The Failure of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (establishment etc.) Act 2004 as a Development Act

Books

Baderin, M.A., Law and Development in Africa: Towards a New Approach (Lagos: Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 2010).Search in Google Scholar

Brandt, W. and Other Members of an Independent Commission, North-South: A Programme for Survival, Report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986).Search in Google Scholar

Cairns, H., The Theory of Legal Science (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941).Search in Google Scholar

Denning, L., The Due Process of Law (London: Butterworths, 1980).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780406176080.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Doig, A. and S. Riley, “Corruption and Anti-Corruption Strategies: Issues and Case Studies from Developing Countries”, in (eds. not specified) Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 1998), available at:<ftp://pogar.org/localuser/pogarp/finances/cordev/corruption-transparencye.pdf>, accessed 25 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Ekundayo, J.M.O., Out of Africa: FASHOLA – Reinventing Servant Leadership to Engender Nigeria’s Transformation (Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2013).Search in Google Scholar

El-Rufai, N.A., The Accidental Public Servant (Ibadan: Safari, 2013).Search in Google Scholar

Elliott, C. and F. Quinn, English Legal System (15th ed., Harlow: Pearson, 2014).Search in Google Scholar

Heilbrunn, J., Anti-Corruption Commissions Panacea or Real Medicine to Fight Corruption? (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2004).Search in Google Scholar

Igbinovia, P.E. and B. Edobor-Igbinovia, The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission in Nigeria: An Appraisal (Ibadan: Safari, 2014).Search in Google Scholar

National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Corruption in Nigeria Bribery: Public Experience and Response (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2017), available at:<http://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary?page=2&offset=10>, accessed 29 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Nnoli, O., Path to Nigeria Development (California: Zed Press, 1981).Search in Google Scholar

Nwaomah, S., “The Role of the Church in Combating Corruption in Nigeria”, in A. Aina (ed.), Corruption & the Challenge of Human Development (Lagos: Babcock University Press, 2007).Search in Google Scholar

Ocran, T.M., Law in Aid of Development: Issues in Legal Theory, Institution Building and Economic Development in Africa (Accra: Ghana Publishing Corporation, 1978).Search in Google Scholar

Ogburn, W.F., Social Change with respect to Culture and Original Nature (Viking Press, 1950).Search in Google Scholar

Olaniyan, K., Corruption and Human Rights Law in Africa (Hart, 2014).Search in Google Scholar

Owasanoye, B. and C. Ani, “Improving Case Management Coordination Amongst the Police, Prosecution and Court”, in E. Azinge and D.C.J. Dakas (eds.), Judicial Reform and Transformation in Nigeria: A Tribute to Hon. Justice Dahiru Musdapher, GCON, FNIALS, Chief Justice of Nigeria (Lagos: Nigeria Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, 2012), available at:<http://nials-nigeria.org/text/journalsdetails.aspx?code=3>and<http://www.nials-nigeria.org/journals/Bolaji%20Owasanoye%20%20and%20chinyere.pdf>, accessed 28 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Pound, R., Interpretations of Legal History (New York: Macmillan, 1923).Search in Google Scholar

Rostow, W.W., The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960).Search in Google Scholar

Seidman, A. et al. (eds.), Africa’s Challenge: Using Law for Good Governance and Development (Trenton: Africa World Press, 2007).Search in Google Scholar

Stone, J., Social Dimensions of Law and Justice (Sydney: Maitland Publications, 1966).Search in Google Scholar

Trubek, D.M. and A. Santos (eds.), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).10.1017/CBO9780511754425Search in Google Scholar

Twinning, W., General Jurisprudence: Understanding Law from a Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).Search in Google Scholar

Articles (Academic)

Abati, R., How the Ordinary Nigerian Perceives the Nigerian Police Force, 1 The Nigerian Bar Journal (2001).Search in Google Scholar

Abdulkarim, Y., Socio-Economic Effects of Judicial Corruption in Nigeria, 1 International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, no. 1 (2012).Search in Google Scholar

Adebanwi, W. and E. Obadare, When Corruption Fights Back: Democracy and Elite Interest in Nigeria’s Anti-Corruption War, 49 The Journal of Modern African Studies, no. 2 (2011).10.1017/S0022278X11000012Search in Google Scholar

Adeleke, G.O., Prosecuting Corruption and the Application of Plea Bargaining in Nigeria: A Critique, 3 International Journal of Advanced Legal Studies and Governance, no. 1 (2012).Search in Google Scholar

Ademu, W.A., Eradicating Corruption in Public Office in Nigeria: Lessons from the Singapore Experience, 2 An International Journal of Personal Relationships, no. 2 (2013).10.5964/ijpr.v7i2.151Search in Google Scholar

