Startseite Retrospective analysis of crescent score in clinical prognosis of IgA nephropathy
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Retrospective analysis of crescent score in clinical prognosis of IgA nephropathy

  • Ying Chen , Yiya Yang , Yumei Liang , Manting Liu , Wei Xiao EMAIL logo und Xiaofang Hu EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 24. Januar 2022
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Medicine Band 17 Heft 1

Abstract

The scoring of crescents (Cs) was recently added to the Oxford classification for IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Because of the short-term use of the C score in clinical practice, its validity and applicability need to be verified. We, retrospectively, analyzed the clinicopathological data of 144 primary IgAN patients diagnosed at our hospital from March 2017 to March 2019 and with complete ≥6-month follow-up data. We found that the C score was positively correlated with the Lee’s classification in the assessment of renal pathological changes and significantly correlated with increased proteinuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed an association of C formation with IgAN prognosis, and multivariate Cox regression indicated Cs as an independent prognosis factor. The optimal proportion of Cs for prognosis prediction by the receiver operating characteristic curve was 11%. Kaplan–Meier survival curve revealed a significantly decreased renal survival rate in patients with C proportions ≥11%. Further multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the C proportion ≥11% is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of IgAN patients. Our findings demonstrate that Cs are independently related to the prognosis of patients with IgAN, and the proportion of Cs ≥11% is an independent risk factor for poor outcomes.

Keywords: IgA nephropathy; Oxford classification; crescent score; renal prognosis

1 Introduction

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common glomerulonephritis that can cause end-stage renal disease (ESRD). IgAN is diagnosed clinically by histopathological examination of renal biopsy tissues with the mesangial deposits of IgA and related immune complexes [1]. IgAN can occur at any age and has highly variable clinical manifestations, such as hematuria with varying degrees of proteinuria, hypertension, and impaired renal function. Certain systemic disorders, such as Henoch–Schonlein purpura nephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, can also lead to IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangium, which is called secondary IgAN [2].

Due to the clinical and pathological diversity of IgAN, this disease progression and prognosis varies interindividually. Therefore, it is necessary to ascertain the risk factors that influence the progression and prognosis of IgAN. In 1982, Lee et al. sorted IgAN patients into the grades 1 through 5 of pathological damage (i.e., mesangial cell proliferation, glomerulosclerosis, C formation, and tubulointerstitial alteration) [3]; the higher the grade of IgAN, the more severe the disease is and the shorter the survival is. Because Lee’s grading for IgAN is simple and easy to operate, it is useful in guiding treatment choices and predicting clinical outcomes [4,5,6]. However, this classification has some shortcomings, mainly lacking an objective evaluation of pathological manifestations [7], which may lead to a biased prediction of prognosis. This has, however, been improved with the introduction of the Oxford classification in 2009, which proposed four highly reproducible variables that can independently predict prognosis, namely mesangial hypercellularity (M), endocapillary proliferation (E), segmental glomerulosclerosis (S), and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T) [8,9].

Crescents (Cs) are a common pathological lesion in IgAN, occurring in approximately 18.8–66.4% of renal biopsy specimens. Glomerular Cs begin with cellular C, which gradually transforms into cellular/fibrous C and then into irreversible fibrous C, and finally manifests as glomerulosclerosis, causing permanent renal damage and even ESRD [10,11]. C formation is closely related to various clinicopathological features; it has a positive correlation with proteinuria and serum creatinine (Scr) [12] and is also associated with global sclerosis, segmental glomerulosclerosis, endocapillary proliferation, and renal tubulointerstitial lesions. Therefore, though controversial, C formation is regarded as an important prognostic marker for IgAN. In 2016, Haas et al. [13] in a study of 3,096 patients with IgAN confirmed that C formation is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with IgAN. The risk of renal progression for patients with Cs in ≥25% of glomeruli is much higher than that of patients with a proportion of Cs <25%. Due to the independent prognostic significance of Cs, the revised Oxford classification (2017) has included Cs by dividing into C0 (no Cs), C1 (<25% of glomeruli containing Cs), and C2 (≥25% of glomeruli with Cs) [14].

Nevertheless, because of the short-term use of the C score in clinical practice, its validity and applicability remain to be verified. In this study, we collected the clinicopathological data of patients with primary IgAN and compared the C scoring to the Lee’s grading system in assessing the pathological changes. We also evaluated the significance of the C score in predicting renal outcome in IgAN, particularly determining the optimal cutoff value of C proportion that best correlates with patient prognosis.

2 Methods

2.1 Subjects

This was a retrospective investigation of patients with primary IgAN diagnosed at Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital from March 2017 to March 2019. The diagnosis was based on renal biopsy findings of IgA or IgA-dominant deposits in the glomerular mesangium and possibly in the capillary loops under immunofluorescence microscopy. Inclusive criteria: (1) aged ≥14 years, with complete ≥6 month clinical follow-up information; (2) at biopsy, total number of glomeruli per section ≥8; (3) having no other kidney complications, for example, diabetic nephropathy; (4) without systemic diseases, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus, infection, active tuberculosis, tumor, and cachexia; and (5) without the presence of secondary IgAN (e.g., hepatitis B-related nephritis, liver cirrhosis, and Henoch–Schonlein purpura nephritis).

In this context, 158 patients were diagnosed with primary IgAN after excluding those with renal complications, systemic diseases, and secondary IgAN in 512 patients who underwent renal biopsy. As 14 primary IgAN cases had incomplete clinical follow-up data, they were also excluded. Finally, a total of 144 patients were included in this study. As of September 30, 2019, the longest follow-up interval was 30 months.

2.2 Clinical data collection

Clinical data were obtained by retrieving medical records and follow-up data including sex, age (at the time of kidney biopsy), blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), 24 h urine protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Scr, urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), serum albumin (ALB), hemoglobin (HGB), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), serum IgA, serum C3, and serum C4.

By using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation (2005 version) [15], eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 186 × [Scr (μmol/L)/88.4]−1.154 × age−0.203 × 0.742 (female). MAP (mmHg) = diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) + (systolic blood pressure (mmHg) − diastolic blood pressure (mmHg))/3. The 24 h urinary protein quantification (g/24 h) = urine protein (g/L) × 24 h urine volume (L/24 h).

2.3 Pathological data collection

All renal biopsies were performed in our hospital between March 2017 and March 2019. These biopsy specimens were cut into 2–3 μm sections and stained with conventional hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, periodic acid-silver methenamine, and Masson’s Trichrome. They were then forwarded to two pathologists who did not know the patients’ data for diagnosis. We obtained pathological data by reviewing the biopsy records, and reassessed the pathological gradings according to the 2017 Oxford classification system, notably the C lesions (cellular C, fibro-cellular C, and fibrous C) and C proportion. By reexamining the biopsy sections and reaching a consensus, the difference in results between the two pathologists was resolved.

