Home The Moral Economy of Global Crowds: Egypt 1977, Brazil 2013
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The Moral Economy of Global Crowds: Egypt 1977, Brazil 2013

  • A. C. Drainville EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 22, 2015
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Presuming the hegemony of transnational capital – and thus the perils of action at the global level – critical scholarship has looked with benevolent complacency upon what people actually resisting neoliberal world ordering in our time have been inventing in the course of their struggles. Here, I want to stay a little longer with praxis itself as it takes shape in moments of encounters between global power and its opposite, when world order can still be problematized as if it was at stake. Looking into the gatherings of global crowds, I find a common legitimizing notion. In contrast to the “steady-state” morality of peasants, the moral economy of global crowds is more properly thought of as a morality of situation. It is not about subjectivity but presence. In the second section of the text, I argue for the relative coherence of a “moral and ethical order” of resistance. That we may still be in a time when it appears unnatural for power to be defined outside concrete, historical, situations when presence is possible suggests that domination, not hegemony, should serve as our reference point for thinking about world order and resistance.

References

Almeida, I. R. de, and C. R.Jung. 2013 “Change Detection in Human Crowds.” Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), 2013 26th SIBGRAPI-Conference on.10.1109/SIBGRAPI.2013.18Search in Google Scholar

Amar, P.2013. “Black-Blocking Rio: Dislocating Police and Remapping Race for Brazil’s Mega-events: A Conversation with Vargas’ “Taking Back the Land: Police Operations and Sports Mega-events in Rio De Janeiro.” Souls15 (4):30411.10.1080/10999949.2013.884447Search in Google Scholar

Amin, A.2004. “Regions Unbound: Towards a New Politics of Place.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography86 (1):3344.10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00152.xSearch in Google Scholar

Anner, M. S.2011. Solidarity Transformed: Labor Responses to Globalization and Crisis in Latin America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.10.7591/9780801460579Search in Google Scholar

Arias, J.2013. “¿Por qué la protesta de Brasil es diferente?El Pais Internacional. June 22.Search in Google Scholar

Association, F.2011. Moments of Excess: Movements, Protest and Everyday Life. Oakland, CA: PM Press.Search in Google Scholar

Assy, B., and B.Ertür. 2014. Supplements: Law and Resistance—Turkey and Brazil. Law and Critique25 (1):113.10.1007/s10978-013-9131-3Search in Google Scholar

Aulas, M. -C.1982. “Sadat’s Egypt: A Balance Sheet.” MERIP Reports107:631.10.2307/3011724Search in Google Scholar

Ayubi, N. N. M.1982. “From State Socialism to Controlled Commercialism: The Emergence of Egypt’s Open Door Policy.” The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics20 (3):26485.10.1080/14662048208447412Search in Google Scholar

Bakker, K.2007. “The “Commons” Versus the “Commodity”: Alter‐Globalization, Anti‐Privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South.” Antipode39 (3):43055.10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00534.xSearch in Google Scholar

Barchiesi, F.2001. “Transnational Capital, Urban Globalisation and Cross-Border Solidarity: The Case of South African Municipal Workers.” In Place, Space and the New Labour Internationalisms, edited by P.Waterman and J.Wills, 80102. Oxford: Blackwell.10.1002/9781444397529.ch5Search in Google Scholar

Beinin, J.1989. “Labor, Capital, and the State in Nasserist Egypt, 1952–1961.” International Journal of Middle East Studies21 (1):7190.10.1017/S0020743800032116Search in Google Scholar

Beinin, J., and H.El-Hamalawy. 2007. “Egyptian Textile Workers Confront the New Economic Order.” Middle East Research and Information Project: 267. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero032507Search in Google Scholar

Bennett, W.2003. “Communicating Global Activism.” Information, Communication & Society6 (2):14368.10.1080/1369118032000093860aSearch in Google Scholar

Bieler, A., and A. D.Morton. 2006. “Class Formation, Resistance and the Transnational.” In Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour, edited by A.Bieler, W.Bonefeld, P.Burnham and A. D.Morton, 196206. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.10.1057/9780230627307_12Search in Google Scholar

