Home Comparative properties of nanofibers produced using unbleached and bleached wheat straw pulps
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Comparative properties of nanofibers produced using unbleached and bleached wheat straw pulps

  • Mohammad Ahmadi EMAIL logo , Sahab Hedjazi and Hossein Yousefi
Published/Copyright: July 11, 2018
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal
From the journal Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal Volume 33 Issue 3

Abstract

Unbleached nanofibers (UNF) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were produced from unbleached and bleached wheat straw pulps using microfluidizer. The UNF and CNF and their corresponding films were characterized and compared. FE-SEM images showed UNF were thicker than CNF and with increasing passing number from microfluidizer, the diameter of UNF and CNF reduced. UNF films showed higher density, opacity and transparency as well as less water vapor permeation than those of CNF films The highest tensile index obtained for UNF film (114 Nm/g) and CNF film (107 N.m/g) both obtained at energy consumption of 458 kwh/t which was consumed in refiner and microfluidizer. The tensile index decreased at energy consumption higher than 458 kwh/t. The highest burst index of CNF film was 6.9 kPa.m2/g which was achieved using 358 kwh/t in microfluidizer As energy consumption increases, the burst index of CNF film decreased. On the other hand, with the increase of energy consumption and numbers of passes the burst index of UNF films increased, reaching the value of 8.8 kPa.m2/g. Elimination of bleaching has valuable advantages including saving energy, less environmental pollution, higher production yield and less downsizing energy consumption and less finished cost of nanofibers with desired properties.

Keywords: cellulose nanofibers (CNF); energy consumption; mechanical properties; microfluidizer; unbleached nanofibers (UNF); wheat straw

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend special thanks to Prof. Dr. Bodo Saake and Dr. Othar Kordsachia from Hamburg University for their kind cooperation and guidance during this study.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Bhat, AH., Yusra, A. (2012) Green composites from sustainable cellulose nanofibrils: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 87:963–979.10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.078Search in Google Scholar

Andresen, M, Johansson, L.-S., Tanem, B. S., Stenius, P. (2006) Properties and characterization of hydrophobized microfibrillated cellulose. Cellul. 13:665–677.10.1007/s10570-006-9072-1Search in Google Scholar

Andresen M., Stenius P. (2007) Water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by hydrophobized microfibrillated cellulose. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 28:837–844.10.1080/01932690701341827Search in Google Scholar

Ankerfors M., Lindström T., Söderberg D. (2012) The use of microfibrillated cellulose in fine paper manufacturing Results from a pilot scale papermaking trial. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 29:476–483.10.3183/npprj-2014-29-03-p476-483Search in Google Scholar

Berglund L., Peijs T. (2010) Cellulose biocomposites-from bulk moldings to nanostructured systems. Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 35:201–207.10.1557/mrs2010.652Search in Google Scholar

Bhardwaj N., Hoang V., Nguyen K. (2007) A comparative study of the effectof refining on physical and electrokinetic properties of various cellulosic fibres. Bioresour. Technol. 8:1647–1654.10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chinga-Carrasco G. (2011) Cellulose fibres, nanofibrils and microfibrils: the morphological sequence of MFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6:1–7.10.1186/1556-276X-6-417Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Engström, A. C., Henriksson, G. (2006) Improved accessibility and reactivity of dissolving pulp for the viscose process: Pretreatment with monocomponent endoglucanase. Biomacromolecules 7:2027–2031.10.1021/bm0509725Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Eriksen Ø., Syverud K., Gregersen Ø.W. (2008) The use of microfibrillated cellulose produced from kraft pulp as strength enhancer in TMP paper. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 23:299–304.10.3183/npprj-2008-23-03-p299-304Search in Google Scholar

Ferrer A., Filpponen I., Rodriguez A., Laine J., Rojas O. J.. (2012) Valorization of residual Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Fibers (EPFBF) by microfluidization: production of nanofibrillated cellulose and EPFBF nanopaper. Bioresour. Technol. 125:249–255.10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.108Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gatenholm P., Klemm D. (2010) Bacterial nanocellulose as a renewable material for biomedical applications. Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 35:208–213.10.1557/mrs2010.653Search in Google Scholar

Ghahremani M., Hedjazi S., Ashori A., Abdulkhani A. (2014) Environmental Friendly Pulping of Kenaf Using Monoethanolamine: Influence of the Process Variables on the Strength Properties. Polym. Adv. Technol. 33(S1). doi:10.1002/adv.21456.Search in Google Scholar

Glasenapp S. (2014) Charakterisierung von Nanofibrillen aus unterschiedlichen Zellstoffen, Master Thesis Hamburg University, Germany, 34–35.Search in Google Scholar

Habibi Y., Lucia L. A., Rojas O. J., (2010) Cellulose nanocrystals: chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chem. Rev. 110:3479–3500.10.1021/cr900339wSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Hassan M. L., Mathew A. P., Hassan E. A., El-Wakil N. A., Oksman K. (2012) Nanofibers from bagasse and rice straw: process optimization and properties. Wood Sci. Technol. 46:193–205.10.1007/s00226-010-0373-zSearch in Google Scholar

