correlation between the topography and the bactericidal performance is the key to improve the mechano-bactericidal activity. However, due to the complexity of the mechano-bactericidal mechanism, the correlation between density and bactericidal performance is still not clear. Based on this, a series of nanoblades (NBs) with various density but similar thickness and height were prepared on the chemically strengthened glass (CSG) substrate by a simple alkaline etching method. The mechano-bactericidal properties of NBs on CSG (NBs@CSG) surfaces exposed to Escherichia coli were evaluated. The results show that with the NB density increasing, the mechano-bactericidal performance of the surface increased first and then decreased. Besides, the bactericidal performance of NBs@CSG is not affected after four consecutive ultrasonic cleaning bactericidal experiments. This article can provide guidance for the design of the new generation of mechano-bactericidal surfaces. In addition, this technology is expected to be applied to the civil aviation cabin window lining.

Graphical abstract

Topography and mechano-bactericidal performance of nanoblades (NBs) with different densities on the chemically strengthened glass for civil aircraft portholes. Low-density NBs, medium-density NBs, high-density NBs, and ultra-high density NBs.

Keywords: nanoblades; mechano-bactericidal activity; chemically strengthened glass; surface topography; alkaline etching

1 Introduction

The convenient and fast air transportation has become an important way for the spread of infectious microorganisms, allowing pathogens to spread over long distances. So the demand for the prevention and control of pathogenic microorganisms in cabins has risen to a new height [1]. Traditional cabin disinfection is time-consuming and laborious [2], it is very necessary to find a new technology to prevent and control the microorganisms in cabins quickly and efficiently [3]. Previous studies have shown that mechano-bactericidal has the above advantages [4], and its bactericidal performance is better than other surface treatment methods [5,6] (for example, quaternary ammonium salt [7] and nano heavy metal [8] disintegrate cell membranes by the chemical activity, antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids [9]). However, due to the complexity of the mechano-bactericidal action [10], the relationship between the bactericidal performance and topography is still not clear [11,12]. The basic research on correlation is of great value to the application of mechano-bactericidal method such as reduce labor costs [13,14].

As a large class of typical pathogenic microorganism, bacteria are ubiquitous in the cabin environment. It can realize the initial adhesion [15], proliferation [15], bio-film formation [16], and final migration [17] on the surface in a short time [18]. Each of the processes can cause the spread of bacteria [19,20] that infect a person through skin contact or breathing [21]. Passenger cabins are densely populated and relatively airtight places. Although cabins are equipped with filtration systems, it still cannot effectively prevent the people on board from being infected [2,22]. In particular, the surface of high-frequency touched such as chemically strengthened glass (CSG) of cabin window is easily contaminated with bacteria. Inhibiting or preventing the bacteria from replicating on such surface is the key to disease prevention and control [23]. At present, chlorine-containing and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants are generally used for cabin disinfection [24]. However, these chemical treatment methods may not be durable, and the residual chemicals may remain on the surface and cause potential toxicity and irritation [25]. The limitation of the chemical treatment methods has caused that a complete cleaning of the cabin must be implemented after each flight, which would cost a lot of manpower to disinfect the inner face and significantly extend waiting time for boarding [3].

Since Ivanova et al. first discovered the nanopillar structure based on “mechano-bactericidal activity” from the insect surface [26,27], this method is expected to become the next generation of surface sterilization treatment [28,29,30,31,32]. The mechano-bactericidal activity is realized by the interaction between the nanoscale array structure on the surface and the bacterial cell, which destroys the integrity of the cell. The bactericidal performance does not depend on the chemical properties of the surface, so it has the advantage of not producing secondary contamination and drug-resistant bacteria [12,33]. The mechanical bactericidal performance is affected by many surface characteristic factors, such as geometry [34,35], size [36,37], height [38], pillar elasticity [5], aspect-ratio [38,39,40], surface irregularity [30,33], and substrate chemistry [41]. The results show that higher aspect ratio and lower tip diameter can improve the surface mechano-bactericidal activity by imposing more stress on the cells. However, due to the diversity of topography parameters and the complexity of the biocide mechanism, there is no accurate conclusion about the effect of the density of the bactericidal nano units on the mechano-bactericidal performance [11]. In our previous studies, a series of bactericidal Zn–Al LDHs nanoblades (NBs) were grown, the results show that the low tip-width and high-density NBs (HD-NBs) have higher bactericidal activity [42]. We found that the mechano-bactericidal performance was mainly affected by the tip-width of the bactericidal unit, and the lower top diameter could exert stronger force on the bacterial cell wall and destroy the cell integrity faster. Therefore, it is an effective method to improve the bactericidal performance by reducing the tip diameter of bactericidal units [43]. In addition, the increase of stress caused by different heights can also improve the bactericidal performance [6].

