Study on Knowledge Graph of Red Cultural Resources from the Perspective of Art Works on the Theme of Cuban Red Revolution History

2.1 Research Status of Revolutions

In recent years, the social scientific study of revolution has faced challenges and made limited progress due to disagreements regarding the universality of patterns in revolution (Beck 2018). The revolutions research in Asia is a dynamic field with ongoing scholarly investigations. Asia has witnessed various revolutionary movements throughout its history, contributing to significant societal, political, and cultural transformations (Heaton 1982). From the West, there have been multiple investigations into bourgeois revolutions, their origins, and effects, as well as the connections between various events. Research on European revolutions draws on a wide variety of sources, including historical documents, eyewitness testimonies, contemporary literature, government records, and archival materials. The main objective is to understand and explain the process and consequences of European revolutions (Rapport 2009).

Research on African revolutions focuses on examining and analyzing the revolutionary movements and events that took place on the African continent, namely the process, challenges, and consequences of the African revolutions (Fall 1991). When researchers talk about Australia, reference is made to specific historical moments of political, social, or cultural change; investigations focus on analysis that represented significant change in the history of the country (Martens 2014).

Research on the American Revolution focusses on analyzing the events, causes, consequences, and impact of the revolution that took place in the 13 British colonies in North America between 1765 and 1783. This research commonly analyzes the relevance of the revolution for the history and subsequent development of the country. It is common to find mind mapping on the web associated with these investigations. Professional historians have dedicated extensive studies and writing to the histories of independence processes and revolutions in Latin America. The construction of scientific-historical knowledge has had many regional contributions of the highest order (Pérez Monfort 2012).

2.2 Research Status of Red Cultural Resources

The world is currently undergoing significant changes that have not been seen in over a century. Both the internal and external environments have been profoundly impacted. In order to adapt to this new situation and address the challenges posed by social multiculturalism and diverse ideological trends, it has become increasingly important to prioritize patriotic education. But, in literature reviewed on Web of Science Core Collection, Scielo, and Google Scholar, we can only find Chinese papers about the topic.

Red culture represents a fundamental and integral component of Chinese culture, encompassing elements that are deeply rooted in both ancient and modern China. It is underpinned by Marxist ideology and draws inspiration from the historical and contemporary advancements of the nation. The emergence and development of red culture can be attributed to the crucial role played by the new democratic revolution. Red culture plays a vital role in the progression of traditional culture at each stage of the Chinese socialist revolution, serving as part of progressive culture. It contributes to the creation of solutions and the shaping of cultural perspectives (Sun and He 2022).

In today’s diverse cultural landscape, the promotion and dissemination of red cultural resources are essential for shaping ideological trends and nurturing readers’ socialist core values, leading to the overall progress of society and personal development. Red cultural resources play a vital role in enriching people’s spiritual lives, spreading positive energy, promoting national spirit, and preserving the red gene. However, there are challenges in the effective promotion of red cultural resources. These include the limited digitization and integration of promotional resources, the lack of coherence in the promotion process, fragmented and uninspiring content, and narrow subject focus (Zhao 2021). To enhance the promotion and preservation of red cultural resources, it is important to leverage modern technologies such as virtual reality, big data, and information management. This can help make more precious red file resources available to a wider audience through the internet and multimedia. In addition, it is important to establish resource-sharing channels between archives, museums, and libraries. This can help to promote informatization, diversification, maximum openness, and comprehensive sharing of red archive management (Zhu and Zeng 2022).

The literature review reveals that there is a wealth of research focused on red cultural resources, with a primary focus on their development and utilization, their use in education and teaching, and their digital utilization. However, there is a relative scarcity of research on the organization and visualization of knowledge related to red cultural resources (Liu et al. 2022).

2.3 Cuban Revolutionary History and Red Cultural Resource Research

From Cuba, we can find literature generally based on the education field and recognize that arts works are often dispersed, which forces the researcher to obtain their own information in different ways. The process of teaching and learning Cuban history responds to the necessity of forming professionals with a high level of scientific knowledge, humanist character, and patriotic values. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to negotiate and incorporate new technologies into the educational process. This is especially important given the current conditions and the need to adapt to new methods of teaching and learning (Bravo Abreu and Fabé González 2018), and iconography as a support for teaching-learning methods is very necessary for a developing educational process (Rodríguez Castellanos et al. 2013). The accessibility and availability of information, thanks to new technology, allow regions and individuals to access educational and knowledge resources. This fosters opportunities for learning and the exchange of knowledge within communities (Toland and Pak 2017).