2.4 Definitions

The primary renal endpoint was defined as the patient entering ESRD or eGFR decreasing by 50%. The duration from the diagnosis by kidney biopsy to the occurrence of the endpoint event was defined as the kidney survival time.

2.5 Statistical analysis

SPSS 24.0 software (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the C score and the Lee’s grading. Clinical quantitative parameters with normal distribution are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and compared by using the Student t-test while variables with nonnormal distribution are expressed as median (interquartile range) and analyzed by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. For categorical variables, the data are expressed as numbers (percentages), and the Chi-square test was used. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the relationship between the classification and the renal endpoint event. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff value of C proportion that best correlates with patient prognosis. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used in renal survival analysis. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

  1. Ethical approval and informed consent: This study was carried out with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital. An informed consent from patients with IgAN was not required by the ethics committee for this retrospective study.

3 Results

3.1 Correlation between the C score and Lee’s grading

Pathological classifications of 144 patients based on the Oxford MEST-C score and Lee’s grading are shown in Table 1. The distribution of these patients according to the crescentic lesions was C0, 59 (40.97%); C1, 77 (53.47%), and C2, 8 (5.56%). The distribution of patients according to the Lee’s grading was 4 (2.78%), 36 (25.00%), 67 (46.53%), 22 (15.28%), and 15 (10.42%) for grades I–V, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis shows that in addition to the MEST score, the C score was also positively correlated with the Lee’s grading (r = 0.654, P < 0.001; Table 2).

Table 1

Pathological classification of 144 patients with IgAN

Lee’s grading No. MEST-C score
M0 M1 E0 E1 S0 S1 T0 T1 T2 C0 C1 C2
I 4 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 0 0
II 36 11 25 36 0 34 2 36 0 0 36 0 0
III 67 9 58 41 26 52 15 64 3 0 13 51 3
IV 22 5 17 12 10 12 10 8 14 0 4 15 3
V 15 0 15 9 6 6 9 0 3 12 2 11 2
Total 144 29 115 102 42 108 36 112 20 12 59 77 8
Table 2

Correlation of the MEST-C score with Lee’s grading in patients with IgAN

Pathological classification M E S T C
Lee’s grading r 0.261 0.347 0.396 0.703 0.654
P 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

r, Spearman correlation coefficient.

3.2 Relationship between the C score and clinical parameters

In agreement with earlier reports [8], we confirmed an association of the MEST score and clinical data of patients with IgAN (Tables A1–A4). Based on these data, we further evaluated the correlation between the C score and different clinical parameters (Table 3). As C2 had only eight patients, they were combined into C1. We found that C1/2 had a higher male composition (46.25%) than C0 (29.69%) (P < 0.05). Moreover, patients in the C1/2 had significantly higher levels of MAP, Scr, and 24 h urine protein, but lower levels of eGFR than those in the C0 group (all P < 0.05).

Table 3

Relationship of the C score with clinical parameters of patients with IgAN

Clinical parameter C0 (n = 59) C1/2 (n = 85) P
Sex (male, %) 19 (29.69) 37 (46.25) 0.043*
Age (year) 34.27 ± 12.00 35.99 ± 11.99 0.363
Hypertension (n, %) 13 (20.31) 24 (30.00) 0.186
MAP (mmHg) 93.03 ± 12.80 99.76 ± 13.31 0.003*
Scr (μmol/L) 80.73 ± 42.84 107.58 ± 77.41 0.000*
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 99.77 ± 33.74 84.59 ± 31.05 0.028*
ALB (g/L) 39.62 ± 6.08 38.03 ± 5.68 0.113
24 h urine protein (g/24 h) 0.64 ± 0.93 1.61 ± 2.14 0.001*
BUN (mmol/) 5.02 ± 1.92 5.70 ± 2.99 0.667
UA (μmol/L) 338.7 ± 96.0 365.0 ± 106.6 0.248
TC (µmol/L) 4.37 ± 1.88 4.63 ± 1.17 0.305
TG (µmol/L) 1.60 ± 1.10 1.90 ± 1.40 0.169
HDL (µmol/L) 1.28 ± 0.32 1.25 ± 0.37 0.529
LDL (µmol/L) 2.67 ± 1.41 2.72 ± 0.91 0.823
HGB (g/L) 127.3 ± 14.9 125.5 ± 18.7 0.548
C3 (g/L) 0.99 ± 0.20 1.03 ± 0.21 0.240
C4 (g/L) 0.23 ± 0.71 0.27 ± 0.09 0.054
IgA (g/L) 3.20 ± 1.09 3.29 ± 1.00 0.677
Median follow-up period and range (months) 21 (6–30) 16 (6–30) 0.167

MAP, mean arterial pressure; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALB, serum albumin; BUN, urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; and HGB, hemoglobin. All quantitative data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are expressed as number (percentage). *, statistically significant.

3.3 Relationship between the C score and patient prognosis

Of 144 patients, 17 (11.80%) reached the primary endpoint. The clinicopathological parameters that affect the patient prognosis are shown in Table 4. Univariate Cox regression analysis shows that sex, hypertension, MAP, Scr, BUN, UA, eGFR, 24 h urine protein, and TG as well as S, T, and C classifications were related to the prognosis of patients with IgAN (Table 4). Further analysis of potential independent prognostic factors (MAP, eGFR, and 24 h urine protein as well as E, S, T, and C) by using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model confirmed that MAP, eGFR, S, T, and C are all independent factors affecting prognosis (all P < 0.05; Table 4).

Table 4

Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors for patients with IgAN

Parameter Univariate Multivariate
HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P
Sex 3.458 (1.263–9.472) 0.016*
Age 1.020 (0.980–1.062) 0.333
Hypertension 9.604 (3.353–27.509) <0.001*
MAP 1.074 (1.041–1.108) <0.001* 1.051 (1.001–1.103) 0.046*
Scr 1.020 (1.014–1.026) <0.001*
BUN 1.377 (1.242–1.526) <0.001*
UA 1.007 (1.003–1.010) <0.001*
eGFR 0.920 (0.892–0.949) <0.001* 0.933 (0.890–0.978) 0.004*
24 h urine protein 1.492 (1.271–1.748) <0.001* 1.001 (0.694–1.445) 0.995
ALB 0.959 (0.902–1.020) 0.181
HGB 0.977 (0.945–1.010) 0.167
TC 1.159 (0.944–1.425) 0.159
TG 1.320 (1.063–1.639) 0.012*
M 4.947 (0.655–37.370) 0.121
E 2.624 (0.960–7.168) 0.06 2.653 (0.441–15.953) 0.286
S 6.541 (2.393–17.882) <0.001* 3.629 (1.063–12.385) 0.040*
Ta 49.92 (11.04–225.60) <0.001* 7.717 (1.148–51.861) 0.036*
Cb 5.809 (1.637–20.616) 0.006* 5.090 (1.215–21.333) 0.026*

Ta, T1 plus T2 vs T0; Cb, C1/2 vs C0. *, statistically significant.