In particular, the density of the mechano-bactericidal unit (nanopillar, NBs) not only affects the number of bactericidal units on the substrate surface, but also determines the number of bactericidal units that single bacteria cells can contact, which is also an important factor affecting the mechano-bactericidal activity. However, it is not clear that the bactericidal rate increases infinitely as the density of NBs increases. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the “optimal density” of bactericidal NBs.

At present, the preparation of bionic bactericidal nanostructures mainly includes hydrothermal method [4,44], nanoimprint lithography [45], reactive-ion beam etching [26,46], chemical vapor deposition [40], and liquid-phase exfoliation [47]. However, for amorphous substrates (such as glass), it is difficult to grow firmly bonded nanostructures directly [48,49]. Although the lattice mismatch between array units and the substrate can be reduced by preforming a seed layer as a buffer [50,51], the additional process will greatly reduce the efficiency. The etching method can solve the above problems well [52]. The alkaline etching method of building nanostructure on the surface of CSG substrate can be realized.

In this study, we investigated the correlation between the density of NBs and their bactericidal properties. Aiming at the above bactericidal problems, the CSG substrates that have a series of NBs with similar thickness, length, height, and significantly different densities were etched by alkaline etching method, named low-density NBs (LD-NBs), medium-density NBs (MD-NBs), HD-NBs, and ultra-high-density NBs (UHD-NBs). The topography parameters and bactericidal performance of each sample were analyzed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images and sticking membrane method separately. And then the influence of NB density on bactericidal activity was explored, which can provide effective guidance for the design of efficient mechano-bactericidal nanostructures on civil aircraft portholes. We expect to prepare a simple, effective, efficient, and long-term bactericidal NB structure on the CSG substrate, to realize the saving of manual disinfection labor, which is expected to be applied in the civil aviation field.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

CSG sheet 3 cm × 4 cm × 0.15 mm, medical disinfectant alcohol, pure ethanol, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) were purchased from Chang Zheng Chemicals Co., Ltd (Chengdu). All the chemicals used in this study were analytically pure. The etching solution was prepared with deionized water. The chemical composition of the original CSG surface is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

The composition of CSG

SiO2 Na2O K2O CaO Al2O3 MgO Others
Weight percentage (%) 70.32 15.86 2.12 3.85 4.37 3.28 0.20

2.2 Preparation of NBs by KOH etching

The cleaned CSG sheet was placed in 50 mL etching solution in a 100 mL teflon container, which was sealed by the stainless-steel reactor at 95°C. The 0.1 mol L−1 KOH was utilized as etching solution. To prepare a series of NBs, the etching time was controlled in 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. After etching, the products were cooled at room temperature, then the etched-CSG was cleaned by ionized water and dried in room temperature. Then each sample was cut to the appropriate size before use. The optical pictures of each etched-CSG sample are shown in Figure 1. There is no obvious difference in the appearance of the etched samples.

Figure 1 Optical pictures of CSG and NBs@CSG sheets: (a) CSG original sample; etched-CSG after etching for different time: (b) 1 h, (c) 2 h, (d) 3 h, and (e) 4 h.
Figure 1

Optical pictures of CSG and NBs@CSG sheets: (a) CSG original sample; etched-CSG after etching for different time: (b) 1 h, (c) 2 h, (d) 3 h, and (e) 4 h.

2.3 Characterization

To characterize the surface topographies of CSG and etched CSG, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, JEOL, JSM-7001F) was used at a voltage of 10 kV. Due to the poor conductivity of each sample, it is necessary to spray gold (10 mA, 70 s) before FE-SEM observation to ensure the observation effect. The Image J software was used to calculate the NB density. Steps are as follows: five 1 µm2 areas were randomly selected in the SEM image of a sample. The topography parameters of the NBs in each area were counted respectively, and the average density was finally calculated. The composition of the samples was measured by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Horiba 7021-H).