The research differences between China and Cuba are palpable. China offers great importance to red culture and red cultural resources, while for Cuba these are new terms. While research on knowledge organization and visualization of red cultural resources is relatively scarce in China, it is null in Cuba. Research and application of knowledge organization and visualization of Cuban red cultural resources are a necessity to help promote the red gene as ideological support. The metadata framework and ontology construction and knowledge graph of art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history will allow us to achieve this goal and disseminate the information to the general public.

2.4 Knowledge Organization and Visualization

Traditional methods of organizing historical events, such as chronological or thematic approaches, have limitations in capturing the complexity and interconnectedness of events. In contrast, organizing and visualizing historical events provides researchers with a powerful tool to analyze and understand complex historical phenomena and facilitate the dissemination of historical knowledge (Li et al. 2020). These techniques help overcome the limitations of traditional approaches by capturing the interconnectedness of events and offering new insights into historical processes. They also facilitate the dissemination of historical knowledge to a wider audience, making history more accessible and engaging for all.

Since a metadata framework organizes, describes, and manages information, it is highly significant in various domains and contexts. Powerful structured metadata with a strong focus on descriptive information has long been produced and shared by the cultural heritage community (libraries, archives, and museums) (Riley 2017). In this domain, innovative techniques for image retrieval are introduced in the context of image collections (Lewis et al. 2004). Since modeling metadata for the performing arts is possibly one of the most complex cases, several standards have been created to try to solve the problem. These include Dublin Core (DC) metadata terms and the International Committee for Documentation-Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM), which is carried out by the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) (Bellini and Nesi 2015).

Ontologies are a research topic in various communities and areas of study, more recently in the field of Information Sciences: as tools in the representation of information (as a conceptual schema), in search and retrieval (as a tool), as cooperative information systems and their application to digital libraries, and as tools for knowledge management. An ontology can be a tool that works on the heterogeneity of the data and its subsequent semantization in such a way that it increases the quality of the organization, search, and information retrieval processes (Rosell et al. 2016). Ontologies play a pivotal role in facilitating communication among individuals, organizations, and applications by establishing a shared understanding of a specific domain. This shared understanding helps to alleviate conceptual and terminological ambiguities, making ontologies of great significance in the realms of science and technology. Just as the ontology development design methodologies are varied, the tools for their development and the language to be used are also varied. Determining the convenience of selecting a methodology, tool, or language will depend on the subjectivity of the use and scope of the application, allowing it to enrich the diversity of the world of knowledge (Guzmán Luna, López Bonilla and Durley Torres 2012).

In order to effectively organize knowledge, it is essential for knowledge organization systems to consider diverse cultural perspectives, disciplines, and contexts when classifying and describing information. These systems should be adaptable to accommodate the evolving nature of knowledge and the evolving needs of users (Furner 2021). The growing digitalization and the emergence of new practices for sharing data are transforming our understanding of how cultural heritage is defined, collected, and displayed (Hansson, Näslund and Cerratto 2022). Ontology, as a knowledge organization resource, is a great space for sharing and learning Cuban Red Revolution history from the perspective of art works as innovative services. This knowledge organization and visualization through a knowledge graph can help disseminate Cuban red art works to a general public and reinforce red culture and the revolutionary spirit of Cuban people.

Knowledge visualization plays a key role in representing information in a manner that is both accessible and effective. This facilitates the exploration, analysis, and comprehension of knowledge across diverse disciplines and fields. Furthermore, knowledge graphs serve as a potent instrument for organizing, representing, and harnessing knowledge in impactful ways. By integrating information, uncovering relationships, responding to intricate queries, and facilitating reasoning and inference, knowledge graphs have profound implications across domains ranging from academic research to practical business applications (Börner, Chen, and Boyack 2003).

