Home The Investment Protocol of the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Right to Development: An Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges Ahead
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The Investment Protocol of the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Right to Development: An Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges Ahead

  • Mohammadreza Jodyvash EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 22, 2025

Abstract

This article examines the implementation of the right to development in the AfCFTA Investment Protocol using an inductive approach. The protocol prioritizes sustainable and inclusive development, offering a novel framework for regulating foreign investments that balances national and regional interests with social and environmental responsibility. Articles 28 and 35 highlight the dual right of host states to regulate investments for development and address developmental disparities. Additionally, Article 31 underscores investors’ obligations to uphold human rights, labor standards, and environmental protection. By providing preferential treatment for local communities and minorities and requiring investors to align with sustainable development goals, the protocol plays a crucial role in protecting marginalized groups. Within this framework, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights exercises its supervisory role to ensure the realization of these rights, while future arbitration mechanisms emphasize transparency and accountability. The protocol redefines traditional principles of international investment law, offering a model for investment governance that harmonizes economic freedom with social justice and environmental sustainability.


Corresponding author: Mohammadreza Jodyvash, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, E-mail:

References

AFCFTA Protocol on Investment [2023], <https://edit.wti.org/document/show/e5d51824-c467-4e24-922b-3fb376d89550>.Search in Google Scholar

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Banjul Charter) (October 21, 1986), Available at: <https://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/docs/African_Charter_Human_Peoples_Rights.pdf>, accessed March 4, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v. Kenya, Ogiek People Case, Judgment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. [2017].Search in Google Scholar

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v. Kenya, Ogiek People Case, Judgment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. [2022].Search in Google Scholar

African Union, African Regional Bodies Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area Protocol on Rules and Procedures on the Settlement of Disputes Legislation as at 21 March 2018, available at: <file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/Protocol%20on%20Rules%20and%20Procedures%20on%20the%20Settlement%20of%20Disputes.pdf>, accessed March 1, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

African Union, Protocol to the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area on Investment, (March, 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Agbor, A. Realising the Right to Development in Africa: Responsible, Responsive and Ethical Political Leadership as a Conditio Sine Qua Non, 52 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, no. 2 (2019).Search in Google Scholar

Agreement between the Government of Burkina Faso and the Government of Canada for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, dated April 20, 2015, available at:< https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5589/download>, accessed March 16, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

Ajibo, C. C. and T. Kaime. Sustainable Development under AfCFTA: Dimensions, Limitations and Prospects, 18 Law and Development Review, no. 1 (2025).10.1515/ldr-2023-0127Search in Google Scholar

Ajibo, C. C., African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement: The Euphoria, Pitfalls and Prospects, 53 Journal of World Trade, no. 5 (2019), available at: <https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Journal+of+World+Trade/53.5/TRAD2019035>, accessed March 6, 2025.10.54648/TRAD2019035Search in Google Scholar

Ajibo, Collins C., The African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement: Legal and Policy Frameworks (London: Taylor & Francis, 2024).10.4324/9781003472513Search in Google Scholar

Alvarez, José E., Can International Investment Agreements Advance the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals?, in V. Vadi, S. Mwakaje and T. Gazzini (eds), The African Renaissance in the Age of Globalization: What Role for International Investment Law (Cambridge: CUP forthcoming 2025).10.2139/ssrn.4916296Search in Google Scholar

Amire, Comfort M., and Timothy O. Ogunseye. International Trade Flows and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Member Countries.Search in Google Scholar

Amoah, Emmanuel Kwabena Owusu, Safeguards for the AfCFTA to Avoid the WTO Appellate Body Situation, 21 Manchester Journal of International Economic Law, no. 3 (2024).Search in Google Scholar

An Evaluation of the Role of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the Protection of Women’s Rights Under the Maputo Protocol, PhD diss., University of Nairobi. (2021).Search in Google Scholar

ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement. available at: https://agreement.asean.org/media/download/20140119035519.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Ayele, Y., M. Belete, and D. W. te Velde. 2023. The AfCFTA Protocol on Investment: Issues and Potential Impacts, Overseas Development Institute Policy Brief.Search in Google Scholar

Ayentimi, Desmond T., John Burgess, and Kerry Brown, Developing Effective Local Content Regulations in Sub-Sahara Africa: The Need for More Effective Policy Alignment, 24 Multinational Business Review, no. 4 (2016), 354-374.10.1108/MBR-08-2015-0040Search in Google Scholar