Hedjazi S., Kordsachia, O., Patt R., Kreipl A. (2009) MEA/water/AQ-pulping of wheat straw. Holzforschung 63(5): 505–512.10.1515/HF.2009.110Search in Google Scholar

Henriksson M., Berglund L., Isaksson P., Lindström T., Nishino T. (2008) Cellulose nanopaper structures of high toughness. Biomacromolecules 9:1579–1585.10.1021/bm800038nSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Isogai, A., Saito T., Fukuzumi H. (2011) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Nanoscale 3:71–85.10.1039/C0NR00583ESearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Iwamoto S., Nakagaito A. N., Yano H. (2007) Nano-fibrillation of pulp fibers for the processing of transparent nanocomposites. Appl. Phys. A 89:461–466.10.1007/s00339-007-4175-6Search in Google Scholar

Jonoobi, M., Harun J., Shakeri A., Misra M., Oksman K. (2009) Chemical composition, crystallinity and thermal degradation of bleached and unbleached kenaf bast (Hibiscus cannabinus) pulp and nanofibers. BioResources 4:626–639.10.15376/biores.4.2.626-639Search in Google Scholar

Klemm D., Kramer F., Moritz S., Lindström T., Ankerfors, M., Gray D., Dorris A. (2011) Nanocelluloses: a new family of nature-based materials. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 50:5438–5466.10.1002/anie.201001273Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lavoine N., Desloges I., Dufresne A., Bras J. (2012) Microfibrillated cellulose: its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 90:735–764.10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lindström T., Winter L. (1988) Microfibrillar Cellulose aa a component in the manufacture of paper (in Swedish). Swedish Forest Products Research Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden, STFI-meddelande C159.Search in Google Scholar

Nishino T., Arimoto N. (2006) All-cellulose composite by selective dissolving of fiber surface. Biomacromolecules 8: 2712–2716.10.1021/bm0703416Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Pääkkö M., Ankerfors M., Kosonen H., Nykänen A., Ahola S., Österberg M., Ruokolainen J., Laine, J., Larsson P.T., Ikkala O., Lindström T. (2007) Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromolecules 8:1934–1941.10.1021/bm061215pSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Salehi K., Kordsachia O., Patt R. (2014) Comparison of MEA/AQ, soda and soda AQ pulping of wheat and rye straw. Ind. Crop. Prod. 52:603–610.10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.014Search in Google Scholar

Siro I., Plackett D. (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellul. 17:459–494.10.1007/s10570-010-9405-ySearch in Google Scholar

Spence K. L., Venditti R. A., Rojas O. J., Habibi Y., Pawlak J. J. (2010) The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: Mechanical processing and physical properties. Bioresour. Technol. 101:5961–5968.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.104Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Spence K. L., Venditti R. A., Rojas O. J., Habibi Y., Pawlak J. J. (2011a) A comparative study of energy consumption and physical properties of microfibrillated cellulose produced by different processing methods. Cellul. 18:1097–1111.10.1007/s10570-011-9533-zSearch in Google Scholar

Spence K. L., Venditti R. A., Rojas O. J., Pawlak J. J., Hubbe M. A. (2011b) Water vapor barrier properties of coated and filled microfibrillated cellulose composite films. Bioresources 6:4370–4388.10.15376/biores.6.4.4370-4388Search in Google Scholar

Turbak A. F., Snyder F. W., Sandberg K. R. (1983) Microfibrillated cellulose, a new cellulose product: properties, uses, and commercial potential. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Appl. Polym. Symp. 37:815–827.Search in Google Scholar

Vartiainen J., Pöhler T, Sirola K., Pylkkänen L., Alenius H., Hokkinen J. et al.(2011) Health and environmental safety aspects of friction grinding and spray drying of microfibrillated cellulose. Cellul. 18:775–786.10.1007/s10570-011-9501-7Search in Google Scholar

Yousefi H., Faezipour M., Hedjazi S., Mousavi M. M., Azusa Y., Heidari A. H. (2013) Comparative study of paper and nanopaper properties prepared from bacterial cellulose nanofibers and fibers/ground cellulose nanofibers of canola straw. Ind. Crop. Prod. 43:732–737.10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.030Search in Google Scholar

Yousefi H., Faezipour, M., Nishino T., Shakeri A., Ebrahimi G. (2011a) All-cellulose composite and nanocomposite made from partially dissolved micro and nano fibers of canola straw. Polym. J. 43:559–564.10.1038/pj.2011.31Search in Google Scholar

Zhang J., Song H., Lin L., Zhuang J., Pang C., Liu S. (2012) Microfibrillated cellulose from bamboo pulp and its properties. Biomass Bioenergy 39:78–83.10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.06.013Search in Google Scholar

Zimmermann T, Bordeanu N., Strub E. (2010) Properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from different raw materials and its reinforcement potential. Carbohydr. Polym. 79:1086–1093.10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.10.045Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2017-09-25
Accepted: 2018-02-12
Published Online: 2018-07-11
Published in Print: 2018-09-25