Bina, C., and B.Yaghmaian. 1994. “Post-War Global Accumulation and the Transnationalisation of Capital.” Capital and Class43 (Spring 1994):10729.Search in Google Scholar

Booth, W. J.1994. “On the Idea of the Moral Economy.” American Political Science Review88 (3):65367.10.2307/2944801Search in Google Scholar

Borras, S. M.2010. “The Politics of Transnational Agrarian Movements.” Development and Change41 (5):771803.10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01661.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bourcier, N., and B.Hopquin. 2013. “Dilma Rousseff Propose Une Réforme De La Constitution Brésilienne.” Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/06/25/dilma-rousseff-propose-une-reforme-de-la-constitution-bresilienne_3436059_3222.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Boyer, V.2011. “L’anthropologie Des Quilombos Et La Constitution De «Nouveaux Sujets Politiques».” Civilisations59 (1):15778.10.4000/civilisations.2634Search in Google Scholar

Bradshaw, E. A.2013. “This Is What a Police State Looks Like: Sousveillance, Direct Action and the Anti-Corporate Globalization Movement.” Critical Criminology21 (4):44761.10.1007/s10612-013-9205-4Search in Google Scholar

Braga, R., and R.Antunes. 2013. “The June Days in Brazil.” Global Dialogue3 (5):1213.Search in Google Scholar

Braudel, F.1979. Civilisation Matérielle, Économie Et Capitalisme XVème-XVIIème Siècle. 3 Vols. Vol. Vol III. Le Temps Du Monde. Paris: Armand Colin.Search in Google Scholar

Braudel, F.1985. La Dynamique Du Capitalisme. Paris: Flammarion.Search in Google Scholar

Carroll, R., W. E.Schmidt, and B.Came. 1977. Sadat’s Darkest Hour Newsweek: 51.Search in Google Scholar

Carroll, W. K.2014. “Organizing the Production of Alternative Visions to Support Social and Eco-Justice.” XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology (July 13–19, 2014).Search in Google Scholar

Carroll, W. K.2015. “Modes of Cognitive Praxis in Transnational Alternative Policy Groups.” Globalizations (ahead-of-print):118.10.1080/14747731.2014.1001231Search in Google Scholar

Carter, M.2010. “The Landless Rural Workers Movement and Democracy in Brazil.” Latin American Research Review45 (Special issue):186217.10.1353/lar.2010.0032Search in Google Scholar

Carty, V.2004. “Transnational Labor Mobilizing in Two Mexican Maquiladoras: The Struggle for Democratic Globalization.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly9 (3):295310.10.17813/maiq.9.3.q8438040k2uup54rSearch in Google Scholar

Castañeda, E.2012. “The Indignados of Spain: A Precedent to Occupy Wall Street.” Social Movement Studies11 (3/4):30919.10.1080/14742837.2012.708830Search in Google Scholar

Caverzan, L.2013. “Policia preparada, Sim, e cruel.” Folha de S.Paulo, 15 June.Search in Google Scholar

Chullén, J., and D.Lincoln. 1998. Sugar world: information and analysis for sugar workers, 1977-1997: ICCSASW-CCSTAM.Search in Google Scholar

Clément, F.2009. “Workers Protests under Economic Liberalization in Egypt.” In Political and Social Protest in Egypt, edited by N. S.Hopkins, 10017. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cocco, G., and Y. M.Boutang. 2013. “La Première Révolte De La Multitude Du Travail Métropolitain.” Multitudes3 (54):1931.10.3917/mult.054.0019Search in Google Scholar

Correspondent, O. L.1977. “Voices from Egypt’s bottomless pit.” The Economist: 59.Search in Google Scholar

Critchely, S.2006. Infinitely Demanding: Ethics of Commitment, Politics of Resistance. London: Verso.Search in Google Scholar

Dangl, B.2007. The Price of Fire: Resource Wars and Social Movements in Bolivia. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Search in Google Scholar

Davis, M.2006. “Planet of Slums.” New Perspectives Quarterly23 (2):611.10.1111/j.1540-5842.2006.00797.xSearch in Google Scholar

Dehghan, A., H.Idrees, A. R.Zamir, and M.Shah. 2014. “Automatic Detection and Tracking of Pedestrians in Videos with Various Crowd Densities.” In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012, 319. New York and London: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9_1Search in Google Scholar