2.4 Bactericidal performance of NBs@CSG

To evaluate the bactericidal properties of the NBs@CSG against bacteria, the sticking membrane method referring to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS Z 2801) was used [53]. Each CSG sheet was assembled into a test device with a cavity of 1 cm × 1 cm × 0.12 cm, and the test surface constitute the under inner surface of the cavity. Before the bactericidal experiment, the whole device was immersed into disinfection alcohol for 1 min, and then transferred to the effective area of the clean bench (Shanghai Shu Li Instruments Co., Ltd, SW-CJ-1F) for drying. The Escherichia coli strain (E. coli ATCC 25922) was selected as the model strain in the experiment. The E. coli strain was successively activated and multiplied in a nutrient broth medium at 38°C for 3 h, and then the bacterial suspension was diluted to the standard concentration (5.0 × 106 CFU mL−1) by sterilized normal saline. About 100 µL E. coli standard bacterial suspensions were carefully dropped into the cave of the test device and incubated at 37°C for 10 min. To avoid the influence of bacteria movement on the bactericidal properties of the surface [54], all droplets were added at a distance of 0.5 cm from the CSG sample. To count the number of live bacteria on the surface, each sample was thoroughly washed with sterilized physiological saline (10 mL). After the eluent was subsequently diluted and cultivated, the bactericidal rate of CFU per cm2 was calculated. Each sample is repeated five times.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Fabrication and topography characterization of NBs@CSG

To obtain etched surfaces with different topographies, the etching time was controlled, and a series of blade-like nanostructures were prepared, which were named as low-density NBs@CSG, medium-density NBs@CSG, high-density NBs@CSG, and ultra-high-density NBs@CSG (LD-NBs@CSG, MD-NBs@CSG, HD-NBs@CSG and UHD-NBs@CSG; Figure 2). After 1 h of etching, evenly distributed NBs were formed on the CSG surface, and a large number of NBs existed in the form of a single individual (Figure 2a). The NBs fused with each other and gradually formed a blade network structure with the increase of etching time (Figure 2b–d). The statistical results of blade width, length, and density according to SEM are shown in Figure 2e–g. With the increase of etching time to 4 h, the width of the NBs decreases slightly (from 22.21 ± 4.44 to 20.10 ± 4.83 nm), and the blade length increases from 120.95 ± 50.23 to 153.73 ± 66.58 nm. In this process, the blade density increases from 4.0 × 109 to 7.3 × 109 slice cm−2.

Figure 2 Surface topography and topography statistics of NBs@CSG. SEM images of etched-CSG after etching for different time: (a) 1 h, (b) 2 h, (c) 3 h, and (d) 4 h. Topographic parameters of the NBs: (e) width, (f) length, and (g) density.
Figure 2

Surface topography and topography statistics of NBs@CSG. SEM images of etched-CSG after etching for different time: (a) 1 h, (b) 2 h, (c) 3 h, and (d) 4 h. Topographic parameters of the NBs: (e) width, (f) length, and (g) density.

3.2 The etching mechanism of CSG

To explore and study the etching process of CSG, the composition of the CSG surface was analyzed. CSG is divided into network formers, network modifiers, and intermediates according to cation types. Network formers are usually composed of [SiO4]4− units, which usually form a three-dimensional network structure through the interconnection of bridging oxygen. Network modifiers, such as K and Na ions, can interrupt the network and lead to non-bridge oxygen that adjust glass properties. Network intermediates, mainly composed of double-acting cations (Mg, Al), can act as network formers or network modifiers according to environmental changes [55]. EDS is used to analyze various compositions of each surface, and the atomic ratio of network modifiers (Na, K), intermediates (Al, Mg), and network formers (Si) with time is calculated (Figure 3). The results show that the content of Na and K on the surface of CSG decreases rapidly in the condition of thermal-alkali solution, indicating that the network modifiers formed by CSG are dissolved first. Attribute to the cations in this region have a very low binding energy with non-bridge oxygen (Na–O: 94 kJ mol−1, K–O: 54 kJ mol−1), can exchange with hydrogen ions in the water and enter the solution [56]. After Na and K dissolved, the exposed area of network modifiers is more likely to react with water to generate silanol groups, which will further undergo dehydration cross-linking and local network reconstruction to form a single NB (Figure 3a). Then the pores are generated in the network modifier region, allowing water molecules to enter the surface for further etching. Therefore, the growth rate of NBs near the network modifier region is slightly faster. As the reaction continues, the Si–O (bond energy 443 kJ mol−1) in network formers area slowly depolymerize and form to Si–OH (equation (1)) and further form into soluble Si − O − SiO ( OH ) 4 − (equation (2)) [57]. Near the substrate, Si − O − SiO ( OH ) 4 − reacts with K+, Na+, and Ca2+ in solution to form a gel layer, which acts as a barrier, thus reducing the loss rate of Na and K on the CSG surface and delaying the etching rate (Figure 3). Moreover, the gel layer slowly participates in the reconstruction of the NB network [58], which makes the blade length and density continuously increase (Figure 2b–d). With the prolonging of etching time, the width and the height of the NBs were almost negligible, attribute to the high bond energy of Si–O, the low diffusion rate, and blocking effect of the gel layer. The content of Al and Mg decreased slightly during the etching process, also result from the blocking effect of the gel layer and the higher bond energies between the non-bridge oxygen and intermediates cationic. Under the same etching conditions, the size of the NBs obtained on CSG is much larger than that on calcium sodium glass, which may be due to the different content of network modifiers. Calcium sodium glass has a larger number of network modifier regions and therefore a larger number of initial etching sites can be formed during the ion exchange period [59].