3.4 Optimal predictive value of Cs

Among all 144 patients, including 40.97% (59) C0 and 59.03% (85) C1/2, ROC curve analysis of 85 patients with crescentic lesions revealed that the optimal C proportion for predicting renal survival was 11% (The area under the curve = 0.686, sensitivity = 73.3%, and specificity = 64.3%; Figure 1).

Figure 1 ROC curve analysis of the optimal C proportion for predicting renal survival.
Figure 1

ROC curve analysis of the optimal C proportion for predicting renal survival.

3.5 Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of different C proportions

Based on the C proportion, 144 patients were divided into three groups: C-free, 59 (40.97%); <11%, 49 (34.03%); and ≥11%, 36 (25.00%). Accordingly, the distribution of 17 patients (11.80%) reaching the endpoint was C-free, 2 (1.39%); <11%, 4 (2.78%); and ≥11%, 11 (7.64%). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis shows that compared to the C-free group, patients with Cs (<11% plus ≥11%) had worse overall survival (P = 0.0009; Figure 2a). Moreover, there was no difference in survival between the C-free and <11% groups (Figure 2b); however, the ≥11% group had a worse survival than the <11% groups (P < 0.001; Figure 2c), demonstrating that C score is a good prognostic indicator, and patients with greater than the 11% cutoff value have a worse prognosis.

Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of IgAN patients with different C proportions: (a) C-free patients vs those with Cs, (b) C-free patients vs those with <11% of glomeruli containing Cs, and (c) patients with <11% of glomeruli containing Cs vs those ≥11% of glomeruli with Cs.
Figure 2

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of IgAN patients with different C proportions: (a) C-free patients vs those with Cs, (b) C-free patients vs those with <11% of glomeruli containing Cs, and (c) patients with <11% of glomeruli containing Cs vs those ≥11% of glomeruli with Cs.

3.6 The C proportion ≥11% is an independent risk factor for IgAN prognosis

Finally, we analyzed the relationship between C proportion and IgAN prognosis by using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Univariate Cox regression analysis shows that MAP, eGFR, and 24 h urine protein as well as S, T, and the ≥11% C proportion were highly associated with the prognosis of IgAN patients (all P < 0.05; Table 5). By selecting the ≥11% C proportion, MAP, eGFR, 24 h urine protein, E, S, and T for multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, we verified that the C proportion ≥11% is still an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of IgAN patients, and eGFR, S, and T are also associated with the prognosis of IgAN (all P < 0.05; Table 5).

Table 5

Cox regression analysis of the C score for prognostic prediction of IgAN patients

Parameter Univariate Multivariate
HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P
C-free 1.0
Cs <11% 3.628 (0.660–19.943) 0.138
Cs ≥11% 29.310 (5.356–160.385) <0.001* 7.801 (1.399–43.482) 0.019*
MAP 1.074 (1.041–1.108) <0.001* 1.053 (1.000–1.109) 0.052
eGFR 0.920 (0.892–0.949) <0.001* 0.938 (0.894–0.984) 0.009*
24 h urine protein 1.492 (1.271–1.748) <0.001* 1.022 (0.709–1.472) 0.908
M 4.947 (0.655–37.370) 0.121
E 2.624 (0.960–7.168) 0.06 2.613 (0.407–16.781) 0.311
S 6.541 (2.393–17.882) <0.001* 3.546 (1.041–12.080) 0.043*
Ta 49.92 (11.04–225.60) <0.001* 8.005 (1.148–55.833) 0.036*

Note(s): Ta, T1/2 vs T0. *, statistically significant.

4 Discussion

To assess the clinical applicability of the C score, we, retrospectively, analyzed 144 primary IgAN patients. In this study, 59.03% of patients had C formation, which was in accordance with earlier findings by the original Oxford cohort [8]. Considering the effectiveness of the Lee’s grading in practice over the years, we first determined the correlation between the C score and the Lee’s grading. Spearman correlation analysis confirmed that C score is positively correlated with the Lee’s grading. However, we found that each pathological index in the Oxford classification has inconsistent correlation coefficients with the Lee’s grading, suggesting that these pathological indexes have differential impacts on the patient prognosis, which should be weighed accordingly when using the Oxford classification system.

IgAN varies greatly in clinical manifestations, pathological changes, and prognosis. Based on the clinicopathological data of 144 patients, we then evaluated the relationship of the MEST-C score with clinical data of patients with IgAN. In the original Oxford classification study, M and S were associated to proteinuria [8]. However, the original Oxford cohort had certain limitations due to the exclusion of some patients with extremely mild or extremely severe IgAN. In this study, all patients regardless of the disease severity were included to understand the relationship between the MEST-C score and clinical parameters.

In a follow-up study of patients with IgAN, Bitencourt-Dia et al. [16] observed that patients with C formation had higher levels of initial proteinuria and Scr than C-free patients. Wang et al. [11] confirmed this finding by observing that proteinuria occurred in all IgAN patients with Cs. In addition, Sasatomi et al. [17] found that IgAN patients with Cs had elevated MAP, and elevated MAP was associated with a poor prognosis of crescentic IgAN. In agreement with these findings, we observed elevated MAP, Scr, and 24 h urine protein but decreased eGFR in patients with crescentic IgAN. Mechanistically, in patients with crescentic IgAN, glomerular epithelial cell proliferation can directly cause podocyte damage and destroy the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to massive proteinuria. Persistent massive proteinuria gradually aggravates renal fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, thus having a role in the formation of Cs in progressive IgAN [18]. Given that patients with crescentic IgAN usually have proteinuria, elevated MAP, and worsening renal function, it is important to control proteinuria for delaying the disease progression.