Delanty, G.1998. “The Idea of the University in the Global Era: From Knowledge as an End to the End of Knowledge?Social Epistemology12 (1):325.10.1080/02691729808578856Search in Google Scholar

Desmarais, A. A., M. G.Rivera-Ferre, and B.Gasco. 2014. “Building Alliances for Food Sovereignty: La Vía Campesina, NGOs, and Social Movements.” Alternative Agrifood Movements: Patterns of Convergence and Divergence (Research in Rural Sociology and Development, Volume 21) Emerald Group Publishing Limited21:89110.10.1108/S1057-192220140000021009Search in Google Scholar

Dobbz, H.2012. Nine-Tenths of the Law: Property and Resistance in the United States. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Search in Google Scholar

Downie, A.2013. “Brazil’s World Cup Protests Intensify as Country’s Politicians and FIFA Squirm.” Time Online. June 21.Search in Google Scholar

Drainville, A. C.1995. “Politics of Resistance in the New World Order.” A New World Order?: Global Transformations in the Late Twentieth Century164:217.Search in Google Scholar

Drainville, A. C.2013a. A History of World Order and Resistance: The Making and Unmaking of Global Subjects. London and New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203154533Search in Google Scholar

Drainville, A. C.2013b. “Present in the World Economy: Québec’s Students in the Springtime.” Globalizations10 (6):785801.10.1080/14747731.2013.814454Search in Google Scholar

Drainville, A. C.2013c. “Present in the World Economy: Québec’s Students in the Springtime.” Globalizations10 (6):785801.10.1080/14747731.2013.814454Search in Google Scholar

Drainville, A. C.1994. “International Political Economy in the Age of Open Marxism.” Review of International Political Economy1 (1 Spring):10532.10.1080/09692299408434270Search in Google Scholar

Drainville, A. C.2004. Contesting Globalization: Space and Place in the World Economy. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203622599Search in Google Scholar

Duffy, G.2013. “Brazil President Dilma Rousseff plays hand over protests.”Search in Google Scholar

Edelman Boren, M.2001. Student Resistance: A History of the Unruly Subject. London, New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Editoriais. 2013. “Agentes Do Caos.” Folha De S.Paulo. 15 June.Search in Google Scholar

Egan, A., and A.Wafer. 2004. “The Soweto Electric Crisis Committee.” In Globalisation, Marginalisation and New Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa 1–26. Durban: University of Kwazulu-Natal.Search in Google Scholar

Fafchamps, M.1992. “Solidarity Networks in Preindustrial Societies: Rational Peasants with a Moral Economy.” Economic Development and Cultural Change41 (1):14774.10.1086/452001Search in Google Scholar

Faria, R.2013. Encore une occasion ratée Courrier international, June–July, 26.Search in Google Scholar

Foden, S.2013. Celebrities Join Brazil Protest Movement. The Rio Times.Search in Google Scholar

Fonsêca, D.2013. “The media in the June 2013 demonstrations.”Search in Google Scholar

Frederick, H.1993. “Computer Networks and the Emergence of Global Civil Society.” Global Networks: Computers and International Communication, edited by L. M. Harasim, 28395, MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Freeman, J.2014. “Raising the Flag Over Rio De Janeiro’s Favelas: Citizenship and Social Control in the Olympic City.” Journal of Latin American Geography13 (1):738.10.1353/lag.2014.0016Search in Google Scholar

Funke, P. N.2014. “Building Rhizomatic Social Movements? Movement-Building Relays During the Current Epoch of Contention.” Studies in Social Justice8 (1):2744.10.26522/ssj.v8i1.1037Search in Google Scholar

Gardener, D.2012. “Workers’ Rights and Corporate Accountability – the Move Towards Practical, Worker-Driven Change for Sportswear Workers in Indonesia.” Gender & Development20 (1):4965.10.1080/13552074.2012.663623Search in Google Scholar

Garmany, J.2011. “Situating Fortaleza: Urban Space and Uneven Development in Northeastern Brazil.” Cities28 (1):4552.10.1016/j.cities.2010.08.004Search in Google Scholar

Gaspari, E.2013. A PM comecou a batalha na Maria Antonia Folha de S. Paulo, 153 June.Search in Google Scholar