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorials
  3. Farewell and good luck to Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal
  4. Change of Editor-in-Chief
  5. Biorefinery
  6. Kinetic study on the decomposition of cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in an ionic liquid/organic biphasic system
  7. Antibacterial evaluation of CNF/PVAm multilayer modified cellulose fiber and cellulose model surface
  8. Chemical pulping
  9. Dewatering properties of low grammage handsheets of softwood kraft pulps modified to minimize the need for refining
  10. NSSC pulping of fast growing trees
  11. Addition of corn fiber xylan to eucalyptus and pinus pulp and its effect on pulp bleachability and strength
  12. Recovery
  13. Removal of hazardous trace elements from green liquor dregs by mechanical separation methods
  14. Bleaching
  15. Additives to decrease cellulose chain scission during ozone bleaching of wheat straw pulp
  16. Mechanical pulping
  17. Comparative properties of nanofibers produced using unbleached and bleached wheat straw pulps
  18. Effects of chip pretreatment and feeding segments on specific energy and pulp quality in TMP production
  19. An experimental study of the chipping process with focus on energy consumption and chipping angles
  20. Average fibre length as a measure of the amount of long fibres in mechanical pulps – ranking of pulps may shift
  21. Paper technology
  22. The effect of in-line foam generation on foam quality and sheet formation in foam forming
  23. The wet strength of water- and foam-laid cellulose sheets prepared with polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin
  24. Manufacture of high bulk paper using alkali swollen kraft pulp
  25. Paper physics
  26. The impact of zeolite filler on ageing and mechanical failure of paper
  27. The relationship between shrinkage and elongation of bleached softwood kraft pulp sheets
  28. Paper chemistry
  29. Engineered porous calcium silicate as paper filler: effect of filler morphology on paper properties
  30. Printing
  31. Edge spread function for the paper-ink system
  32. Packaging
  33. Lignin-containing coatings for packaging materials
  34. Environmental impact
  35. Application of Fenton’s reagent degrades dissolved and colloidal substances in old corrugated container white water
  36. Quick estimation for pollution load contributions of aromatic organics in wastewater from pulp and paper industry
  37. Recycling
  38. Circular action treatment (CAT): a new strategy for mechanical treatment of old corrugated containers II – comparison of CAT with low-consistency beating
  39. Corrigendum
  40. Corrigendum to: The influence of bar width on bar forces and fibre shortening in low consistency pulp refining
https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3024
Keywords for this article
cellulose nanofibers (CNF); energy consumption; mechanical properties; microfluidizer; unbleached nanofibers (UNF); wheat straw

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorials
  3. Farewell and good luck to Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal
  4. Change of Editor-in-Chief
  5. Biorefinery
  6. Kinetic study on the decomposition of cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in an ionic liquid/organic biphasic system
  7. Antibacterial evaluation of CNF/PVAm multilayer modified cellulose fiber and cellulose model surface
  8. Chemical pulping
  9. Dewatering properties of low grammage handsheets of softwood kraft pulps modified to minimize the need for refining
  10. NSSC pulping of fast growing trees
  11. Addition of corn fiber xylan to eucalyptus and pinus pulp and its effect on pulp bleachability and strength
  12. Recovery
  13. Removal of hazardous trace elements from green liquor dregs by mechanical separation methods
  14. Bleaching
  15. Additives to decrease cellulose chain scission during ozone bleaching of wheat straw pulp
  16. Mechanical pulping
  17. Comparative properties of nanofibers produced using unbleached and bleached wheat straw pulps
  18. Effects of chip pretreatment and feeding segments on specific energy and pulp quality in TMP production
  19. An experimental study of the chipping process with focus on energy consumption and chipping angles
  20. Average fibre length as a measure of the amount of long fibres in mechanical pulps – ranking of pulps may shift
  21. Paper technology
  22. The effect of in-line foam generation on foam quality and sheet formation in foam forming
  23. The wet strength of water- and foam-laid cellulose sheets prepared with polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin
  24. Manufacture of high bulk paper using alkali swollen kraft pulp
  25. Paper physics
  26. The impact of zeolite filler on ageing and mechanical failure of paper
  27. The relationship between shrinkage and elongation of bleached softwood kraft pulp sheets
  28. Paper chemistry
  29. Engineered porous calcium silicate as paper filler: effect of filler morphology on paper properties
  30. Printing
  31. Edge spread function for the paper-ink system
  32. Packaging
  33. Lignin-containing coatings for packaging materials
  34. Environmental impact
  35. Application of Fenton’s reagent degrades dissolved and colloidal substances in old corrugated container white water
  36. Quick estimation for pollution load contributions of aromatic organics in wastewater from pulp and paper industry
  37. Recycling
  38. Circular action treatment (CAT): a new strategy for mechanical treatment of old corrugated containers II – comparison of CAT with low-consistency beating
  39. Corrigendum
  40. Corrigendum to: The influence of bar width on bar forces and fibre shortening in low consistency pulp refining
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 23.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/npprj-2018-3024/html
Scroll to top button