(1) Si − O − Si + H 2 O ↔ 2 Si − OH,

(2) Si − O − Si ( OH ) 3 + OH − → Si − O − Si ( OH ) 4 − .

Figure 3 Atomic ratio [cationic/Si] changes with etching time of CSG.
Figure 3

Atomic ratio [cationic/Si] changes with etching time of CSG.

3.3 Density-dependent mechanical bactericidal activity of NBs@CSG

The statistical results of bactericidal experiment were shown in Figure 4a. All of the NB surfaces show a certain bactericidal activities after 10 min of incubation. And from the LD-NBs to UHD-NBs, the surface bactericidal performance was firstly increased and then decreased. Previous studies have shown that the larger the length of the bactericidal unit tip, the smaller the stress on the bactericidal cell and the poorer the mechano-bactericidal performance. Therefore, the continuous increase in the bactericidal performance of LD-NB to HD-NB samples was mainly caused by the increase of blade density. The increase of blade density can increase the number of the sterilization unit that contact a single cell, resulting in an increased ability to damage the bacterial membrane. The E. coli cells (0.5 × 1–3 µm) are larger in size than NBs. However, the positive correlate promotion effect works only within a certain range. As the blade density further increased, the surface bactericidal activity decreased obviously (Figure 4a). The excessively high blade density may reduce the stress of a single blade on cells due to stress averaging. In addition, the excessively high blade density will also affect the effective sinking of bacterial cells, and reduce the force on cells. Notably, the CSG-NB surface had a lower bactericidal performance than the nanopillar of the same density (black silicon: 4.5 × 105 CFU min−1 cm−2, dragonfly wing: 4.5 × 105 CFU min−1 cm−2; cicada wing: 2.0 × 105 CFU min−1 cm−2) [26], which has a lower tip diameter and can cause higher stress on the bacterial cell [6]. It is worth noting that compared with LD-NBs@CSG, ZnAl lamellar bimetallic hydroxide HD-NBs (ZnAl LDH HD-NBs) prepared in our previous study has similar density and higher width and length (width: 29.32 ± 5.74 nm, length: 880.00 ± 223.62 nm, density: 4.4 × 109 slice cm−2), but the bactericidal rate of ZnAl LDH HD-NBs is higher than that of LD-NBs@CSG (8.69 ± 1.16 × 103 CFU cm−2 min−1) [42]. This may be attributed to the low height of LD-NBs@CSG, which could not provide enough altitude difference to provide enough mechanical force on bacterial cells.

Figure 4 The mechanical bactericidal activity of NBs@CSG. (a) The bactericidal rate against E. coli of NBs@CSG with different density. (b) The long-term stability of HD-NBs@CSG bactericidal effect. The 1–4 times consecutive bactericidal experiment statistical results of E. coli on HD-NBs@CSG with or without ultrasonic wave treatment. Incubation time: 10 min. The data are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates.
Figure 4

The mechanical bactericidal activity of NBs@CSG. (a) The bactericidal rate against E. coli of NBs@CSG with different density. (b) The long-term stability of HD-NBs@CSG bactericidal effect. The 1–4 times consecutive bactericidal experiment statistical results of E. coli on HD-NBs@CSG with or without ultrasonic wave treatment. Incubation time: 10 min. The data are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates.

To evaluate the long-term bactericidal efficacy of HD-NBs@CSG, a continuous bactericidal experiment was carried out. A complete experiment process was carried out for each test. The results showed that after four times bactericidal experiments, the surface maintained good bactericidal activity and did not significantly decrease (Figure 4), shows a good long-term bactericidal performance. At the same time, the effective combination of NBs and substrate directly affects the surface bactericidal activity, so the ultrasonic pretreatment-bactericidal experimental group is carried out to evaluate the reliability of the performance of the HD-NBs@CSG. An ultrasonic wave cleaning process (100 W, 5 min) was added before each bactericidal experiment. As the result shows in Figure 4b, the bactericidal activity of ultrasonic pretreatment group and the untreated group was not significantly different in four times continuous bactericidal experiments, which shows the bactericidal performance stability. It is well known that the effective combination of nanostructure and substrate directly determines the performance [60]. This is because the NBs combine well with the CSG substrate and the ultrasonic treatment does not affect the nanostructure of the surface (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Binding of NBs on CSG substrate surface. The surface topography after ultrasonic cleaning-bactericidal experiment: (a) 2 times and (b) 4 times. The ultrasonic cleaning process: 5 min.
Figure 5

Binding of NBs on CSG substrate surface. The surface topography after ultrasonic cleaning-bactericidal experiment: (a) 2 times and (b) 4 times. The ultrasonic cleaning process: 5 min.