In this study, we first used a 50% reduction in ESRD or eGFR as the endpoint to analyze the survival of 144 patients with IgAN. Surprisingly, our results differ from the Oxford cohort study but are in line with most validation studies [19,20], demonstrating that the pathological classifications S, T, and C are prognostic indicators in IgAN. In IgAN, sclerosing and fibrosing processes represent a chronic and irreversible damage that deteriorates renal function and affects the long-term prognosis of patients. For the new C score, numerous studies from different countries have been conducted to verify its performance, but the results are inconclusive. However, at least eight studies in adult patients have proved it to be of prognostic value [12,13,21,22,23,24,25,26], and studies in children with IgAN also found it to be capable of independently predicting the renal outcome [27,28]. Our multivariate Cox analysis results indicate that C is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of IgAN, and this conclusion was further confirmed by determining the impact of different C proportions on the prognosis of IgAN.

Our further studies revealed 11% as the cutoff value of C proportions that best reflects the prognosis of patients. Subsequently, we divided all patients into three groups based on the proportion of C formation: 0, <11, and ≥11% and estimated their impacts on the survival and prognosis associated with IgAN by using the Kaplan–Meier method and multivariate Cox regression model. We found that patients with a C proportion ≥11% had a significantly worse survival, supporting the threshold proportion of Cs ≥11% is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with IgAN, which is different from the ≥25% of glomeruli with Cs defined in the 2017 Oxford classification. The reasons for these different results need to be further explored. We speculate that racial differences may be an influencing factor. Our results suggest that Chinese patients with cellular or fibrocellular Cs should receive more aggressive treatments, such as steroids and/or immunosuppressants. It has been reported that mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment is beneficial to the histopathological improvement of IgAN [29]. Additionally, MMF and prednisone or prednisone alone can achieve good treatment response in IgAN patients with active proliferative lesions [30].

However, our study has some limitations. First, we did not specifically evaluate the impact of therapy factors (renin angiotensin inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and immunosuppressive therapy) on the prognosis of patients, which may lead to biased prognostic predictions. Second, IgAN is a chronic progressive disease, but our study only analyzed a short-term outcome of patients diagnosed over a 2 year period. To get more convincing evidence, a validation study with a larger sample size and longer follow-up duration is warranted. Also, multicenter studies involving different populations are needed to assess the predictive values of different proportions of Cs on the prognosis of IgAN.

Considered together, we verified the applicability of the revised Oxford classification and confirmed the clinical significance of cellular or fibrocellular Cs in IgAN patients. Based on these findings, the C score is helpful for the early diagnosis and treatment of IgAN patients. Additionally, the association of the proportion of Cs with the prognosis of IgAN indicate that the C score is a valid classification for predicting renal prognosis. Moreover, we identified a threshold ≥11% is an independent prognostic risk factor for Chinese patients with IgAN. Our results suggest that in clinical practice, even a low proportion of Cs should be paid attention to for early intervention and treatment.

Abbreviations

ALB

serum albumin

BUN

urea nitrogen

Cs

crescents

E

endocapillary proliferation

eGFR

estimated glomerular filtrating rate

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

HDL

high density lipoprotein

HGB

hemoglobin

IgAN

IgA nephropathy

LDL

low density lipoprotein

M

mesangial hypercellularity

MAP

mean arterial pressure

MMF

mycophenolate mofetil

ROC

the receiver operating characteristic

S

segmental glomerulosclerosis

Scr

serum creatinine

T

tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis

TC

total cholesterol

TG

triglycerides

UA

uric acid

Acknowledgment

Not applicable.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported, in whole or in part, by the Project of Changsha Science and Technology Bureau (ZD1702028) (YC) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2019JJ80004) (YC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the views of the funding sources.

  2. Author contributions: YC designed and supervised the project, interpreted the findings. YC, YY, YL, ML, and WX collected and analyzed data and drafted the manuscript. XH reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors discussed and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: All the authors have declared no competing interests.

  4. Data availability statement: The data used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

Appendix

Table A1

Relationship of M score with clinical parameters of patients with IgAN

Clinical parameter M0 (n = 29) M1 (n = 115) P
Sex (male, %) 9 (31.03) 47 (40.87) 0.332
Age (year) 30.90 ± 12.20 36.31 ± 11.73 0.016*
Hypertension (n, %) 4 (13.79) 33 (28.70) 0.101
MAP (mmHg) 93.06 ± 13.16 97.65 ± 13.91 0.102
Scr (μmol/L) 63.61 ± 19.70 103.7 ± 70.5 <0.001*
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 115.5 ± 26.2 84.87 ± 39.78 <0.001*
ALB (g/L) 39.29 ± 7.89 38.53 ± 5.29 0.071
24 h urine protein (g/24h) 0.48 ± 0.49 1.40 ± 1.98 0.009*
BUN (mmol/) 4.54 ± 1.34 5.64 ± 2.82 0.041*
UA (μmol/L) 318.0 ± 102.1 362.2 ± 101.1 0.075
TC (µmol/L) 4.69 ± 2.38 4.50 ± 1.21 0.294
TG (µmol/L) 1.41 ± 0.84 1.88 ± 1.38 0.053
HDL (µmol/L) 1.31 ± 0.35 1.25 ± 0.35 0.372
LDL (µmol/L)  2.69 ± 1.93 2.71 ± 0.84 0.112
HGB (g/L) 130.5 ± 17.1 125.2 ± 17.2 0.142
C3 (g/L) 0.98 ± 0.20 1.02 ± 0.20 0.535
C4 (g/L) 0.24 ± 0.09 0.25 ± 0.08 0.367
IgA (g/L) 2.97 ± 0.87 3.32 ± 1.07 0.123

All quantitative data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are expressed as number (percentage). *, statistically significant.

Table A2

Relationship of E score with clinical parameters of patients with IgAN

Clinical parameter E0 (n = 102) E1 (n = 42) P
Sex (male, %) 37 (36.27) 19 (45.23) 0.316
Age (year) 33.89 ± 10.39 38.45 ± 14.83 0.194
Hypertension (n, %) 20 (19.61) 17 (40.48) 0.009*
MAP (mmHg) 94.80 ± 12.94 101.4 ± 15.0 0.011*
Scr (μmol/L) 91.78 ± 62.55 105.0 ± 72.3 0.091
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 95.23 ± 40.38 80.83 ± 35.04 0.045*
ALB (g/L) 39.65 ± 5.29 36.32 ± 6.62 0.003*
24 h urine protein (g/24h) 0.88 ± 1.36 2.02 ± 2.45 0.002*
BUN (mmol/) 5.16 ± 2.27 6.05 ± 3.28 0.102
UA (μmol/L) 346.3 ± 97.7 370.2 ± 112.7 0.336
TC (µmol/L) 4.38 ± 1.60 4.92 ± 1.19 0.003*
TG (µmol/L) 1.75 ± 1.34 1.87 ± 1.21 0.305
HDL (µmol/L) 1.26 ± 0.35 1.27 ± 0.34 0.862
LDL (µmol/L)  2.66 ± 1.21 2.82 ± 0.94 0.141
HGB (g/L) 126.8 ± 16.2 125.0 ± 19.6 0.563
C3 (g/L) 1.01 ± 0.22 1.01 ± 0.16 0.787
C4 (g/L) 0.24 ± 0.08 0.27 ± 0.09 0.109
IgA (g/L) 3.25 ± 1.06 3.26 ± 1.00 0.848
Table A3