Gill, S.2003. “The Post-Modern Prince.” In Power and Resistance in the New World ORDER, edited by S.Gill, 21121. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Giulianotti, R., and R.Robertson. 2004. “The Globalization of Football: A Study in the Glocalization of the ‘Serious Life’.” The British Journal of Sociology55 (4):54568.10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00037.xSearch in Google Scholar

Gold, D.2012. “Court demands end of strike by Brazil 2014 World Cup stadium workers.” Inside world football, February 3.Search in Google Scholar

Goldstein, D. M.2005. “Flexible Justice Neoliberal Violence and ‘Self-Help’security in Bolivia.” Critique of Anthropology25 (4):389411.10.1177/0308275X05058656Search in Google Scholar

Gomes Filho, A. F., A. L. A.Sobral, P.Claudio A, D.Arce, G. A.Bianco, J. C.Rodrigues, J. O.Gomes, and P. V. R.Carvalho. “C2 Center dealing with the unexpected: resilience and brittleness during FIFA Confederation Cup.”Search in Google Scholar

Gould-Wartofsky, M.2008. ““We Will Not Be Moved”: El Barrio Fights Back Against Globalized Gentrification” Counterpunch.Search in Google Scholar

Graeber, D.2002. “The New Anarchists.” New Left Review13 (6):6173.Search in Google Scholar

Griffin, Jo.2013. “In the Favelas on the Frontline of Protest, Brazilians Ask: Who Is This World Cup for?”The Guardian/Observer. June 22.Search in Google Scholar

Gutner, T.1999. The Political Economy of Food Subsidy Reform in Egypt. Washington DC: Food Consumption and Nutrition Division/International Food Policy Research Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Hale, A., and J.Wills. 2007. “Women Working Worldwide: Transnational Networks, Corporate Social Responsibility and Action Research.” Global Networks7 (4):45376.10.1111/j.1471-0374.2007.00179.xSearch in Google Scholar

Hamalaway, H. El.2001. “January 18 and 19, 1977 “Uprising the Thieves or an Aborted Revolution?’” Masters of arts, Department of Political Science; School of Humanities and Social Sciences American University in Cairo.Search in Google Scholar

Hamilton, C.1993. “LA’S IMF Riots.” Earth Island Journal8 (4):36–9.Search in Google Scholar

Hanlon, J.1990. “Successes and Future Prospects of Sanctions against South Africa.”10.1080/03056249008703849Search in Google Scholar

Hayduk, R.2012. “Global Justice and OWS: Movement Connections.” Socialism and Democracy26 (2):4350.10.1080/08854300.2012.686276Search in Google Scholar

Holland, H., and M.Brady. 1982. “Rise and Fall of EPZs.” Economic and Political Weekly17 (41):16467.Search in Google Scholar

Holt-Giménez, E., R.Bunch, J. I.Vasquez, J.Wilson, M. P.Pimbert, B.Boukary, and C.Kneen. 2010. “Linking Farmers’ Movements for Advocacy and Practice.” Journal of Peasant Studies37 (1):20336.10.1080/03066150903499943Search in Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, P. D.1991. “Review: Oligarchs and Cronies in the Philippine State: The Politics of Patrimonial Plunder.” World Politics43 (3):41450.10.2307/2010401Search in Google Scholar

Jelly-Schapiro, E.2012. “The Stands Bereft of People”: The Cultural Politics of World Cup Stadia.” Transition109 (1):98107.Search in Google Scholar

Jensen, K.2014. “Black Brazil Never Slept.” Contexts13 (2):449.10.1177/1536504214533499Search in Google Scholar

Júlíusson, Á. D., and M. S.Helgason. 2013. 12 The roots of the Saucepan Revolution in Iceland Understanding European movements: New social movements, global justice struggles, anti-austerity protest: 189.Search in Google Scholar

Juris, J. S.2012. “Reflections on# Occupy Everywhere: Social Media, Public Space, and Emerging Logics of Aggregation.” American Ethnologist39 (2):25979.10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01362.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kammerer, M. L., and M. V.Sánchez Roncero. 2010. “El Cacerolazo Como Nueva Forma De Expresión Popular.” Question1 (6). http://perio.unlp.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/question/article/view/81Search in Google Scholar