Akech, M., Globalization, the Rule of (Administrative) Law, and the Realization of Democratic Governance in Africa: Realities, Challenges, and Prospects, 20 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, no. 1 (2013).10.2979/indjglolegstu.20.1.339Search in Google Scholar

Amaizo, Y.E., An Alternative African Developmentalism: A Critique of Zero-Sum Games and Palliative Economics, 37 Africa Development, no. 4 (2012).Search in Google Scholar

Arellano-Gault, D., Understanding the Trap of Systemic Corruption, 29 Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, no. 4 (2016).10.1111/gove.12236Search in Google Scholar

Ayodele, J., Reflection on Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC): Corruption and the Use of Plea Bargain in Nigeria, 2 International Journal of Management Sciences and Humanities, no. 1 (2014), available at: <https://www.ijmsh.com/articles/IJMSH_Publication_March_2014.pdf#page=65>, accessed 24 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Chetwynd, E. et al., Corruption and Poverty: A Review of Recent Literature (Final Report) a paper commissioned by USAID (Management Systems, Washington, 2003).Search in Google Scholar

Coldham, S., Legal Responses to State Corruption to Commonwealth Africa, 39 Journal of African Law, no. 2 (1995).10.1017/S0021855300006276Search in Google Scholar

Davis, K. and M. Trebilcock, The Relationship between Law and Development: Optimists versus Sceptics, 56 American Journal of Comparative Law, no. 4 (2008).10.5131/ajcl.2007.0031Search in Google Scholar

Davis, K. and M. Trebilock, What Role do Legal Institutions Play in Development, a draft prepared for International Monetary Fund’s Conference on Second Generation Reforms (20 October 1999), available at:<https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/trebil.pdf>, accessed July 18 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Dumisa, E.S. and O. Amao, The Utility of Moral Philosophy and Professional Ethics in the Fight against Corruption in South Africa: Any Role for Ubuntu, 4 Ubuntu: Journal of Conflict and Social Transformation, no. 1 (2015).Search in Google Scholar

Enweremadu, D.U., Anti-Corruption Policies in Nigeria Under Obasanjo and Yar’Adua: What to do After 2011? no. 1 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung discussion paper series (Abuja, November 2010), available at:<http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/07813.pdf>, accessed December 1, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Galanter, M., Snakes and Ladders: Suo Moto Intervention and the Indian Judiciary, 10 Florida International University Law Review, no. 1 (2014).10.25148/lawrev.10.1.8Search in Google Scholar

Ijewereme, O.B., Anatomy of Corruption in the Nigerian Public Sector: Theoretical Perspectives and Some Empirical Explanations, 5 SAGE Open, no. 2 (April–June 2015).10.1177/2158244015581188Search in Google Scholar

Ikejiaku, B.-V., The Concept of ‘Development’ Revised Towards Understanding: In the Context of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2 Journal of Politics and Law, no. 1 (2009).Search in Google Scholar

Isumonah, A., Imperial Presidency and Democratic Consolidation, 59 Africa Today, no. 1 (2012).10.2979/africatoday.59.1.43Search in Google Scholar

Inokoba, P. and W. Ibegu, Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) and Political Corruption: Implication for the Consolidation of Democracy in Nigeria, 13 Anthropologist, no. 4 (2011).10.1080/09720073.2011.11891209Search in Google Scholar

Iwuchukwu, O., Plea Bargaining: A Recreation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm in Nigeria, 2 (2) AFRREV LALIGENS an International Journal of Language, Literature and Gender Studies, no 6 (2013), available at:<file:///Users/som/Downloads/108043-295128-1-PB.pdf>, accessed 24 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Matunhu, J., A Critique of Modernization and Dependency Theories in Africa: Critical Assessment, 3 African Journal of History and Culture, no. 5 (2011), 65–72.Search in Google Scholar

McLachlin, B., Bill of Rights in Common Law Countries, 51 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2002).10.1093/iclq/51.2.197Search in Google Scholar

Obuah, E., Combatting Corruption in Nigeria: The Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes (EFCC), 12 African Studies Quarterly, no. 1 (2010).Search in Google Scholar

Ogbu, O.N., Combating Corruption in Nigeria: A Critical Appraisal of the Laws. Institutions, and the Political Will, 14 Annual Survey of International and Comparative Law, no. 1 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

Ogewzzy, M.C., A. Abidemi and A.I. Kekere, Restorative Justice and Measures: Panacea to Recidivism and Prison Congestion Nigeria, 7 Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence, no. 69 (2016).Search in Google Scholar