4 Conclusions

In conclusion, in this study a series of NB structures with gradient densities, similar thickness and height were constructed on the surface of CSG by alkali etching by controlling etching time. The etched NBs@CSG has a mechanical bactericidal activity, and the surface bactericidal activity can be improved by increasing the blade density in a certain range. The NB has an optimal density, which can achieve the highest mechano-bactericidal performance. Therefore, it is unrealistic to increase the efficiency of mechanical sterilization by increasing the density of bactericidal units. Although our experiments clarified the relationship between CSG–NBs density and mechano-bactericidal performance, the interaction mechanism between other nano units (such as nanopillar and nanocone) and bacteria may be different, so the correlation between these surface nano unit densities and bactericidal performance needs to be further studied. In addition, to solve the long-term application, the good combination between the CSG substrate and the blade was demonstrated by the ultrasonic treatment of HD-NBs sample. Thus, this study provides a simple method and idea for the preparation of fast and efficient bactericidal nanostructures on the surface of CSG in civil aircraft cabin to realize the saving of manual disinfection labor, which is conducive to the further practical application of mechanical bactericidal technology.

  1. Funding information: This study was financially supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province (No. 2017RZ0032).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-05-28
Revised: 2021-09-28
Accepted: 2021-10-21
Published Online: 2021-12-13