Analyzing the previous situation, we can ask how to organize and visualize the art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history. This research focuses on art works depicting the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history as its research subject. It aims to illuminate the history of the Cuban Red Revolution by analyzing art works and constructing an ontology knowledge resource. This resource serves the purpose of disseminating Cuban red art works, not only for domestic institutions and individuals in Cuba but also for other countries, given their philosophical and ideological implications. Current research in revolutionary culture has not sufficiently addressed resource and ontology levels. Advances in this field will provide new opportunities for the organization, representation, and application of knowledge.

This article explores the theory of knowledge organization and knowledge discovery in the context of art works with the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history. The organization and visualization of knowledge related to these art works is an important aspect of red cultural resources and can help to promote and disseminate its value. The use of modern ICTs for organization, visualization, and dissemination of art works with the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history allows the construction of a metadata framework, an ontology model, and a knowledge graph. Retrieval makes it possible for the public and researchers to understand the art works, while bringing many innovative values to the theoretical research academia and real life of the Red Revolution in Cuba and even in Latin America. The metadata framework, ontology model, and knowledge graph of art works with the theme of the Cuban Red Revolution serve as a support system aimed at strengthening the red culture and revolutionary spirit of the Cuban people. They uphold the humanist essence and patriotic sentiments inherent in this historical period, while also contributing to the preservation of the red gene to achieve the prosperity and development of the motherland. For other people around the world, this research allows benefits such as cultural understanding, learning from experiences, strengthening of relationships, and identification of investment opportunities.

4.1 Construction of Metadata Framework for Art Works on the Theme of Cuban Red Revolution History

Metadata is a standardized method of documenting the contextual information of data by describing the characteristics and attributes of the data. It plays a crucial role in enabling the discovery, access, and reuse of a dataset by providing the necessary information. Different disciplines have their own metadata standards that focus on specific aspects (Zeng and Qin 2008). After comparing and analyzing the relevant metadata standards according to library and information science, DC and CIDOC-CRM were selected as reuse objects.

On the basis of following the principle of metadata construction, the metadata framework of art works with the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history was constructed. The metadata framework has 23 elements: eight from Dublin Metadata Standard, 10 from CIDOC-CRM, and five which are customized. It is classified according to general, technical, and contextual characteristics for an orderly organization of elements and art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history (Table 1).

Taking five art works as an example, the metadata framework is tested. The first one is the picture “Guerrillero Heroico” by Alberto Korda, a black-and-white photo that shows the face of the Argentine-Cuban revolutionary Ernesto “Che” Guevara. The image was taken in the Plaza de la Revolución in Havana, Cuba, on March 5, 1960, during a funeral procession of victims of the terrorist attack on the ship La Coubre. The photograph has become a major cultural and political icon around the world, has been widely reproduced in a variety of media and products, and is considered one of the most famous and influential photographs of the twentieth century. The second one is the picture “Fidel dialoga con los milicianos” by Joaquín Viñas, a black-and-white photo that shows Fidel Castro talking with milicianos the during Playa Giron battle on April 17, 1961. The third is “Tanque de las FAR,” a black-and-white photo taken by Lothar Graff in April 1961 during the Playa Girón battle. The fourth art work is “Bombardeo del 15 de abril” by Servando Cabrera Moreno, a painting with a realism style and a cold tone created in 1961. The last one is “Playa Girón” by Raúl Martínez, a painting with an abstract style and warm tone created in 1962 (Table 2 and Figure 2).

Figure 2:

Art works example. Note: all images comply with the Access to Information Law in Cuba and are open access, meaning there is copyright permission to use these in this article.

4.2 Ontology Model Construction of Art Works on the Theme of Cuban Red Revolution History

An ontology model is a framework that conceptually represents a set of categories and concepts within a specific domain, along with their interrelationships (Ashraf 2013). Its purpose is to establish a common vocabulary and comprehension of the domain. The development of an ontology model may involve various methods and techniques, such as formal representation, conceptual modeling, and knowledge acquisition. The resulting ontology model can be utilized in different applications, including knowledge management, data integration, and information retrieval. It promotes knowledge sharing and reuse across various domains and applications (Gruber 1993).

Following a thorough comparison and analysis of the pros and cons associated with various approaches to building ontologies, the decision was made to employ the seven-step method for constructing the ontology of art works centered around the Cuban Red Revolution history (CRRAW). The method offers structure and a systematic approach to ontology modeling which, in turn, improves the quality and accuracy of the resulting ontology. That makes it a reliable and rigorous tool in the scientific field.