Ojo, M.O., The Nigeria Police and the Search for Integrity in the Midst of Diverse Challenges: An Effective Police Management Approach, 16 International Journal of Police Science and Management, no. 2 (2014).Search in Google Scholar

Olokooba, S.M. and M. Adebayo, Plea Bargaining: A Towards Prison Decongestion in Nigeria, 8 AGORA International Journal of Juridical Science, no. 4 (2014).10.15837/aijjs.v8i4.1613Search in Google Scholar

Osipitan, T. and A. Odusote, Nigeria: Challenges of Defence Counsel in Corruption Prosecution, 10 Acta Universitatis Danubius Jur., no. 3 (2014).Search in Google Scholar

Quah, J., Corruption in Asia with Special Reference to Singapore: Patterns and Consequences, 10 Asian Journal of Public Administration, no. 1 (1988).10.1080/02598272.1988.10800199Search in Google Scholar

Reddy, K., Developing Africa: Trade Barriers, Liberalization and Inequality in the World Trade Organization, 5 African Journal of Business Management, no 22 (2011).Search in Google Scholar

Seers, D., The Meaning of Development, Institute of Development Studies Communication no. 44 (Sussex, 1969).Search in Google Scholar

Sherman, C., Law and Development Today: The New Developmentalism, 10 German Law Journal, no. 9 (2009).10.1017/S2071832200018125Search in Google Scholar

Sowunmi, F., M. Adesola and M. Salako, An Appraisal of the Performance of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission in Nigeria, 56 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, no. 6 (2010).10.1177/0306624X09341043Search in Google Scholar

Stefes, C., Governance, the State and Systemic Corruption: Armenia and Georgia in Comparison, 2 Caucasian Review of International Affairs, no. 2 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

Tobechukwu, O. and S. Chukwuma, Rethinking the Power of Nolle Prosequi in Nigeria: The Case of State V Ilori, 2 Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, no. 1 (2014).Search in Google Scholar

Trubek, D., Developmental States and the Legal Order: Towards a New Political Economy of Development and Law, University of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper no. 1075 (Wisconsin, 1 December 2008), available at:<https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1349163>, accessed July 18 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Trubek, D., Law and Development 50 Years On, University of Wisconsin Law School Legal Studies Research Paper no. 1212 (Wisconsin, 15 October 2012), available at:<https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2161899>, accessed 21 July 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Trubek, D., Law and Development: 40 Years after Scholars in Self Estrangement – A Preliminary Review, University of Wisconsin Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series no. 1255 (Wisconsin, 2014), available at:<https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2435190>, accessed July 18 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Umoh, O.O. and A.S. Ubom, Corruption in Nigeria: Perceived Challenges of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in the Fourth Republic, 3 International Journal of Advanced Legal Studies and Governance, no. 3 (2012).Search in Google Scholar

Report and Speech

Clementi, D., Review of the Regulatory Framework for Legal Services in England and Wales Final Report (London: 2004), Chapter B, paras. 14 and 71, available at:<http://www.avocatsparis.org/Presence_Internationale/Droit_homme/PDF/Rapport_Clementi.pdf>, accessed 28 August 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Obasanjo, O., The New Dawn, Presidential Inaugural Speech (29 May 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Articles (Newspapers)

“The Editorial”, The Daily Sun, 24 May 2011.Search in Google Scholar

“… Truth of the Matter Is that Corruption Is Systemic in Nigeria – Osibanjo”, Vanguard, 3 March 2017, available at:<https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/truth-matter-corruption-nigeria-systemic-osinbajo/>, accessed 24 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Adebayo, B.O., “Mimiko and Obasanjo’s Utterance”, Daily Trust, 12 February 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Akintayo, I., “Nigeria Needs Profound Anti-Corruption Framework”, The Guardian, 23 August 2016, available at:<https://guardian.ng/features/nigeria-needs-profound-anti-corruption-framework/>, accessed 1 March 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Falana, F., “Police Permit Not Required for Rallies in Nigeria”, Premium Times, 3 January 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Kolawole, O., “Looted Funds, EFCC and Magu’s Worrisome Proposal”, The Cable, 25 October 2016, available at:<https://www.thecable.ng/looted-funds-efcc-magus-worrisome-proposal>, accessed 11 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Olowoopejo, M. “2020: Lagos Eyes Africa’s Third Largest Economy”, Vanguard, 15 May 2017, available at:<http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/2020-lagos-eyes-africas-third-largest-economy/>, accessed 23 July 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Owete, F. and H. Adebayo, “Interview: Nigeria: How NJC is Protecting Corrupt Judges – Buhari’s Adviser”, Premium Times, 22 October 2016, available at:<http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/213289-interview-nigeria-how-njc-is-protecting-corrupt-judges-buharis-adviser.html>, accessed 29 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Other Internet Sources