Relationship of S score with clinical parameters of patients with IgAN

Clinical parameter S0 (n = 108) S1 (n = 36) P
Sex (male, %) 42 (38.89) 14 (38.89) 0.990
Age (year) 35.61 ± 12.69 33.06 ± 9.62 0.750
Hypertension (n, %) 23 (21.30) 14 (38.89) 0.036*
MAP (mmHg) 95.44 ± 13.52 100.6 ± 14.2 0.065
Scr (μmol/L) 86.89 ± 53.48 121.9 ± 88.7 0.004*
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 97.13 ± 39.37 72.71 ± 33.50 0.001*
ALB (g/L) 38.74 ± 6.34 38.51 ± 4.32 0.188
24 h urine protein (g/24h) 1.05 ± 1.84 1.69 ± 1.67 <0.001*
BUN (mmol/) 5.10 ± 2.33 6.37 ± 3.20 0.010*
UA (μmol/L) 343.3 ± 96.9 383.3 ± 114.0 0.078
TC (µmol/L) 4.42 ± 1.60 4.89 ± 1.13 0.017*
TG (µmol/L) 1.77 ± 1.36 1.81 ± 1.11 0.284
HDL (µmol/L) 1.25 ± 0.35 1.28 ± 0.35 0.613
LDL (µmol/L)  2.64 ± 1.21 2.90 ± 0.89 0.089
HGB (g/L) 125.4 ± 16.6 128.7 ± 19.0 0.332
C3 (g/L) 1.01 ± 0.21 1.01 ± 0.20 0.910
C4 (g/L) 0.25 ± 0.09 0.27 ± 0.07 0.054
IgA (g/L) 3.21 ± 0.97 3.38 ± 1.23 0.676
Table A4

Relationship of T score with clinical parameters of patients with IgAN

Clinical parameter T0 (n = 112) T1/2 (n = 32) P
Sex (male, %) 40 (35.71) 16 (50.00) 0.144
Age (year) 34.46 ± 11.08 37.88 ± 11.45 0.102
Hypertension (n, %) 23 (20.54) 14 (43.75) 0.008*
MAP (mmHg) 94.85 ± 13.10 103.3 ± 14.6 0.004*
Scr (μmol/L) 74.09 ± 30.29 171.1 ± 94.8 <0.001*
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) 103.4 ± 33.7 47.6 ± 23.6 <0.001*
ALB (g/L) 39.42 ± 5.84 36.10 ± 5.37 0.001*
24 h urine protein (g/24h) 0.81 ± 1.33 2.62 ± 2.50 <0.001*
BUN (mmol/) 4.72 ± 1.50 7.89 ± 3.95 <0.001*
UA (μmol/L) 336.6 ± 89.8 411.7 ± 122.9 0.001*
TC (µmol/L) 4.47 ± 1.56 4.78 ± 1.32 0.079
TG (µmol/L) 1.69 ± 1.18 2.12 ± 1.62 0.041*
HDL (µmol/L) 1.27 ± 0.34 1.24 ± 0.40 0.513
LDL (µmol/L)  2.65 ± 1.19 2.89 ± 0.92 0.074
HGB (g/L) 127.1 ± 16.1 123.1 ± 20.5 0.246
C3 (g/L) 1.02 ± 0.21 0.97 ± 0.19 0.143
C4 (g/L) 0.25 ± 0.08 0.26 ± 0.08 0.223
IgA (g/L) 3.22 ± 0.95 3.35 ± 1.32 0.899

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Received: 2020-11-28
Revised: 2021-12-12
Accepted: 2022-01-04
Published Online: 2022-01-24