With reference to DC and CIDOC CRM, the pre-indexed content is conceptually standardized by reusing related ontology elements. A total of six classes and 13 subclasses were constructed reusing 10 classes from CIDOC CRM, with other ones also created (Table 3).

Describing relationships between concept classes sees 13 object properties set, comprehensively summarized, and defined. CIDOC CRM standard is reused for seven object properties and six are customized according to classes characteristics (Table 4).

Used to describe characteristics or features of individuals, 13 data attributes explain the descriptive information of the classes of creator, art_work, and event respectively and enrich the connotation of conceptual classes. In order to improve the information, this research restricts the attribute of the range, sets the type of data attribute as “String,” and describes the attribute value in the form of language expression (Table 5).

The research introduces nine components of art work: type, support, dimension, tonality, style, technique, material, current location, and resources related to the historical event. Types of art work are painting, printmaking, pictures or others. Support refers to digital format, hard format, or both. Dimension represents the size of the painting in the form “length x width cm.” Tonality includes warm tone (yellow, orange), cold tone (blue, green), or black-and-white. Style is realism, abstraction, portrait, documentary photography, reportage photography, and so on. Techniques used for creating art work are oils, acrylics, pastels, graffiti, marbled, rubbed, light-painting, bokeh, zooming, bracketing, HDR, composition technique, and others. Materials used in art work are watercolors, oils, acrylics, pastels, pencils, and etcetera. Current location refers to the place where the work is collected and placed at this stage. Songs, books, and documentaries are resources related to historical event.

Ontology classes, object properties, and data attribute of art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history are constructed using Protégé ontology editor, and the ontology model is visually displayed by using Protégé’s OntoGraf plugin (Figure 3).

Figure 3:

Ontology model for art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history by Protégé.

In a more understandable way, we can use WebVOWL for ontology model visualization. WebVOWL is an online Web Ontology Visualization (OWL) tool that allows users to create visual diagrams of their ontologies and display them (Figure 4).

Figure 4:

Ontology model for art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history by WebVOWL.

Finally, 16 art works related to the Playa Girón battle in April 1961 were taken to create individuals and visually display a realistic use of the ontology model. RDF data was created (Figure 5).

Figure 5:

Visualization of 16 art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history.

Taking the painting data of “Bombardeo del 15 de abril” as example, we can do a detailed interpretation. The painting, created by Servando Cabreras Moreno in 1961, depicts the historical event of Playa Girón Battle in the same year. This event took place in Matanzas, Cuba, from April 17 to April 19. The National Museum of Fine Arts is the current location of the art work (Figure 6).

Figure 6:

Visualization of painting “Bombardeo del 15 de abril.”

4.3 Knowledge Storage and Visualization of Art Works on the Theme of Cuban Red Revolution History

RDF data is mapped to nodes, relationships, and attributes in a secondary model, with this data then transformed into a CSV file and imported into Neo4j for storage and management of knowledge. This study uses the Cypher query language to verify the feasibility and application value of the ontology attribute model, with the goal of providing users with more accurate knowledge services and realizing the use value of the knowledge graph. By querying art works and events, extending path associations, and deducing knowledge, this study is able to uncover the internal relationships between different entities, interpret deep-seated knowledge connotations, and provide method references for related research on red cultural resources. Additionally, this study provides technical support for the construction of red cultural resource databases, question-and-answer systems, and virtual scene applications, fully embodying the potential of the ontology attribute model.

The first query is with art works as the core. Using the search formula “MATCH (a)-[r: wasCreatedBy | createdOn | depicts | hasType| hasSupport | hasDimension | hasTonality | assigned | usedGeneralTechnique | employed | hascurrentlocation]-> (b) RETURN a, r, b,” we can get all the attributed information related to art works: creator, type, date, event and event participants depicted, technical components (dimension, support, tonality, material, style, and technique), and current location.

Although the node can’t show all the information about the cause, process, result, and significance of historical events, users can click on the node with the cursor to get all the contents (Figure 7).

Figure 7:

Visualization of ontology instance.