Katz, C., N.Smith, and M.Davis. 1992. “LA Intifada: Interview with Mike Davis.” Social Text 33:1933.10.2307/466432Search in Google Scholar

Laffey, M., and J.Weldes. 2011. “Anti-Globalization” Protests and the Future of Democracy.” In Democracy and Globalization, edited by C.Nieman. Kent: Kent State University Press. 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Laïdi, Z.1998. “Les Imaginaires De La Mondialisation.” Esprit246:8598.Search in Google Scholar

Laïdi, Z.2000. La Mondialisation Comme Phénoménologie Du Monde. Paris: Centre de recherche et d´action sociales.Search in Google Scholar

Lippman, T. W.1977. Egypt Suspends Price Increases As Riots Worsen. The Washington Post A1.Search in Google Scholar

Lynes, K. G.2012. “Poetic Resistance and the Classroom Without Guarantees.” Theory & Event15 (3 (Supplement)). http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/theory_and_event/v015/15.3S.lynes.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

MacKenzie, D.2013. “Brazil’s Uprising Points to Rise of Leaderless Networks.” New Scientist218 (2923):9.10.1016/S0262-4079(13)61586-9Search in Google Scholar

Maeckelbergh, M.2013. “Learning From Conflict: Innovative Approaches to Democratic Decision Making in the Alterglobalization Movement.” Transforming Anthropology21 (1):2740.10.1111/traa.12001Search in Google Scholar

McGowan, L. A.2012. “Women’s Worker Rights, Gender Equality, and Economic Justice.” Development55 (3):3204.10.1057/dev.2012.61Search in Google Scholar

McKay, S. C.2006. “The Squeaky Wheel’s Dilemma: New Forms of Labor Organizing in the Philippines.” Labor Studies Journal30 (4):4163.10.1177/0160449X0603000403Search in Google Scholar

McInnes, P.2003. “Rights, Recognition and Community Mobilisation to Gain Access to Basic Municipal Services in Soweto. Social Inequality Today Macquarie University, Sydney.Search in Google Scholar

Miller, B., and W.Nicholls. 2013. “Social Movements in Urban Society: The City as a Space of Politicization.” Urban Geography34 (4):45273.10.1080/02723638.2013.786904Search in Google Scholar

Mische, A.2013. Come to the streets, but without political parties: The challenge of new B. Mobilizing Ideas.Search in Google Scholar

Morell, M. F.2012. “The Free Culture and 15m Movements in Spain: Composition, Social Networks and Synergies.” Social Movement Studies11 (3–4):38692.Search in Google Scholar

Mountz, A., and W.Curran. 2009. “Policing in Drag: Giuliani Goes Global with the Illusion of Control.” Geoforum40 (6):103340.10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.08.001Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977a. $40,000m., $4,000m. Egyptian Gazette, Friday January 21, 3.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977b. Clandestine CP Group Instigated Acts of Sabotage. Egyptian Gazette, Friday January 21, 1, 3.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977c. Des éléments subversifs ont provoqué des désordres hier au Caire et à Alexandrie. Le Progrès Épyptien, Wednesday January 19, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977d. The Economic Tragedy of Egypt. The Times, January 20, 7.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977e. Egypt must get big political and econ support. Egyptian Gazette, Friday January 21, 3.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977f. Implementation of Price Rises Suspended. Egyptian Gazette, Thursday January 20, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977g. L.E. 7,050 Million Budget for 1977 Before P.A. Egyptian Gazette, Tuesday January 18, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977h. L’application des prix majorés a été suspendue. Le Progrès Épyptien, January 20, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977i. Le calme rétabli: le couvre-feu renvoyé à 19h. Le Progrès Épyptien, Thursday January 21, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977j. Les manifestations: d’autres meneurs arrêtés. Le Progrès Épyptien, Saturday, January 22, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977k. Riots Claim 35 lives in Cairo and Giza. Egyptian Gazette, Friday January 21, 1, 4.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 1977l. Those patient Egyptians lose their patience. The Economist, January 22, 59.Search in Google Scholar

n.d. 2013. Protests in Brazil: The streets erupt. The Economist, June 18.Search in Google Scholar