© 2022 Yuan Xie et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
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  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
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  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0008
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nanoblades; mechano-bactericidal activity; chemically strengthened glass; surface topography; alkaline etching
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of MWCNT dispersion effect on the elastic modulus of flexible PDMS/MWCNT nanocomposites
  3. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
  4. Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites
  5. Glutathione-loaded non-ionic surfactant niosomes: A new approach to improve oral bioavailability and hepatoprotective efficacy of glutathione
  6. Relationship between mechano-bactericidal activity and nanoblades density on chemically strengthened glass
  7. In situ regulation of microstructure and microwave-absorbing properties of FeSiAl through HNO3 oxidation
  8. Research on a mechanical model of magnetorheological fluid different diameter particles
  9. Nanomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rubber–wood–plastic composites
  10. Investigative properties of CeO2 doped with niobium: A combined characterization and DFT studies
  11. Miniaturized peptidomimetics and nano-vesiculation in endothelin types through probable nano-disk formation and structure property relationships of endothelins’ fragments
  12. N/S co-doped CoSe/C nanocubes as anode materials for Li-ion batteries
  13. Synergistic effects of halloysite nanotubes with metal and phosphorus additives on the optimal design of eco-friendly sandwich panels with maximum flame resistance and minimum weight
  14. Octreotide-conjugated silver nanoparticles for active targeting of somatostatin receptors and their application in a nebulized rat model
  15. Controllable morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures formed via hydrothermal vulcanization of Bi2O3 thin-film layer and their photoelectrocatalytic performances
  16. Development of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-loaded folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for prostate cancer treatment
  17. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior
  18. Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films
  19. Optimization of nano coating to reduce the thermal deformation of ball screws
  20. Preparation of efficient piezoelectric PVDF–HFP/Ni composite films by high electric field poling
  21. MHD dissipative Casson nanofluid liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet with radiation influence and slip velocity phenomenon
  22. Effects of nano-SiO2 modification on rubberised mortar and concrete with recycled coarse aggregates
  23. Mechanical and microscopic properties of fiber-reinforced coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete
  24. Effect of morphology and size on the thermodynamic stability of cerium oxide nanoparticles: Experiment and molecular dynamics calculation
  25. Mechanical performance of a CFRP composite reinforced via gelatin-CNTs: A study on fiber interfacial enhancement and matrix enhancement
  26. A practical review over surface modification, nanopatterns, emerging materials, drug delivery systems, and their biophysiochemical properties for dental implants: Recent progresses and advances
  27. HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates
  28. Effects of microalloying elements added by in situ synthesis on the microstructure of WCu composites
  29. A highly sensitive nanobiosensor based on aptamer-conjugated graphene-decorated rhodium nanoparticles for detection of HER2-positive circulating tumor cells
  30. Progressive collapse performance of shear strengthened RC frames by nano CFRP
  31. Core–shell heterostructured composites of carbon nanotubes and imine-linked hyperbranched polymers as metal-free Li-ion anodes
  32. A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory
  33. Simple models for tensile modulus of shape memory polymer nanocomposites at ambient temperature
  34. Preparation and morphological studies of tin sulfide nanoparticles and use as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
  35. Polyethyleneimine-impregnated activated carbon nanofiber composited graphene-derived rice husk char for efficient post-combustion CO2 capture
  36. Electrospun nanofibers of Co3O4 nanocrystals encapsulated in cyclized-polyacrylonitrile for lithium storage
  37. Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte
  38. Formulation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded sorafenib; evaluation of cytotoxicity, molecular evaluation, and gene expression studies in lung and breast cancer cell lines
  39. Engineered nanocomposites in asphalt binders
  40. Influence of loading voltage, domain ratio, and additional load on the actuation of dielectric elastomer
  41. Thermally induced hex-graphene transitions in 2D carbon crystals
  42. The surface modification effect on the interfacial properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy: A molecular dynamics study
  43. Molecular dynamics study of deformation mechanism of interfacial microzone of Cu/Al2Cu/Al composites under tension
  44. Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows
  45. Compressive strength and anti-chloride ion penetration assessment of geopolymer mortar merging PVA fiber and nano-SiO2 using RBF–BP composite neural network
  46. Effect of 3-mercapto-1-propane sulfonate sulfonic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the growth of cobalt pillar by electrodeposition
  47. Dynamics of convective slippery constraints on hybrid radiative Sutterby nanofluid flow by Galerkin finite element simulation
  48. Preparation of vanadium by the magnesiothermic self-propagating reduction and process control
  49. Microstructure-dependent photoelectrocatalytic activity of heterogeneous ZnO–ZnS nanosheets
  50. Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells
  51. Improving recycled aggregate concrete by compression casting and nano-silica
  52. Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
  53. Nonlinear dynamic and crack behaviors of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites with various geometries
  54. Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and its therapeutic efficacy against colon cancer
  55. Synthesis and characterization of smart stimuli-responsive herbal drug-encapsulated nanoniosome particles for efficient treatment of breast cancer
  56. Homotopic simulation for heat transport phenomenon of the Burgers nanofluids flow over a stretching cylinder with thermal convective and zero mass flux conditions
  57. Incorporation of copper and strontium ions in TiO2 nanotubes via dopamine to enhance hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility
  58. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles
  59. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-strengthened recycled aggregate concrete
  60. Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
  61. Tunning matrix rheology and mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete using cellulose nanofibers