Azapmo, Jean Bertrand, African Economic Integration Initiatives and the Challenge of Responsible Business Conducts: Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Provisions in African Regional Trade and Investment Agreements, 70 Revue Interventions économiques. Papers in Political Economy (2023).10.4000/interventionseconomiques.23918Search in Google Scholar

Baruti, Rukia, Investment facilitation in regional economic integration in Africa: The cases of COMESA, EAC and SADC, 18 Journal of World Investment & Trade, no. 3 (2017).10.1163/22119000-12340049Search in Google Scholar

Baughn, C. Christopher Nancy, L. Bodie, and John C. McIntosh, Corporate social and environmental responsibility in Asian countries and other geographical regions, 14 Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, no. 4 (2007).10.1002/csr.160Search in Google Scholar

Belete, Martha, Ethiopia and Investment Provisions in AfCFTA: Issues and Challenges [2022].Search in Google Scholar

Ben, Chigara, European/Southern African Development Community (SADC) states’ bilateral investment agreements (BITs) for the promotion and protection of foreign investments vs post‐apartheid SADC economic and social reconstruction policy, 10 Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, no. 3 (2011).10.1108/14770021111165508Search in Google Scholar

Bjorklund, A, K, Sustainable Development and International Investment Law, in K. Miles (ed.), Research Handbook on Environment and Investment Law [2019].Search in Google Scholar

Bojang, M. B. S., Critical issues affecting Africa’s development: E-government, democracy and democratic principles, and governance as an alternative for socio-economic development in Africa, 1 International Journal of Youth Economy, no. 1 (2017).10.18576/ijye/010104Search in Google Scholar

Bona But, V. A., Analyzing the Effectiveness of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) (2015).Search in Google Scholar

Calamita, J. & A. Berman, Assessing the Rule of Law Promise, in J. Calamita & A. Berman (eds), Investment Treaties and the Rule of Law Promise [2022].Search in Google Scholar

Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement, November 21, 2008, available at: https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/colombia-colombie/fta-ale/preamble-preambule.aspx?lang=eng>, accessed March 16, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

CIJ Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment [2023].Search in Google Scholar

Clayton, William Ralph, Clayton, William Richard, Clayton, Douglas, and Clayton, Daniel and Bilcon of Delaware Inc. v. Government of Canada , UNCITRAL, May 21, 2015, available at: <https://www.iisd.org/itn/2015/05/21/uncitral-tribunal-finds-canadas-environmental-assessment-breached-international-minimum-standard-of-treatment-and-national-treatment-standard-clayton-bilcon/?utm_source=>, accessed February 20, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

Destefano, G., The Evolutionary Interpretation of International Norms, 2 General Review of Public International Law [2011].Search in Google Scholar

Dolzer, R., New Foundations of the Law of Expropriation of Alien Property, 75 American Journal of International Law, no. 3 (1981).10.2307/2200686Search in Google Scholar

Diehl, Paul. F., Charlotte Ku, and Daniel Zamora, The Dynamics of International Law: The Interaction of Normative and Operating Systems, 57 International Organization, no. 1 (2003).10.1017/S002081830357103XSearch in Google Scholar

Dragusha, B, B. Hasaj, A. Kruja, and E. Lulaj, The impact of foreign trade liberalization on Albania’s economic growth: An econometrical approach, 10 Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, no. 2 (2023).10.15549/jeecar.v10i2.1097Search in Google Scholar

Dupuy, R. J., “International Community and Disparities in Development,” Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law [1979].Search in Google Scholar

ECA, UN, UN ECE, UN ECLAC, and UN ESCWA, Handbook on Provisions and Options for Inclusive and Sustainable Development in Trade Agreements [2023].Search in Google Scholar

Ejims, O., Developing a Climate-Resilient Investment Protocol: Lessons from the Final Draft Protocol on Investment to the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area [2023].Search in Google Scholar

Ezugwu, O. A. and M. M. Duruji, African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA) and the Challenges of Regional Integration in Africa, 3 International Journal of Social Service and Research, no. 11 (2023).10.46799/ijssr.v3i10.504Search in Google Scholar

Faccio, S., Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Law, between States Regulatory Powers and Investors Protection [2013].Search in Google Scholar

Feldman, Mark Investment Arbitration Reform and the Pacific Rim Consensus, 9 BCDR International Arbitration Review, no. 2 (2022).10.54648/BCDR2025003Search in Google Scholar

Fitzpatrick, Le Modernisme et les Fondements du Droit [2012].Search in Google Scholar