“The Coalition against Corrupt Leaders Has Accused the Federal Government under the Leadership of President Goodluck Jonathan of Weakening the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission by Underfunding the Agency”, Naij, available at:<https://politics.naij.com/54549.html>, accessed 12 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Adebayo, H., “How Alamieyeseigha Died – Bayelsa Government”, Premium Times, 11 October 2015, available at:<http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/191363-how-alamieyeseigha-died-bayelsa-government.html>, accessed 11 May 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Buhari Speaks to CNN Amanpour, a video interview of Muhammadu Buhari by Christiane Amanpour (Atlanta, February 2015), available at:<http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/31/africa/nigeria-muhammadu-buhari/index.html>, accessed 18 July 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Soludo, C.C., Anambra: An Emerging Start-Up State and Our Collective Challenge, A Lecture to Mark the Third Year Anniversary of His Excellency, Governor Willie Obiano (Awka, 17 March 2017), available at:<http://247ureports.com/2017/03/21/anambra-an-emerging-start-up-state-and-our-collective-challenge-by-chukwuma-charles-soludo-cfr/>, accessed 15 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

“Compound,” in Legal Dictionary, available at:<http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/compound>, accessed 24 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

EFCC, Contact Us, available at:<http://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/contact-us-2>, accessed 29 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

EFCC (Media & Publicity), EFCC Headquarters’ Building to be ready in December – Dogara (Abuja, 31 January 2017), available at: https://efccnigeria.org/efcc/news/2295-efcc-headquarters-building-to-be-ready-by-december-dogara, accessed 11 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

EFCC (Media & Publicity), Reps Pledge Support for EFCC’s Anti-Corruption Crusade, available at:<https://efccnigeria.org/efcc/news/1676-reps-pledge-support-for-efcc-s-anti-corruption-crusade>, accessed 29 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

EFCC (Media & Publicity), EFCC Poor Funding Worrisome – Jagada (Abuja, 25 September 2013), available at:<http://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/news/595-efcc-poor-funding-worisome-jagaba>, accessed 11 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Hong Kong: The Facts, available at:<https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/population.pdf>, accessed 25 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

How do we define corruption? available at: http://www.transparency.org/what-is-corruption#define>accessed 27 November 2016.Search in Google Scholar

http://s.mo.ibrahim.foundation/u/2016/10/01184917/2016-Index-Report.pdf?_ga=2.226140702.544342912.1500646704-1566561843.1500646704, accessed 21 July 2017.Search in Google Scholar

“How Nigeria Is Fighting Corruption”, The Economist Explains, 27 July 2017, available at: <https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2016/07/economist-explains-13>, accessed 29 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Izeze, I., “Anti-Graft And NFIA: Proposing Another Reason To Finally Kill EFCC”, Sahara Reporters, 18 February 2014, available at:<http://saharareporters.com/2014/02/18/anti-graft-and-nfia-proposing-another-reason-finally-kill-efcc-ifeanyi-izeze>, accessed 12 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

“List of Countries Projected by GDP per Capita”, Statistics Times, 7 June 2017, available at: <http://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-projected-gdp-capita.php>, accessed 25 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Mo Ibrahim Foundation, A Decade of African Governance: 2006–2015, 2016 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (Dakar/London: 2017), available at: <http://s.mo.ibrahim.foundation/u/2016/10/01184917/2016-Index-Report.pdf?_ga=2.226140702.544342912.1500646704-1566561843.1500646704>, accessed 21 July 2017.Search in Google Scholar

National Bureau of Statistics, Population 2006–2016, available at<http://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary?queries[search]=population>, accessed 24 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Peters, D. (compiler), Building an Institutional Framework (WD), available at: http://www.sswm.info/print/1606?tid=597>, accessed 14 April 2017.Search in Google Scholar

“Singapore Country Profile”, BBC News, 14 June 2017, available at:<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759>, accessed 25 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Singapore Department of Statistics, Latest Data, available at<http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#16>, accessed 24 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2000, available at:<https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/cpi_2000/0/>, accessed 3 November 2016.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, Nigeria’s Corruption Busters, available at:<http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/nigerias-corruption-busters.html>, accessed 26 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

What is Fraud and Corruption? available at:<http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/integrity-vice-presidency/what-is-fraud-and-corruption>, accessed 27 November 2016.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Instruments

United Nations Convention Against Corruption (adopted 31 October 2003, entered into force 14 December 2005) 2349 UNTS 41, chapter III.Search in Google Scholar