© 2022 Ying Chen et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  188. Case Reports
  189. Intrauterine Bakri balloon tamponade plus cervical cerclage for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in late pregnancy complicated with acute aortic dissection: Case series
  190. A case of successful pembrolizumab monotherapy in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: Use of multiple biomarkers in combination for clinical practice
  191. Unusual neurological manifestations of bilateral medial medullary infarction: A case report
  192. Atypical symptoms of malignant hyperthermia: A rare causative mutation in the RYR1 gene
  193. A case report of dermatomyositis with the missed diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and concurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis
  194. A rare case of endometrial polyp complicated with uterine inversion: A case report and clinical management
  195. Spontaneous rupturing of splenic artery aneurysm: Another reason for fatal syncope and shock (Case report and literature review)
  196. Fungal infection mimicking COVID-19 infection – A case report
  197. Concurrent aspergillosis and cystic pulmonary metastases in a patient with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  198. Paraganglioma-induced inverted takotsubo-like cardiomyopathy leading to cardiogenic shock successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  199. Lineage switch from lymphoma to myeloid neoplasms: First case series from a single institution
  200. Trismus during tracheal extubation as a complication of general anaesthesia – A case report
  201. Simultaneous treatment of a pubovesical fistula and lymph node metastasis secondary to multimodal treatment for prostate cancer: Case report and review of the literature
  202. Two case reports of skin vasculitis following the COVID-19 immunization
  203. Ureteroiliac fistula after oncological surgery: Case report and review of the literature
  204. Synchronous triple primary malignant tumours in the bladder, prostate, and lung harbouring TP53 and MEK1 mutations accompanied with severe cardiovascular diseases: A case report
  205. Huge mucinous cystic neoplasms with adhesion to the left colon: A case report and literature review
  206. Commentary
  207. Commentary on “Clinicopathological features of programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma”
  208. Rapid Communication
  209. COVID-19 fear, post-traumatic stress, growth, and the role of resilience
  210. Erratum
  211. Erratum to “Tollip promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via PI3K/AKT pathway”
  212. Erratum to “Effect of femoral head necrosis cystic area on femoral head collapse and stress distribution in femoral head: A clinical and finite element study”
  213. Erratum to “lncRNA NORAD promotes lung cancer progression by competitively binding to miR-28-3p with E2F2”
  214. Retraction
  215. Expression and role of ABIN1 in sepsis: In vitro and in vivo studies
  216. Retraction to “miR-519d downregulates LEP expression to inhibit preeclampsia development”
  217. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part II
  218. Usefulness of close surveillance for rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2022-0414
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
IgA nephropathy; Oxford classification; crescent score; renal prognosis
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. AMBRA1 attenuates the proliferation of uveal melanoma cells
  3. A ceRNA network mediated by LINC00475 in papillary thyroid carcinoma
  4. Differences in complications between hepatitis B-related cirrhosis and alcohol-related cirrhosis
  5. Effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  6. Long noncoding RNA NR2F1-AS1 stimulates the tumorigenic behavior of non-small cell lung cancer cells by sponging miR-363-3p to increase SOX4
  7. Promising novel biomarkers and candidate small-molecule drugs for lung adenocarcinoma: Evidence from bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput data
  8. Plasmapheresis: Is it a potential alternative treatment for chronic urticaria?
  9. The biomarkers of key miRNAs and gene targets associated with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
  10. Gene signature to predict prognostic survival of hepatocellular carcinoma
  11. Effects of miRNA-199a-5p on cell proliferation and apoptosis of uterine leiomyoma by targeting MED12
  12. Does diabetes affect paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in colorectal cancer?
  13. Is there any effect on imprinted genes H19, PEG3, and SNRPN during AOA?
  14. Leptin and PCSK9 concentrations are associated with vascular endothelial cytokines in patients with stable coronary heart disease
  15. Pericentric inversion of chromosome 6 and male fertility problems
  16. Staple line reinforcement with nebulized cyanoacrylate glue in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: A propensity score-matched study
  17. Retrospective analysis of crescent score in clinical prognosis of IgA nephropathy
  18. Expression of DNM3 is associated with good outcome in colorectal cancer
  19. Activation of SphK2 contributes to adipocyte-induced EOC cell proliferation
  20. CRRT influences PICCO measurements in febrile critically ill patients
  21. SLCO4A1-AS1 mediates pancreatic cancer development via miR-4673/KIF21B axis
  22. lncRNA ACTA2-AS1 inhibits malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells
  23. circ_AKT3 knockdown suppresses cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer
  24. Prognostic value of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in human cancers: Evidence from a meta-analysis and database validation
  25. GPC2 deficiency inhibits cell growth and metastasis in colon adenocarcinoma
  26. A pan-cancer analysis of the oncogenic role of Holliday junction recognition protein in human tumors
  27. Radiation increases COL1A1, COL3A1, and COL1A2 expression in breast cancer
  28. Association between preventable risk factors and metabolic syndrome
  29. miR-29c-5p knockdown reduces inflammation and blood–brain barrier disruption by upregulating LRP6
  30. Cardiac contractility modulation ameliorates myocardial metabolic remodeling in a rabbit model of chronic heart failure through activation of AMPK and PPAR-α pathway
  31. Quercitrin protects human bronchial epithelial cells from oxidative damage
  32. Smurf2 suppresses the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via ubiquitin degradation of Smad2
  33. circRNA_0001679/miR-338-3p/DUSP16 axis aggravates acute lung injury
  34. Sonoclot’s usefulness in prediction of cardiopulmonary arrest prognosis: A proof of concept study
  35. Four drug metabolism-related subgroups of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in prognosis, immune infiltration, and gene mutation
  36. Decreased expression of miR-195 mediated by hypermethylation promotes osteosarcoma
  37. LMO3 promotes proliferation and metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells by regulating LIMK1-mediated cofilin and the β-catenin pathway
  38. Cx43 upregulation in HUVECs under stretch via TGF-β1 and cytoskeletal network
  39. Evaluation of menstrual irregularities after COVID-19 vaccination: Results of the MECOVAC survey
  40. Histopathologic findings on removed stomach after sleeve gastrectomy. Do they influence the outcome?
  41. Analysis of the expression and prognostic value of MT1-MMP, β1-integrin and YAP1 in glioma
  42. Optimal diagnosis of the skin cancer using a hybrid deep neural network and grasshopper optimization algorithm
  43. miR-223-3p alleviates TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix deposition by targeting SP3 in endometrial epithelial cells
  44. Clinical value of SIRT1 as a prognostic biomarker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a systematic meta-analysis
  45. circ_0020123 promotes cell proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma via PDZD8
  46. miR-22-5p regulates the self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells by targeting EZH2
  47. hsa-miR-340-5p inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition in endometriosis by targeting MAP3K2 and inactivating MAPK/ERK signaling
  48. circ_0085296 inhibits the biological functions of trophoblast cells to promote the progression of preeclampsia via the miR-942-5p/THBS2 network
  49. TCD hemodynamics findings in the subacute phase of anterior circulation stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy
  50. Development of a risk-stratification scoring system for predicting risk of breast cancer based on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease, and uric acid
  51. Tollip promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via PI3K/AKT pathway
  52. circ_0062491 alleviates periodontitis via the miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis
  53. Human amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells
  54. lncRNA NONRATT013819.2 promotes transforming growth factor-β1-induced myofibroblastic transition of hepatic stellate cells by miR24-3p/lox
  55. NORAD modulates miR-30c-5p-LDHA to protect lung endothelial cells damage
  56. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis telemedicine management during COVID-19 outbreak