Ness, I., and D.Azzellini. 2011. Ours to Master and to Own: Workers’ Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.Search in Google Scholar

Neumann, A. L.1982. “Philippine Workers Strike, Triumph at Export Processing Zone.” Multinational Monitor3 (11).Search in Google Scholar

Niemeljer, M.1996. Grassroots labor internationalism: The transnational information exchange. Unpublished thesis, University of Amsterdam.Search in Google Scholar

Nobre, M.2013. “Brésil, Juin 2013: Mouvement Social Et Refus Du « Blindage » De La Démocratie.” Mouvements4 (76):1305.10.3917/mouv.076.0130Search in Google Scholar

Olympics, National Coalition of Local Committees for a People’s World Cup and. 2012. Mega-Events and Human Rights Violations in Brazil. file:///Users/andre/Desktop/2012-World-Cup-Olympics-Dossier-English.pdf: ANCOP.Search in Google Scholar

Overbeek, H., ed. 1993. Restructuring Hegemony in the Global Political Economy: The Rise of Transnational Neo-Liberalism in the 1980’s. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203411865Search in Google Scholar

Paula, D. P., J. M. A.Dias, Ó.Ferreira, and J. O.Morais. 2013. “High-Rise Development of the Sea-Front at Fortaleza (Brazil): Perspectives on Its Valuation and Consequences.” Ocean & Coastal Management77:1423.10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.03.004Search in Google Scholar

Peregil, F.2013a “Nuestros 20 céntimos son el parque de Estambul.” El Pais Interrnacional, June 18.Search in Google Scholar

Peregil, F.2013b “Un monstruo de cien cabezas alimentado por la policía.” El Pais Internacional, June 15.Search in Google Scholar

Perreault, T.2006. “From the Guerra Del Agua to the Guerra Del Gas: Resource Governance, Neoliberalism and Popular Protest in Bolivia.” Antipode38 (1):15072.10.1111/j.0066-4812.2006.00569.xSearch in Google Scholar

Pierce, J., D. G.Martin, and J. T.Murphy. 2011. “Relational Place‐Making: The Networked Politics of Place.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers36 (1):5470.10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00411.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bosc, P.-M., and B.Losch. 2002. “SITUATIONS ET TENDANCES Les Agricultures Familiales Africaines Face À La Mondialisation: Le Défi D’une Autre Transition.” Oleagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides9 (6):4028.10.1051/ocl.2002.0402Search in Google Scholar

Pijl, K. van der. 1984. The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class. London: Verso.Search in Google Scholar

Pilbeam, S., and S.Williams. 2012. The Influence of Civil Society Organisations on Strategic People Management in the UK Contemporary Themes in Strategic People Management: A Case-Based Approach: 34.10.1007/978-1-137-27224-9_4Search in Google Scholar

Piotrowski, G.2013. “Social Movement or Subculture? Alterglobalists in Central and Eastern Europe.” Interface: a Journal for and About Social Movements5 (2):399421.Search in Google Scholar

Pleyers, G.2003. “Del Barrio Al Globo: Los Niveles Del Movimiento Para Otra Mundializacion.” Revista De Ciencias SocialesII (100):17988.Search in Google Scholar

Polanyi, K.1957. The Great Transformation. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Policante, A.2011. “Of Cameras and Balaclavas: Violence, Myth, and the Convulsive Kettle.” Globalizations8 (4):45771.10.1080/14747731.2011.585848Search in Google Scholar

Posusney, M. P.1993. “Irrational Workers: The Moral Economy of Labor Protest in Egypt.” World Politics46 (1):83120.10.2307/2950667Search in Google Scholar

Punch, M.2007. Zero Tolerance Policing. Bristol: The Policy Press.10.1332/policypress/9781847420558.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Rachleff, P.2001. The current crisis of the South African labour movement. Labour/Le Travail: 151–169.10.2307/25149117Search in Google Scholar

Raquel, R.2009. 2009. Mega-Events and Their Impact on the Right to Adequate Housing. New York: United Nations.Search in Google Scholar

Reis, J. J.2003. Death Is a Festival: Funeral Rites and Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century Brazil. Translated by H. Sabrina Glidehill. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press.Search in Google Scholar