Gbadegbe, F., African Continental Free Trade Area: Forging a New Investment Dispute Settlement Model, 87 Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management, no. 2 (2021).10.54648/AMDM2021015Search in Google Scholar

Hassani, H., et al.., Big data and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) at a glance, 5 Big Data and Cognitive Computing, no. 3 (2021), at 28, available at: <https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/5/3/28>, accessed November 8, 2024.10.3390/bdcc5030028Search in Google Scholar

ILO, OHRRLS, UNAIDS RCNYO, UNECA, UNCDF, and Women UN, 2017 HLFP Thematic Review of SDG-9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation [2017].Search in Google Scholar

Jaafari, Islam, and Mohammed Sadik, “Regional Value Chains and Economic Integration in Africa in the Context of the AFCFTA: The Case of Phosphate and Derivatives,” 8 Revue d’Etudes en Management et Finance d’Organisation, no. 1 (2023).Search in Google Scholar

Jemi, T. R., F. Habib, and M. R. Alam, Strategies for Integrating Marginalized Communities into Supply Chains: Empowering Suppliers, Producers, and Distributors, 8 Journal of Creative Writing, no. 1 (2024).10.70771/jocw.v8i1.92Search in Google Scholar

Kairouani, Ali The implementation of the right to development in the African Continental Free Trade Agreement Investment Protocol, 7 African Human Rights Yearbook (2023).Search in Google Scholar

Kandjii, Nongee, An analysis of the role of AfCFTA investment facilitation protocol and strategies in the promotion of sustainable development in SADC Developing Countries: a comparative study [2023].Search in Google Scholar

Kanyamurwa, J. M., R. Kaddu, and R. Karemire, “Analysis of the AU–EU Relations Under the AfCFTA Framework in a Neoliberal Context,” in Africa-EU Relations and the African Continental Free Trade Area: Redefining the Dynamics of Power and Economic Partnership in a Complex Global Order (Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024).10.1007/978-3-031-57992-9_3Search in Google Scholar

Kennedy, D., Laws and Developments, in J. Hatchard & A. Perry-Kessaris (eds), Law and Development: Facing Complexity in the 21st Century [2003].Search in Google Scholar

Khalid, H., UN Sustainable Development Goals (2019).Search in Google Scholar

Kirunda, Victoria R., “Promoting and facilitating development through private sector inclusion under the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AFCFTA) legal and institutional framework,” (2023).Search in Google Scholar

Kouletakis, Jade, “Decolonising Copyright: Reconsidering Copyright Exclusivity and the Role of the Public Interest in International Intellectual Property Frameworks.” 71 GRUR International, no. 1 (2022).10.1093/grurint/ikab099Search in Google Scholar

Krommendijk, J. and J. Morijn, Balancing Investor Interests and Human Rights by Way of Applying the Proportionality Principle in Investor-State Arbitration, in Human Rights in International Investment Law and Arbitration (Oxford University Press, 2009).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578184.003.0018Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlmann, K. and A. L. Agutu, The African Continental Free Trade Area: Toward a new legal model for trade and development, 51 Georgetown Journal of International Law (2019).Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlmann, K. and A. L. Agutu, The African Continental Free Trade Area: Toward a New Legal Model for Trade and Development, 51 Geo. J. Int’l L., no. 3 (2019).10.2139/ssrn.3599438Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlmann, K. and A.L. Agutu, The African Continental Free Trade Area: Toward a New Legal Model for Trade and Development (March 16, 2020), 51 Georgetown Journal of International Law, no. 4 (2020), available at: <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3599438>, <https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3599438>, accessed March 2, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlmann, Katrin Legal and Institutional Dimension of the AfCFTA in the Context of Agricultural Development and Trade, Forthcoming as part of July (2022).10.2139/ssrn.4167388Search in Google Scholar

Kumar, A, and Kumar, S, Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Communities in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals, Sustainability [2021].Search in Google Scholar

Landsberg, Chris, The African Union and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): restoring a relationship challenged?, 12 African Journal on Conflict Resolution, no. 2 (2012).Search in Google Scholar

Laryea, Emmanuel T., and Oladapo O. Fabusuyi, Africanisation of International Investment Law for Sustainable Development: Challenges, 20 Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, no. 1 (2021).10.1108/JITLP-06-2020-0039Search in Google Scholar

Longo, Evan, Article 24 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: an individual or peoples’ right to a satisfactory environment? (2011).Search in Google Scholar

Lund-Thomsen, Peter Corporate accountability in South Africa: the role of community mobilizing in environmental governance, 81 International Affairs, no. 3 (2005).10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00472.xSearch in Google Scholar