  57. Risk factors for adverse drug reactions associated with clopidogrel therapy
  58. Serum zinc associated with immunity and inflammatory markers in Covid-19
  59. The relationship between night shift work and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
  60. LncRNA expression in idiopathic achalasia: New insight and preliminary exploration into pathogenesis
  61. Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates spinal cord injury through the miR-301a/KLF7 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  62. Moscatilin suppresses the inflammation from macrophages and T cells
  63. Zoledronate promotes ECM degradation and apoptosis via Wnt/β-catenin
  64. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in coronary artery disease
  65. The effect evaluation of traditional vaginal surgery and transvaginal mesh surgery for severe pelvic organ prolapse: 5 years follow-up
  66. Repeated partial splenic artery embolization for hypersplenism improves platelet count
  67. Low expression of miR-27b in serum exosomes of non-small cell lung cancer facilitates its progression by affecting EGFR
  68. Exosomal hsa_circ_0000519 modulates the NSCLC cell growth and metastasis via miR-1258/RHOV axis
  69. miR-455-5p enhances 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in colorectal cancer cells by targeting PIK3R1 and DEPDC1
  70. The effect of tranexamic acid on the reduction of intraoperative and postoperative blood loss and thromboembolic risk in patients with hip fracture
  71. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in cholangiocarcinoma impairs tumor progression by sensitizing cells to ferroptosis
  72. Artemisinin protects against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway
  73. A 16-gene signature associated with homologous recombination deficiency for prognosis prediction in patients with triple-negative breast cancer
  74. Lidocaine ameliorates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain through regulating M1/M2 microglia polarization
  75. MicroRNA 322-5p reduced neuronal inflammation via the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis in a rat epilepsy model
  76. miR-1273h-5p suppresses CXCL12 expression and inhibits gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis
  77. Clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients of long course of illness infected with SARS-CoV-2
  78. circRNF20 aggravates the malignancy of retinoblastoma depending on the regulation of miR-132-3p/PAX6 axis
  79. Linezolid for resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections in children under 12 years: A meta-analysis
  80. Rack1 regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines by NF-κB in diabetic nephropathy
  81. Comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanism and a novel prognostic signature based on small nuclear RNA biomarkers in gastric cancer patients
  82. Smog and risk of maternal and fetal birth outcomes: A retrospective study in Baoding, China
  83. Let-7i-3p inhibits the cell cycle, proliferation, invasion, and migration of colorectal cancer cells via downregulating CCND1
  84. β2-Adrenergic receptor expression in subchondral bone of patients with varus knee osteoarthritis
  85. Possible impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on suicide behavior among patients in Southeast Serbia
  86. In vitro antimicrobial activity of ozonated oil in liposome eyedrop against multidrug-resistant bacteria
  87. Potential biomarkers for inflammatory response in acute lung injury
  88. A low serum uric acid concentration predicts a poor prognosis in adult patients with candidemia
  89. Antitumor activity of recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus with human IL2
  90. ALKBH5 inhibits TNF-α-induced apoptosis of HUVECs through Bcl-2 pathway
  91. Risk prediction of cardiovascular disease using machine learning classifiers
  92. Value of ultrasonography parameters in diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome
  93. Bioinformatics analysis reveals three key genes and four survival genes associated with youth-onset NSCLC
  94. Identification of autophagy-related biomarkers in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension based on bioinformatics analysis
  95. Protective effects of glaucocalyxin A on the airway of asthmatic mice
  96. Overexpression of miR-100-5p inhibits papillary thyroid cancer progression via targeting FZD8
  97. Bioinformatics-based analysis of SUMOylation-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma reveals a role of upregulated SAE1 in promoting cell proliferation
  98. Effectiveness and clinical benefits of new anti-diabetic drugs: A real life experience
  99. Identification of osteoporosis based on gene biomarkers using support vector machine
  100. Tanshinone IIA reverses oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer through microRNA-30b-5p/AVEN axis
  101. miR-212-5p inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by targeting METTL3
  102. Association of ST-T changes with all-cause mortality among patients with peripheral T-cell lymphomas
  103. LINC00665/miRNAs axis-mediated collagen type XI alpha 1 correlates with immune infiltration and malignant phenotypes in lung adenocarcinoma
  104. The perinatal factors that influence the excretion of fecal calprotectin in premature-born children
  105. Effect of femoral head necrosis cystic area on femoral head collapse and stress distribution in femoral head: A clinical and finite element study
  106. Does the use of 3D-printed cones give a chance to postpone the use of megaprostheses in patients with large bone defects in the knee joint?
  107. lncRNA HAGLR modulates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice through regulating miR-133a-3p/MAPK1 axis
  108. Protective effect of ghrelin on intestinal I/R injury in rats
  109. In vivo knee kinematics of an innovative prosthesis design
  110. Relationship between the height of fibular head and the incidence and severity of knee osteoarthritis
  111. lncRNA WT1-AS attenuates hypoxia/ischemia-induced neuronal injury during cerebral ischemic stroke via miR-186-5p/XIAP axis
  112. Correlation of cardiac troponin T and APACHE III score with all-cause in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute pulmonary embolism
  113. LncRNA LINC01857 reduces metastasis and angiogenesis in breast cancer cells via regulating miR-2052/CENPQ axis
  114. Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1) promoted by transcription factor SPI1 acts as an oncogene to modulate the malignant phenotype of endometrial cancer
  115. SELENBP1 inhibits progression of colorectal cancer by suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition
  116. Visfatin is negatively associated with coronary artery lesions in subjects with impaired fasting glucose
  117. Treatment and outcomes of mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction during the Covid-19 era: A comparison with the pre-Covid-19 period. A systematic review and meta-analysis
  118. Neonatal stroke surveillance study protocol in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland
  119. Oncogenic role of TWF2 in human tumors: A pan-cancer analysis
  120. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin predicts the length of hospital stay independent of severity classification in patients with acute pancreatitis
  121. Association of gallstone and polymorphisms of UGT1A1*27 and UGT1A1*28 in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure
  122. TGF-β1 upregulates Sar1a expression and induces procollagen-I secretion in hypertrophic scarring fibroblasts
  123. Antisense lncRNA PCNA-AS1 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression through the miR-2467-3p/PCNA axis
  124. NK-cell dysfunction of acute myeloid leukemia in relation to the renin–angiotensin system and neurotransmitter genes
  125. The effect of dilution with glucose and prolonged injection time on dexamethasone-induced perineal irritation – A randomized controlled trial
  126. miR-146-5p restrains calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing TRAF6
  127. Role of lncRNA MIAT/miR-361-3p/CCAR2 in prostate cancer cells
  128. lncRNA NORAD promotes lung cancer progression by competitively binding to miR-28-3p with E2F2
  129. Noninvasive diagnosis of AIH/PBC overlap syndrome based on prediction models
  130. lncRNA FAM230B is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and suppresses the maturation of miR-1182 to increase cell proliferation
  131. circ-LIMK1 regulates cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting miR-512-5p/HMGA1 axis
  132. LncRNA SNHG3 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via regulating miR-151a-3p/PFN2 axis
  133. Risk perception and affective state on work exhaustion in obstetrics during the COVID-19 pandemic
  134. lncRNA-AC130710/miR-129-5p/mGluR1 axis promote migration and invasion by activating PKCα-MAPK signal pathway in melanoma
  135. SNRPB promotes cell cycle progression in thyroid carcinoma via inhibiting p53
  136. Xylooligosaccharides and aerobic training regulate metabolism and behavior in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes
  137. Serpin family A member 1 is an oncogene in glioma and its translation is enhanced by NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 through RNA-binding activity