  62. Flexible MXene/copper/cellulose nanofiber heat spreader films with enhanced thermal conductivity
  63. Promoted charge separation and specific surface area via interlacing of N-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes on carbon nitride nanosheets for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
  64. Elucidating the role of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mitigating the disease of the eggplant caused by Phomopsis vexans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
  65. An implication of magnetic dipole in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil using ternary hybrid nanomaterial
  66. Robust synthesis of a composite phase of copper vanadium oxide with enhanced performance for durable aqueous Zn-ion batteries
  67. Tunning self-assembled phases of bovine serum albumin via hydrothermal process to synthesize novel functional hydrogel for skin protection against UVB
  68. A comparative experimental study on damping properties of epoxy nanocomposite beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets
  69. Lightweight and hydrophobic Ni/GO/PVA composite aerogels for ultrahigh performance electromagnetic interference shielding
  70. Research on the auxetic behavior and mechanical properties of periodically rotating graphene nanostructures
  71. Repairing performances of novel cement mortar modified with graphene oxide and polyacrylate polymer
  72. Closed-loop recycling and fabrication of hydrophilic CNT films with high performance
  73. Design of thin-film configuration of SnO2–Ag2O composites for NO2 gas-sensing applications
  74. Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
  75. PVDF green nanofibers as potential carriers for improving self-healing and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs
  76. Osteogenesis capability of three-dimensionally printed poly(lactic acid)-halloysite nanotube scaffolds containing strontium ranelate
  77. Silver nanoparticles induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and late non-canonical autophagy in HT-29 colon cancer cells
  78. Preparation and bonding mechanisms of polymer/metal hybrid composite by nano molding technology
  79. Damage self-sensing and strain monitoring of glass-reinforced epoxy composite impregnated with graphene nanoplatelet and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
  80. Thermal analysis characterisation of solar-powered ship using Oldroyd hybrid nanofluids in parabolic trough solar collector: An optimal thermal application
  81. Pyrene-functionalized halloysite nanotubes for simultaneously detecting and separating Hg(ii) in aqueous media: A comprehensive comparison on interparticle and intraparticle excimers
  82. Fabrication of self-assembly CNT flexible film and its piezoresistive sensing behaviors
  83. Thermal valuation and entropy inspection of second-grade nanoscale fluid flow over a stretching surface by applying Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li relation
  84. Mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-SiO2 and basalt-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
  85. Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives
  86. Combined impact of Marangoni convection and thermophoretic particle deposition on chemically reactive transport of nanofluid flow over a stretching surface
  87. Spark plasma extrusion of binder free hydroxyapatite powder
  88. An investigation on thermo-mechanical performance of graphene-oxide-reinforced shape memory polymer
  89. Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design
  90. Design selection for a hemispherical dimple core sandwich panel using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods
  91. Improving tensile strength and impact toughness of plasticized poly(lactic acid) biocomposites by incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose
  92. Green synthesis of spinel copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles and their toxicity
  93. The effect of TaC and NbC hybrid and mono-nanoparticles on AA2024 nanocomposites: Microstructure, strengthening, and artificial aging
  94. Excited-state geometry relaxation of pyrene-modified cellulose nanocrystals under UV-light excitation for detecting Fe3+
  95. Effect of CNTs and MEA on the creep of face-slab concrete at an early age
  96. Effect of deformation conditions on compression phase transformation of AZ31
  97. Application of MXene as a new generation of highly conductive coating materials for electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction
  98. A comparative study of the elasto-plastic properties for ceramic nanocomposites filled by graphene or graphene oxide nanoplates
  99. Encapsulation strategies for improving the biological behavior of CdS@ZIF-8 nanocomposites
  100. Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs from pumpkin seeds’ extract and elucidation of its anticancer potential against breast cancer
  101. Preliminary trials of the gold nanoparticles conjugated chrysin: An assessment of anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro cytotoxic activities of a nanoformulated flavonoid
  102. Effect of micron-scale pores increased by nano-SiO2 sol modification on the strength of cement mortar
  103. Fractional simulations for thermal flow of hybrid nanofluid with aluminum oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles with water and blood base fluids
  104. The effect of graphene nano-powder on the viscosity of water: An experimental study and artificial neural network modeling
  105. Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent
  106. Characterization, biocompatibility and in vivo of nominal MnO2-containing wollastonite glass-ceramic
  107. Entropy production simulation of second-grade magnetic nanomaterials flowing across an expanding surface with viscidness dissipative flux
  108. Enhancement in structural, morphological, and optical properties of copper oxide for optoelectronic device applications
  109. Aptamer-functionalized chitosan-coated gold nanoparticle complex as a suitable targeted drug carrier for improved breast cancer treatment
  110. Performance and overall evaluation of nano-alumina-modified asphalt mixture
  111. Analysis of pure nanofluid (GO/engine oil) and hybrid nanofluid (GO–Fe3O4/engine oil): Novel thermal and magnetic features
  112. Synthesis of Ag@AgCl modified anatase/rutile/brookite mixed phase TiO2 and their photocatalytic property
  113. Mechanisms and influential variables on the abrasion resistance hydraulic concrete
  114. Synergistic reinforcement mechanism of basalt fiber/cellulose nanocrystals/polypropylene composites
  115. Achieving excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of TiB2–B4C/carbon aerogel composites by quick-gelation and mechanical mixing
  116. Microwave-assisted sol–gel template-free synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles obtained from South African coal fly ash
  117. Pulsed laser-assisted synthesis of nano nickel(ii) oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride: Characterizations and their potential antibacterial/anti-biofilm applications
  118. Effects of nano-ZrSi2 on thermal stability of phenolic resin and thermal reusability of quartz–phenolic composites