Reis, J. J.2011. Candomblé and Slave Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Bahia. Sorcery in the Black Atlantic: 55.Search in Google Scholar

Roggen, D., M.Wirz, G.Tröster, and D.Helbing. 2011. Recognition of crowd behavior from mobile sensors with pattern analysis and graph clustering methods. arXiv preprint arXiv:1109.1664.10.3934/nhm.2011.6.521Search in Google Scholar

Rolnik, R.2013. “Ten Years of the City Statute in Brazil: From the Struggle for Urban Reform to the World Cup Cities.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development5 (1):5464.10.1080/19463138.2013.782706Search in Google Scholar

Romanos, E.2013. “Evictions, Petitions and Escraches: Contentious Housing in Austerity Spain.” Social Movement Studies (ahead-of-print), 13 (2):296302.10.1080/14742837.2013.830567Search in Google Scholar

Romero, S.2012. Slum dwellers are defying Brazil’s grand design for Olympics. New York Times 4.Search in Google Scholar

Rossi, E. Clovis. 2013. Falta alguém na Paulista. Folha de S.Paulo, 14 June.Search in Google Scholar

Rossi, F. M.2014. “Building Factories Without Bosses: The Movement of Worker-Managed Factories in Argentina.” Social Movement Studies (ahead-of-print):110.10.1080/14742837.2013.874525Search in Google Scholar

Roumasset, J. A.1976. Rice and Risk. Decision Making Among Low-Income Farmers. Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. Comp.Search in Google Scholar

Saad-Filho, A.2013. “Mass Protests Under ‘Left Neoliberalism’: Brazil, June-July 2013.” Critical Sociology39 (5):65769.10.1177/0896920513501906Search in Google Scholar

Saad-Filho, A., and L.Morais. 2013. “Mass Protests: Brazilian Spring or Brazilian Malaise?Socialist Register50:50.Search in Google Scholar

Sadiki, L.1996. “The Palestinian Uprising, Bread Riots and Arab Democratisation.” Australian Journal of Political Science31 (3):40120.10.1080/10361149651120Search in Google Scholar

Sadiki, L.2000. “Popular Uprisings and Arab Democratization.” International Journal of Middle East Studies32 (1):7195.10.1017/S002074380002105XSearch in Google Scholar

2012. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology. Evolution of the World Wide Web: From Web 1.0 to Web 4.0Search in Google Scholar

Sánchez, F., and A. -M.Broudehoux. 2013. “Mega-events and Urban Regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: Planning in a State of Emergency.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development5 (2):132–53. doi: 10.1080/19463138.2013.839450.10.1080/19463138.2013.839450Search in Google Scholar

Scott, J. C.1977. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Sheptycki, J. W. E.1998. “The Global Cops Cometh: Reflections on Transnationalization, Knowledge Work and Policing Subculture.” The British Journal of Sociology49 (1):5774.10.2307/591263Search in Google Scholar

Shihade, M., C. F.Fominaya, and L.Cox. 2012. “The Season of Revolution: The Arab Spring and European Mobilizations.” Interface: a Journal for and About Social Movements4 (1):116.Search in Google Scholar

Silva, G.2013. “Call Me the World Cup and Invest in Me’†. a Commentary on Brazil’s Recent Street Protests Against the World Cup and the Olympic Games.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development5 (2):1748.10.1080/19420676.2013.846533Search in Google Scholar

Sklair, L.2001. The Transnational Capitalist Class. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Slamat, A. N.2013. NGOs as Linkages between Grassroots Women and the State: Prospects for State Feminism in South Africa. ” Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, D., M. M. G.Manesh, and A.Alshaikh. 2013. How Can Entrepreneurs Motivate Crowdsourcing Participants?” Technology Innovation Management Review (February: Platforms, Communities, and Business Ecosystems).10.22215/timreview/657Search in Google Scholar

Smith, J.2001. “Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly6 (1):119.10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608Search in Google Scholar

Solomon, N.2003. “Globalization and Its Malcontents.” The Humanist63 (3):35.Search in Google Scholar

Sparke, M.2013. From global dispossession to local repossession: Towards a worldly cultural geography of Occupy activism. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Cultural Geography: 387–408.10.1002/9781118384466.ch33Search in Google Scholar