Taking the photo “Fidel_desciende_de_un_tanque” as an example, we can know all information about it with the formula “MATCH (a {Art_Work: ‘Fidel_desciende_de_un_tanque’})-[r: wasCreatedBy | createdOn | depicts | hasType| hasSupport | hasDimension | hasTonality | assigned | usedGeneralTechnique | employed | hascurrentlocation]-> (b) RETURN a, r, b.” The image was taken by Tirso Martínez on April 19, 1961, while Fidel Castro descended from a soviet tank. It is a black-and-white photo in silver gelatin and hard format, 20,46 × 15,35 cm in size, and was posted in Periódico Revolución. The style used was reportage photography with composition technique (Figure 8).

Figure 8:

Query result diagram of works.

Secondly, the query centered on historical events. Using the search formula “MATCH (a)-[r: hasTimeSpan | tookPlaceAt | hadParticipant | hadGeneralPurpose | hasMeaning | hasResults | hasRelatedResources ]-> (b) RETURN a, r, b,” we can get all the attribute information related to the event: the date, place, participants, general purpose, meaning, results, and related resources. For this example, the Battle of Playa Girón is the event depicted on art works. The battle occurred in 1961, from April 17 to April 19 in Playa Girón, Matanzas, Cuba with the participation of Cuban militias and mercenaries of Brigade 2506. The Battle of Playa Girón was a military confrontation between the Cuban military forces, led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, and a group of Cuban exiles supported by the United States, with the goal of the invasion to overthrow Cuba’s revolutionary government and establish a pro-American government on the island. It was an important turning point in the history of Cuba and in relations between Cuba and the United States. The failure of the invasion strengthened the position of the Cuban government and increased hostility between Cuba and the United States. Furthermore, the battle demonstrated the determination and ability of the Cuban government to defend its revolution against foreign intervention. Related resources to event are the following books: Playa Girón: La primera derrota del imperialismo yanqui en América Latina by Enrique Encinosa, La invasión by Carlos Franqui and La victoria estratégica by Raúl Roa; the following documentaries: The Bay of Pigs: Declassified by National Geographic and Cuba: The Forgotten Revolution by PBS; and the following songs: “Playa Girón” by Silvio Rodríguez, “La Brigada 2506” by Carlos Puebla, “Canto a Playa Girón” by Pablo Milanés, and “Girón” by Van Van (Figure 9).

Figure 9:

Query result diagram of event.

Providing multiple entry points allows users to access diverse information, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of the works and rich knowledge services. This approach enables users to appreciate the painting content while also gaining all relevant information related to the art works with the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history from multiple perspectives in a holistic manner. Such a comprehensive approach facilitates the dissemination of knowledge about the art works with the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history.

5.1 Potential of Knowledge Organization and Visualization

In today’s knowledge-based society, the provision of information to citizens is of the utmost importance, and the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) plays a fundamental role in streamlining the processes. Promoting the construction of the knowledge organization system of art works and visualization, allowing better diffusion and utilization to the public and researchers, offering the public accurate and innovative services, and creating more effective processes, products, and ideas all have a great impact on society and improve the quality of life for citizens. This study provides new ideas for the utilization of art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history and offers practical guidance for managing and utilizing various types of cultural resources.

This research constructs a metadata framework, an ontology model, and a knowledge graph for art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history. The metadata framework is a key tool to organize, describe, and relate metadata effectively. In turn, it contributes to better management and use of information in different environments and informed decision-making. Modeling ontologies is essential in capturing, sharing, and using knowledge effectively in different contexts. It provides a solid foundation for interoperability, reusability, reasoning, and decision-making, and ensures the consistency and accuracy of information. The implementation of a knowledge graph is an effective tool for the management of knowledge related to history and culture, and allows the information to be represented and related in a clear and structured way, which facilitates its understanding and analysis. Additionally, a knowledge graph can be used to identify significant patterns and relationships, which can help uncover new connections and perspectives on history and culture. Upgrading the research results with other kinds of art work, such as sculpture, and delving into what internal and external elements of art works can be possible, will allow further knowledge to be generated.