  119. Benzaldehyde derivatives on tin electroplating as corrosion resistance for fabricating copper circuit
  120. Mechanical and heat transfer properties of 4D-printed shape memory graphene oxide/epoxy acrylate composites
  121. Coupling the vanadium-induced amorphous/crystalline NiFe2O4 with phosphide heterojunction toward active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts
  122. Graphene-oxide-reinforced cement composites mechanical and microstructural characteristics at elevated temperatures
  123. Gray correlation analysis of factors influencing compressive strength and durability of nano-SiO2 and PVA fiber reinforced geopolymer mortar
  124. Preparation of layered gradient Cu–Cr–Ti alloy with excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity
  125. Recovery of Cr from chrome-containing leather wastes to develop aluminum-based composite material along with Al2O3 ceramic particles: An ingenious approach
  126. Mechanisms of the improved stiffness of flexible polymers under impact loading
  127. Anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a battery of in vitro tests
  128. Review Articles
  129. Proposed approaches for coronaviruses elimination from wastewater: Membrane techniques and nanotechnology solutions
  130. Application of Pickering emulsion in oil drilling and production
  131. The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
  132. Graphene-based biosensors for disease theranostics: Development, applications, and recent advancements
  133. Synthesis and encapsulation of iron oxide nanorods for application in magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy
  134. Contemporary nano-architectured drugs and leads for ανβ3 integrin-based chemotherapy: Rationale and retrospect
  135. State-of-the-art review of fabrication, application, and mechanical properties of functionally graded porous nanocomposite materials
  136. Insights on magnetic spinel ferrites for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia applications
  137. A review on heterogeneous oxidation of acetaminophen based on micro and nanoparticles catalyzed by different activators
  138. Early diagnosis of lung cancer using magnetic nanoparticles-integrated systems
  139. Advances in ZnO: Manipulation of defects for enhancing their technological potentials
  140. Efficacious nanomedicine track toward combating COVID-19
  141. A review of the design, processes, and properties of Mg-based composites
  142. Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes
  143. Two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer composites: Fundamentals and applications
  144. Recent progress and challenges in plasmonic nanomaterials
  145. Apoptotic cell-derived micro/nanosized extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration
  146. Electronic noses based on metal oxide nanowires: A review
  147. Framework materials for supercapacitors
  148. An overview on the reproductive toxicity of graphene derivatives: Highlighting the importance
  149. Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis
  150. Research progress of carbon materials in the field of three-dimensional printing polymer nanocomposites
  151. A review of atomic layer deposition modelling and simulation methodologies: Density functional theory and molecular dynamics
  152. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials
  153. Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review
  154. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO2
  155. Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
  156. Graphene-based nanocomposite using new modeling molecular dynamic simulations for proposed neutralizing mechanism and real-time sensing of COVID-19
  157. Nanotechnology application on bamboo materials: A review
  158. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications
  159. Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
  160. 3D printing customized design of human bone tissue implant and its application
  161. Design, preparation, and functionalization of nanobiomaterials for enhanced efficacy in current and future biomedical applications
  162. A brief review of nanoparticles-doped PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for OLED and OPV
  163. Nanotechnology interventions as a putative tool for the treatment of dental afflictions
  164. Recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks integrating quantum dots (QDs@MOF) and their potential applications
  165. A focused review of short electrospun nanofiber preparation techniques for composite reinforcement
  166. Microstructural characteristics and nano-modification of interfacial transition zone in concrete: A review
  167. Latest developments in the upconversion nanotechnology for the rapid detection of food safety: A review
  168. Strategic applications of nano-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Benefits and bottlenecks
  169. Molecular dynamics application of cocrystal energetic materials: A review
  170. Synthesis and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in biomedicine
  171. Cutting-edge development in waste-recycled nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications
  172. Biological applications of ternary quantum dots: A review
  173. Nanotherapeutics for hydrogen sulfide-involved treatment: An emerging approach for cancer therapy
  174. Application of antibacterial nanoparticles in orthodontic materials
  175. Effect of natural-based biological hydrogels combined with growth factors on skin wound healing
  176. Nanozymes – A route to overcome microbial resistance: A viewpoint
  177. Recent developments and applications of smart nanoparticles in biomedicine
  178. Contemporary review on carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and their impact on multifarious applications
  179. Interfacial interactions and reinforcing mechanisms of cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and starch derivatives for cement and concrete strength and durability enhancement: A review
  180. Diamond-like carbon films for tribological modification of rubber
  181. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified cement-based materials: A systematic review
  182. Recent research progress and advanced applications of silica/polymer nanocomposites
  183. Modeling of supramolecular biopolymers: Leading the in silico revolution of tissue engineering and nanomedicine
  184. Recent advances in perovskites-based optoelectronics
  185. Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: New production methods and applications
  186. A comprehensive review of nanofluids with fractional derivatives: Modeling and application
  187. Electrospinning of marine polysaccharides: Processing and chemical aspects, challenges, and future prospects
  188. Electrohydrodynamic printing for demanding devices: A review of processing and applications
  189. Rapid Communications
  190. Structural material with designed thermal twist for a simple actuation
  191. Recent advances in photothermal materials for solar-driven crude oil adsorption
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Heruntergeladen am 2.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0008/html?lang=de
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