Spronk, S., and J. R.Webber. 2007. “Struggles Against Accumulation by Dispossession in Bolivia the Political Economy of Natural Resource Contention.” Latin American Perspectives34 (2):3147.10.1177/0094582X06298748Search in Google Scholar

Sterne, J.2012. “Quebec’s Casseroles: On Participation, Percussion and Protest.” Theory & Event15 (3). http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/theory_and_event/v015/15.3S.sterne.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Stevens, J.1978. “Political Repression in Egypt.” MERIP Reports (66):1821.10.2307/3011139Search in Google Scholar

Stiglitz, J.2002. Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: Norton.Search in Google Scholar

Surowiecki, J.2005. The Wisdom of Crowds. New-York: Random House.Search in Google Scholar

Svampa, M.2003. Entre La Ruta Y El Barrio. La Experiencia De Las Organizaciones Piqueteras. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos.Search in Google Scholar

Tarrow, S.2001. “Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science4 (1):120.10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.1Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, B.2013. “From Alterglobalization to Occupy Wall Street: Neoanarchism and the New Spirit of the Left.” City17 (6):72947.10.1080/13604813.2013.849127Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, E. P.1993. “The Moral Economy Reviewed (1971.” In Customs in Common, edited by E. P.Thompson, 259352. London: Penguin Books.Search in Google Scholar

Vargas, J. H. C.2006. “When a Favela Dared To Become a Gated Condominium the Politics of Race and Urban Space in Rio De Janeiro.” Latin American Perspectives33 (4):4981.10.1177/0094582X06289892Search in Google Scholar

Vicari, S.2015. “The Interpretative Dimension of Transformative Events: Outrage Management and Collective Action Framing After the 2001 Anti-G8 Summit in Genoa.” Social Movement Studies (ahead-of-print):119.10.1080/14742837.2014.995076Search in Google Scholar

Wakamiya, S., R.Lee, and K.Sumiya. 2013. “Social-Urban Neighborhood Search Based on Crowd Footprints Network.” In Social Informatics, edited by AdamJ.,E.-P.Lim, Y.Ding, A.Miura, T.Tezuka, G.Dias, K.Tanaka, A.Flanagin, B. T.Dai, 42942. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-03260-3_37Search in Google Scholar

Walker, R. B. J.1993. “Social Movements/World Politics.” Millennium23 (3):669700.10.1177/03058298940230031101Search in Google Scholar

Walton, J.1987. “Urban Protests and the Global Political Economy: The IMF Riots.” In The Capitalist City: Global Restructuring and Community Politics, edited by M.Peter Smith and J. R.Feagin, 36487. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Walton, J., and J.Shefner, eds. 1994. Free Markets and Food Riots: The Politics of Global Adjustment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.10.1002/9780470712962Search in Google Scholar

Warshaw, A.2013. Why World Cup preparation often needs the Iron first of democracy. In Inside World Football.Search in Google Scholar

Watts, J.2013a. Brazil protests erupt over public services and World Cup costs. The Guardian.Search in Google Scholar

Watts, J.2013b. Dilma Rousseff Proposes Referendum on Political Reform. The Guardian.Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, T. D.2012. Review of La Via Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants. Review of Radical Political Economics: 0486613411427019.10.1177/0486613411427019Search in Google Scholar

Winters, M. S., and R.Weitz-Shapiro. 2014. “Partisan Protesters and Nonpartisan Protests in Brazil.” Journal of Politics in Latin America6 (1).10.1177/1866802X1400600105Search in Google Scholar

Wurfel, D.1988. Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. New York: Cornell University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Youngblood, R. L.1983. “The Philippines in 1982: Marcos Gets Tough with Domestic Critics.” Asian Survey23 (2):20816.10.2307/2644353Search in Google Scholar

Zirin, D.2014. Brazil’s Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, the Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.Search in Google Scholar

Zizek, S.2008. Violence. New York: Picador.Search in Google Scholar

Zolberg, A. R.1972. “Moments of Madness.” Politics & Society2 (2):183207.10.1177/003232927200200203Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2015-5-22
Published in Print: 2015-8-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Downloaded on 15.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ngs-2014-0026/html
Scroll to top button