  138. Silencing of CPSF7 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells by blocking the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  139. Ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block versus transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia in children with hip dislocation: A double-blind, randomized trial
  140. Relationship of plasma MBP and 8-oxo-dG with brain damage in preterm
  141. Identification of a novel necroptosis-associated miRNA signature for predicting the prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
  142. Delayed femoral vein ligation reduces operative time and blood loss during hip disarticulation in patients with extremity tumors
  143. The expression of ASAP3 and NOTCH3 and the clinicopathological characteristics of adult glioma patients
  144. Longitudinal analysis of factors related to Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese adults
  145. HOXA10 enhances cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in esophageal cancer via activating p38/ERK signaling pathway
  146. Meta-analysis of early-life antibiotic use and allergic rhinitis
  147. Marital status and its correlation with age, race, and gender in prognosis of tonsil squamous cell carcinomas
  148. HPV16 E6E7 up-regulates KIF2A expression by activating JNK/c-Jun signal, is beneficial to migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells
  149. Amino acid profiles in the tissue and serum of patients with liver cancer
  150. Pain in critically ill COVID-19 patients: An Italian retrospective study
  151. Immunohistochemical distribution of Bcl-2 and p53 apoptotic markers in acetamiprid-induced nephrotoxicity
  152. Estradiol pretreatment in GnRH antagonist protocol for IVF/ICSI treatment
  153. Long non-coding RNAs LINC00689 inhibits the apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cells via miR-3127-5p/ATG7 axis-mediated autophagy
  154. The relationship between oxygen therapy, drug therapy, and COVID-19 mortality
  155. Monitoring hypertensive disorders in pregnancy to prevent preeclampsia in pregnant women of advanced maternal age: Trial mimicking with retrospective data
  156. SETD1A promotes the proliferation and glycolysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway
  157. The role of Shunaoxin pills in the treatment of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and its main pharmacodynamic components
  158. TET3 governs malignant behaviors and unfavorable prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway
  159. Associations between morphokinetic parameters of temporary-arrest embryos and the clinical prognosis in FET cycles
  160. Long noncoding RNA WT1-AS regulates trophoblast proliferation, migration, and invasion via the microRNA-186-5p/CADM2 axis
  161. The incidence of bronchiectasis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  162. Integrated bioinformatics analysis shows integrin alpha 3 is a prognostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer
  163. Inhibition of miR-21 improves pulmonary vascular responses in bronchopulmonary dysplasia by targeting the DDAH1/ADMA/NO pathway
  164. Comparison of hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia caused by COVID-19 and influenza A (H7N9 and H1N1): A retrospective study from a designated hospital
  165. lncRNA ZFAS1 promotes intervertebral disc degeneration by upregulating AAK1
  166. Pathological characteristics of liver injury induced by N,N-dimethylformamide: From humans to animal models
  167. lncRNA ELFN1-AS1 enhances the progression of colon cancer by targeting miR-4270 to upregulate AURKB
  168. DARS-AS1 modulates cell proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells by regulating miR-330-3p/NAT10 axis
  169. Dezocine inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting CRABP2 in ovarian cancer
  170. MGST1 alleviates the oxidative stress of trophoblast cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation and promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
  171. Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 ameliorated the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus mice by changing ileum FXR-CYP7A1
  172. circRNA DENND1B inhibits tumorigenicity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via miR-122-5p/TIMP2 axis
  173. EphA3 targeted by miR-3666 contributes to melanoma malignancy via activating ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways
  174. Pacemakers and methylprednisolone pulse therapy in immune-related myocarditis concomitant with complete heart block
  175. miRNA-130a-3p targets sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 to activate the microglial and astrocytes and to promote neural injury under the high glucose condition
  176. Review Articles
  177. Current management of cancer pain in Italy: Expert opinion paper
  178. Hearing loss and brain disorders: A review of multiple pathologies
  179. The rationale for using low-molecular weight heparin in the therapy of symptomatic COVID-19 patients
  180. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and delayed onset muscle soreness in light of the impaired blink and stretch reflexes – watch out for Piezo2
  181. Interleukin-35 in autoimmune dermatoses: Current concepts
  182. Recent discoveries in microbiota dysbiosis, cholangiocytic factors, and models for studying the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis
  183. Advantages of ketamine in pediatric anesthesia
  184. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Role of dentist in early diagnosis
  185. Migraine management: Non-pharmacological points for patients and health care professionals
  186. Atherogenic index of plasma and coronary artery disease: A systematic review
  187. Physiological and modulatory role of thioredoxins in the cellular function
  188. Case Reports
  189. Intrauterine Bakri balloon tamponade plus cervical cerclage for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in late pregnancy complicated with acute aortic dissection: Case series
  190. A case of successful pembrolizumab monotherapy in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma: Use of multiple biomarkers in combination for clinical practice
  191. Unusual neurological manifestations of bilateral medial medullary infarction: A case report
  192. Atypical symptoms of malignant hyperthermia: A rare causative mutation in the RYR1 gene
  193. A case report of dermatomyositis with the missed diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and concurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis
  194. A rare case of endometrial polyp complicated with uterine inversion: A case report and clinical management
  195. Spontaneous rupturing of splenic artery aneurysm: Another reason for fatal syncope and shock (Case report and literature review)
  196. Fungal infection mimicking COVID-19 infection – A case report
  197. Concurrent aspergillosis and cystic pulmonary metastases in a patient with tongue squamous cell carcinoma
  198. Paraganglioma-induced inverted takotsubo-like cardiomyopathy leading to cardiogenic shock successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  199. Lineage switch from lymphoma to myeloid neoplasms: First case series from a single institution
  200. Trismus during tracheal extubation as a complication of general anaesthesia – A case report
  201. Simultaneous treatment of a pubovesical fistula and lymph node metastasis secondary to multimodal treatment for prostate cancer: Case report and review of the literature
  202. Two case reports of skin vasculitis following the COVID-19 immunization
  203. Ureteroiliac fistula after oncological surgery: Case report and review of the literature
  204. Synchronous triple primary malignant tumours in the bladder, prostate, and lung harbouring TP53 and MEK1 mutations accompanied with severe cardiovascular diseases: A case report
  205. Huge mucinous cystic neoplasms with adhesion to the left colon: A case report and literature review
  206. Commentary
  207. Commentary on “Clinicopathological features of programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma”
  208. Rapid Communication
  209. COVID-19 fear, post-traumatic stress, growth, and the role of resilience
  210. Erratum
  211. Erratum to “Tollip promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via PI3K/AKT pathway”
  212. Erratum to “Effect of femoral head necrosis cystic area on femoral head collapse and stress distribution in femoral head: A clinical and finite element study”
  213. Erratum to “lncRNA NORAD promotes lung cancer progression by competitively binding to miR-28-3p with E2F2”
  214. Retraction
  215. Expression and role of ABIN1 in sepsis: In vitro and in vivo studies
  216. Retraction to “miR-519d downregulates LEP expression to inhibit preeclampsia development”
  217. Special Issue Computational Intelligence Methodologies Meets Recurrent Cancers - Part II
  218. Usefulness of close surveillance for rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
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Heruntergeladen am 22.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/med-2022-0414/html
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