UNGA, Agenda for Development, Res 51/240 (1997) UN Doc A/RES/51/240.10.1093/fs/LI.2.240Search in Google Scholar

UNGA, Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Res 70/1 (25 September 2015) A/RES/70/1.Search in Google Scholar

UNGA, United Nations Development Decade: A Program for International Economic Cooperation, Res 1710 (XVI) (19 December 1961) UN Doc A/RES/1710 (XVI).Search in Google Scholar

The Secretary-General, Statement on the Adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 31 October 2003,<https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/background/secretary-general-speech.html>accessed 27 November 2016.Search in Google Scholar

African Union Instrument

The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (adopted 11 July 2003, entered into force August 5, 2006), art 11 (11).Search in Google Scholar

European Union Instrument

European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a Union Policy Against Corruption, Com (97) 192 finals, 21/05/97.Search in Google Scholar

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Specialized Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models (Paris: OECD, 2008).Search in Google Scholar

Legislations (Nigeria)

Advance Fee Fraud and Other Related Offences Act 1995.Search in Google Scholar

Bank and other Financial Institutions Act 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, ss. 174 and 211.Search in Google Scholar

Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Act 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Corrupt Practises and Other Related Offences Act 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code Act (chapter 77 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990).Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code Act (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990, chapter 77).Search in Google Scholar

Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment etc.) Act 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Evidence Act 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Failed Banks (Recovery of Debt and Financial Malpractices in Banks) Act.Search in Google Scholar

Interpretation Act (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990, chapter 192).Search in Google Scholar

Miscellaneous Offences Act.Search in Google Scholar

Money Laundering Act 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Penal Code 1959.Search in Google Scholar

Police Act 1943.Search in Google Scholar

Legislation (Kenya)

Tobacco Control Act 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Legislation (Singapore)

Prevention of Corruption Act 1993.Search in Google Scholar

Cases (African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights)

Sudan Human Rights Organization & Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions v Sudan (2009), communication 279/03-296/05.Search in Google Scholar

Cases (Nigeria)

Agbaje v Fashola & Ors (2008) LPELR-3648 (CA) 45–46 [para E – C] (Adamu, JCA).Search in Google Scholar

Aku v Aneku (1991) 8 NWLR Pt 209, 280 [292] CA (Ndoma-Egba JCA).Search in Google Scholar

Alfa v Arepo (1963) WNLR 95 [97] (Duffus J).Search in Google Scholar

Attorney General v John Holt and Co (1910) 2 NLR 1)).Search in Google Scholar

Chief Samuel Oluyemi Falae v General Olusegun Obasanjo & Ors (1999) LPELR-6586 (CA) 21 [C] – [F] (Musdapher, J.C.A.)Search in Google Scholar

Mojekwu v Mojekwu (1997) 7 NWLR Pt 512, 283 CA.Search in Google Scholar

Nwachukwu v Nnoremele (1957) II ERLR 50 (Mbanefo J).Search in Google Scholar

Oyewunmi v Ogunesan (1990) 3 NWLR Pt 137, 182 [207] SC (Obaseki JSC).Search in Google Scholar

PML Securities Company Limited v. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2015) 4 N.W.L.R. at p. 551.Search in Google Scholar

R v Bangaza (1960) 5 FSC 1.Search in Google Scholar

The State v S. O. Ilori and 2 Ors (1983) 2 S. C. 177–178 (ESO, JSC – lead judgment).Search in Google Scholar

Zaidan v Mohssen (1973) II SC 1 [2] (Elias CJN).Search in Google Scholar

Cases (England and Wales)

Heydon’s case [1584] EWHC Exch J36, 76 ER 637, 3 Co Rep 7 [2]).Search in Google Scholar

Inco Europe Ltd v First Choice Distribution [2000] 1 W.L.R. 586]592 [C] – [G] (Lord Nicholls).Search in Google Scholar

John Grey and Others v William Pearson and Others QB (1857) VI House of Lords Cases (Clark’s) 6110 ER 1216, 1234 [106] (Lord Wensleydale).Search in Google Scholar

Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593, 617 [F] (Lord Griffiths).Search in Google Scholar

R (Quintavalle) v Secretary of State for Health [2003] UKHL 13, 695 [8] (Lord Bingham).Search in Google Scholar

Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40).Search in Google Scholar

Whiteley v Chappell (1868-69) LR 4 QB 147, 148–149 (Lord Lush).10.1093/nq/s4-I.7.147jSearch in Google Scholar

Case (United States of America)

Santobello v. New York 404 U.S. 257 (1971).Search in Google Scholar