It is essential to organize and visualize the knowledge of art works with the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history and to have a metadata framework, with the ontology of Cuban Red Revolution history and the knowledge graph as a research result, and to expose new perspectives for the study of art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history as red cultural resources. Red culture and red cultural resources are relatively new concepts to Cuba, and research on the organization and visualization of red cultural resources is nonexistent in the country. Art works on the theme of Cuban Red Revolution history are often dispersed, and this research permits centralizing information and facilitating its access, preservation, and survival. It is essential to promote the diffusion of the value of red resources and reinforce their importance in understanding Cuban history and stimulating the red gene in Cuban people; this is helpful for the effective mining and rational utilization of the historical knowledge resources of the Cuban Red Revolution.

5.2 Establishment of National-Level Historical Cultural Databases

The study proposes the creation of a national database, specifically dedicated to red cultural resources, aimed at preserving and promoting the cultural heritage and history of the country. This database would play a vital role in the inheritance and construction of digital cultural heritage by providing a centralized platform for documenting and showcasing red cultural resources. The establishment of this database would ensure the long-term accessibility and digital preservation of these resources, enabling wider public engagement and facilitating research and education, while also attracting tourists and visitors, thus improving international cultural exchanges and thereby generating economic development and collaboration on a global scale. This will contribute to the enrichment of national identity, education, tourism, and overall societal development while also allowing citizens of other countries to understand Cuban culture, politics, and society, establishing cultural links and promoting mutual understanding.

5.3 Practical Use

Visualizing art works from different periods of the Cuban Red Revolution can provide a valuable context for understanding the political, social, and cultural changes that took place during that time. By organizing and categorizing these art works, you can create a timeline that helps viewers grasp how art evolved in response to historical events. Through knowledge organization, you can identify trends in Cuban art during the Red Revolution era. By organizing art works thematically, you can analyze how artists convey their perspectives on the Cuban Revolution, which might involve exploring propaganda art, revolutionary symbolism, or dissenting voices within the art world. Knowledge organization and visualization are also essential for preserving historical art; you can create digital archives that catalog and document these art works, ensuring they are accessible to future generations. An organized collection of art works can serve as a valuable educational resource. Teachers, students, and researchers can access this visual history to gain insights into the Cuban Red Revolution, fostering a more profound understanding of this complex.

A metadata framework offers a structured method for managing metadata. It enhances the searchability of information by using metadata tags on documents, files, or records, making it simpler to locate and retrieve specific details. This framework supports data integration and interoperability by establishing common standards and formats. Organizations can enforce data quality rules, document data lineage, and track data provenance through defined metadata standards, which ensures data integrity, accountability, and compliance with regulations. By capturing metadata about the context, format, and provenance of digital assets, organizations can guarantee the retention and accessibility of important information over time. This aids long-term preservation efforts and reduces the risk of data loss or obsolescence (Ulrich et al. 2022).

Ontologies are like the backbone of knowledge organization in the digital age, and they have a wide range of applications (Taye 2010). The utilization of ontologies can enhance the precision and effectiveness of information retrieval systems. This is because they offer a systematic manner of classifying and connecting concepts, which in turn simplifies the process of searching for and locating pertinent information. Ontologies play a crucial role in the development of the Semantic Web, where data is not only structured for humans but also for machines to understand; this enables more intelligent and context-aware web applications (Zhang et al. 2020). Ontologies are employed to combine data from divergent sources (Silva, Barreto, and Araujo 2021), functioning to bring together the data by establishing shared terms and relationships.

The knowledge graph is a valuable tool for understanding and visualizing the history of the Cuban Red Revolution through art. It can significantly improve search engines’ capabilities. When you perform a search, instead of just matching keywords, the search engine can use the relationships within the knowledge graph to provide more contextually relevant results. In the context of Cuban Red Revolution history and art, you can integrate information from historical archives, art collections, academic research, and even social media discussions. Knowledge graphs provide a semantic understanding of data, which means they understand the meaning and relationships between concepts (Xu et al. 2016). In addition, knowledge graphs can be used to build decision support systems in various domains (Guo et al. 2020); in history and art analysis, this can help researchers and curators make informed decisions about categorizing, preserving, and exhibiting art works, as well as assist in identifying gaps in knowledge and areas that require further research. Knowledge graphs are also valuable tools for educational purposes (Rizun 2019), as they can provide students with a dynamic learning environment where they can explore historical events through art. Finally, knowledge graphs can contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage (Doe, Smith, and Johnson 2020). By connecting art works, historical records, and cultural context, you can create a digital representation of the Cuban Red Revolution’s artistic legacy.