Magwape, Mbakiso, “The AfCFTA and Trade Facilitation: Re-arranging Continental Economic Integration,” 45 Legal Issues of Economic Integration, no. 4 (2018).10.54648/LEIE2018021Search in Google Scholar

Mahiou, A, Le droit au développement, 72 Die Friedens-Warte [1997].Search in Google Scholar

Manzo, Kate Africa in the Rise of Rights-Based Development, 34 Geoforum, no. 4 (2003).10.1016/S0016-7185(03)00048-4Search in Google Scholar

Masoumi Karakani, Hossein, Supporting the Measurement of Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: Geospatial Sentiment Data Analysis, 43 IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, no. 1 (2024).10.1109/MTS.2024.3377459Search in Google Scholar

Mbengue, M. M. and S. Schacherer, Evolution of International Investment Agreements in Africa: Features and Challenges of Investment Law “Africanization”, Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy [2020].Search in Google Scholar

Mugano, Gift, SMEs and the African Continental Free Trade Area, in SMEs and Economic Development in Africa (2023).10.4324/9781003413172Search in Google Scholar

Nagu, Yakubu, Implementing the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA): Policies, Regulations, Laws and Institutions Required for Development [2023].Search in Google Scholar

Negm, N., Arbitration as a Means to Settle Disputes in the Wake of AfCFTA – Keynote Statement, TDM 3 [2022], Available at: <www.transnational-dispute-management.com>, accessed February 7, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

Nelson, W. N., Property, Rights, Liberty and Redistribution, 13 Philosophical Topics, no. 2 (1985).10.5840/philtopics198513225Search in Google Scholar

Ndhlovu, Tidings. P., Corporate social responsibility and corporate social investment: The South African case, 12 Journal of African Business, no. 1 (2011).10.1080/15228916.2011.555264Search in Google Scholar

Nkuepo, H. J., Africa’s Continental Free Trade Area: A Closer Look at the 2012 African Union’s Action Plan for Boosting Intra-African Trade, 5 Africa’s Trade Law Newsletter [2012].Search in Google Scholar

North American Free Trade Agreement, available at: <https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/laws/italaw6187%2814%29.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar

Ogunranti, A., Dispute Resolution in the AfCFTA Investment Protocol: a Preliminary Assessment and Proposal for Business and Human Rights Arbitration, 25 Journal of World Investment & Trade, no. 5-6 (2024).10.1163/22119000-12340343Search in Google Scholar

Oke, E. K., Intellectual Property Rights and Investment Law in the AfCFTA, Contemporary Issues in Intellectual Property Law in Africa (2024).Search in Google Scholar

Oke, Emmanuel Kolawole, “Intellectual Property Rights and Investment Law in the AfCFTA,” in Contemporary Issues in Intellectual Property Law in Africa (Routledge, 2024).10.4324/9781003491392-2Search in Google Scholar

O’Keefe, P. J., The United Nations and Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, 8 Journal of World Trade Law (1974).10.54648/TRAD1974016Search in Google Scholar

Omphemetse, S. Sibanda, The advent of the African continental free trade agreement as a tool for development, 56 Foreign Trade Review, no. 2 (2021).Search in Google Scholar

Onaopemipo, O. O. D. O., Adeleye, H. Wang, and C. L. Uyanwune, African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement: Implications for Sustainable Rural Development, 1 International Journal of Sustainable Rural Development, no. 2 (2024).10.54536/ijsrd.v1i2.3007Search in Google Scholar

Ordonez-Ponce, Eduardo and Olaf Weber, Multinational financial corporations and the sustainable development goals in developing countries, 65 Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, no. 6 (2022).10.1080/09640568.2022.2030684Search in Google Scholar

Owoeye, O., N. Potin, and O. Okunbor, Special Issue: Investment, Development and Sustainability in Contemporary Africa: Safeguarding Africa’s Development Goals in the Global Governance of Trade, 40 The Australasian Review of African Studies, no. 2 (2019).10.22160/22035184/ARAS-2019-40-2/8-26Search in Google Scholar

Owoeye, Olasupo (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Intellectual Property Law in Africa (Taylor & Francis, 2024).10.4324/9781003491392Search in Google Scholar

Oyebamiji, Oluwaseun, Overcoming Barriers to Intra-African Trade: The Role of AfCFTA in Dismantling Colonial Crop Legitimacy, Shipping Constraints, and Transportation Challenges, 4 Journal of Economics and Political Sciences, no. 1 (2024).Search in Google Scholar

Pert, P. L., R. Hill, C. J. Robinson, D. Jarvis, and J. Davies, Is Investment in Indigenous Land and Sea Management Going to the Right Places to Provide Multiple Co-Benefits? 27 Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, no. 3 [2020].10.1080/14486563.2020.1786861Search in Google Scholar

Powering trade through AfCFTA: a People-driven wholesome Development Agenda (February 15, 2023), available at: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230215/powering-trade-through-afcfta-people-driven-wholesome-development-agenda?utm_source=>, accessed March 1, 2025.Search in Google Scholar

Preston, Margaretha J. and Swaleha Peeroo, An analysis of the possibility to implement a CSI tax levy in South Africa: Lessons from Mauritius, 56 De Jure Law Journal, no. 1 (2023).10.17159/2225-7160/2023/v56a19Search in Google Scholar

Qumba, M., Incorporating Sustainable Development Principles in Africa’s Investment Treaty-Making, 11 Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, no. 2 (2024).10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a2Search in Google Scholar

Ramallari, A., Ramallari, G, and O. Fuçia, The Impact of Wages and Taxes on the Labor Market, 12 International Journal of Ecosystems & Ecology Sciences, no. 4 (2022).10.31407/ijees12.472Search in Google Scholar

Reisman, M., Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law, 254–255. The New Haven School of International Law [2010].Search in Google Scholar

Selelo, S., Promoting Intra-African Trade Through Agenda 2063 to Accelerate Continental Economic Growth for Sustainable Development, 17 OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, no. 12 (2024).Search in Google Scholar

Sengupta, A, Right to Development as a Human Right, Economic and Political Weekly (2001).Search in Google Scholar

Serrurier, E., “The Evolution of the Right to Development Before African Courts and Quasi-Judicial Bodies”, Revue du Tiers Monde [2016].Search in Google Scholar

Sibanda Sr, O. S., The advent of the African continental free trade agreement as a tool for development, 56 Foreign Trade Review, no. 2 (2021).10.1177/0015732521995171Search in Google Scholar

Sloane, R. D. and W. M. Reisman, Indirect Expropriation and its Valuation in the BIT Generation, 75 British Yearbook of International Law [2004].Search in Google Scholar

Tahiri, A, and I. Kovaçi, Gender Equality as a Goal of the Sustainable Development, 25 Quality-Access to Success, no. 202 (2024).10.47750/QAS/25.202.25Search in Google Scholar

The Liberation of Investing, available at: <https://zwei-wealth.ch/en/liberation?utm_source=>.Search in Google Scholar

Thusi, Xolani., Victor H. Mlambo, and Toyin Adetibah, The African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA): Possible benefits for women and youth in Africa, 5 Latin American Journal of Trade Policy, no. 13 (2022).10.5354/0719-9368.2022.64897Search in Google Scholar

Trans-Pacific Partnership, available at: <https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text>.Search in Google Scholar

UNCITRAL Ad Hoc Arbitration, Saluka v. Czech Republic (March 17, 2006).Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Report – The Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in Africa, Viewed from a Human Rights Perspective 3–5, available at: <https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/24090>, accessed November 21, 2024.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations General Assembly, Resolution A/RES/70/170 on the Sustainable Development Goals, available at: <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations General Assembly, Resolution adopted on December 20, 2012, A/RES/67/171 [2012].Search in Google Scholar

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), updated May 29, 2024, available at: <https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44981.pdf>.Search in Google Scholar

Vicente, M., What Is the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard: Content, Sources and Recent Developments [2022].Search in Google Scholar

Wannous, N., The Principle of Freedom to Invest: The Example of Tunisian, Egyptian, and Saudi Legislations, 29 Revue Québécoise de Droit International (2016).Search in Google Scholar

Weston, B. H., The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the Deprivation of Foreign-Owned Wealth, 75 American Journal of International Law, no. 3 (1981).Search in Google Scholar

Weston, Burns H. The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the Deprivation of Foreign-Owned Wealth, 75 American Journal of International Law, no. 3 (1981).10.2307/2200684Search in Google Scholar

Won, Kidane, L., Africa’s International Investment Law Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2023.10.1093/oso/9780197745571.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Woode, Gerald, Distributional Impact of Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on Poverty Reduction & Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa, SSRN 4830742 [2024].Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-11-20
Accepted: 2025-03-19
Published Online: 2025-04-22

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 16.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ldr-2024-0125/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button