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Beyond the Constitutions of Marcus: Cassius Dio, Italian ‘Volksrecht’, and the Trouble with Law on the Books

  • Zachary Herz ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 3, 2025
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From the journal Klio Volume 107 Issue 1

Summary

In Book 79[78] of the “Roman History,” Cassius Dio claims that under Macrinus, Italian δικαιονόμοι “ceased to judge beyond the constitutions of Marcus”. Historians have traditionally read this claim to mean that Marcus Aurelius had issued legislation limiting the jurisdiction of Italian iuridici, that these officials had taken on greater responsibilities since Marcus’ death, and that Macrinus briefly restored Marcus’ original scheme. I argue instead that Dio describes Italian judges autonomously refusing to recognize the constitutions of Marcus’ successors as legally valid. I then suggest that Dio’s account of Italian adjudication fits better with the fluid and political legal culture that scholars have long found in provincial sources, and that Italian legal practice may have more closely resembled that of the provinces than traditional pluralist accounts of Roman law have led us to think.

Keywords: Cassius Dio; Roman Law; Macrinus; Marcus Aurelius; iuridici

Acknowledgments

A version of this article was presented at the 2024 Annual Meeting of the Association of Ancient Historians at Harvard University, and it was immensely improved by the feedback I received there. Adam Kemezis and Michael Peachin both read the argument and provided suggestions and encouragement; I am grateful to them, as well as to my editors and anonymous readers at Klio. All translations, and errors, my own.

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  14. Carolina López-Ruiz, Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean, Cambridge (Harvard University Press) 2021, 440 S., ISBN 978-0-674-98818-7 (geb.), $ 46,–
  15. Chiara Matarese, Deportationen im Perserreich in teispidisch-achaimenidischer Zeit, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz) 2021 (Classica et Orientalia 27), XII, 318 S., ISBN 978-3-447-11594-0 (geb.), € 78,–
  16. Virginia M. Lewis, Myth, Locality, and Identity in Pindar’s Sicilian Odes, New York (Oxford University Press) 2020 (Greeks Overseas), XX, 284 S., ISBN 978-0-19-091031-0 (geb.), £ 96,–
  17. Gianluca De Martino, The Cult of Poseidoniate Hera and the Lucanians in Poseidonia/Paistom. An Ancient Story of Religion and Muticulturalism, Helsinki – Vaasa (Societas Scientiarum Fennica) 2023 (Commentiones Humanarum Litterarum 145), 329 S., ISBN 978-951-653-496-4 (brosch.), € 30,–
  18. Charlotte Schubert, Isonomia. Entwicklung und Geschichte, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2021 (Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 392), VIII, 329 S., ISBN 978-3-11-071796-9, € 139,95
  19. Stefano G. Caneva, The Power of Naming. Studies in the Epicletic Language of Hellenistic Honours, Liège (Presses Universitaires de Liège) 2023 (Kernos Supplément 41), 404 S., ISBN 978-2-87562-358-4 (brosch.), € 30,–
  20. Errington, R. Malcom (Hg.): Die Staatsverträge des Altertums, IV: Die Verträge der griechisch-römischen Welt von ca. 200 v. Chr. bis zum Beginn der Kaiserzeit. Unter redaktioneller Mitarbeit von Isabelle Mossong, München (C.H.Beck) 2020, XXI, 663 S., ISBN 978-3-406-02696-6 (geb.), € 128,–
  21. Julie Bothorel, Gouverner par le hasard: le tirage au sort des provinces à Rome (IIIe s. av. J.-C.–Ier s. ap. J.-C.), Rom (École française de Rome) 2023 (Collection de L’École française de Rome 604), 569 S., ISBN 978-2-7283-1579-6 (geb.), € 36,–
  22. Bradley Buszard, Greek Translations of Roman Gods, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2023, XII, 324 S., ISBN 978-3-11-107179-4 (geb.), € 119,95
  23. Claudio Vacanti, Lucio Elio Seiano. Il potere all’ombra dell’imperatore Tiberio, Rom (Carroci) 2022 (Studi Storici Carocci), 216 S., ISBN 978-88-290-1711-9 (brosch.), € 22,80
  24. Jack W. G. Schropp, Pugna litterarum. Studien zur kompetitiven Geschichtsschreibung in der griechisch-römischen Literaturelite der Kaiserzeit, München (C.H.Beck) 2023 (Vestigia 7), VIII, 439 S., ISBN 978-3-406-80676-6 (geb.), € 78,–
  25. Jonas Osnabrügge, Die epigraphische Kultur an Oberrhein und Neckar in römischer Zeit, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2024, (HABES – Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien 66), 33 s/w Tab., 4 s/w Grafiken, 27 farbige Tafeln, 702 S., ISBN 978-3-515-13556-6 (geb.), € 98,–
  26. Ulrike Babusiaux – Christian Baldus – Wolfgang Ernst – Franz-Stefan Meissel – Johannes Platschek – Thomas Rüfner, Handbuch des Römischen Privatrechts, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 2023, 2 Bd., XCVI, 3707 S., ISBN 978-3-16-152359-5 (geb.), € 629,–
https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2024-0030
Keywords for this article
Cassius Dio; Roman Law; Macrinus; Marcus Aurelius; iuridici

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  1. Titelseiten
  2. Dis manibus Manfred Clauss
  3. Aufsätze
  4. The Word of the King: Royal Truthfulness and some Cases of Royal Multilingualism in Ancient Eurasia
  5. Hesiod, Farmers, basilēes and polis: a Reconsideration
  6. „Wie anwachsende Jahresringe“: Thukydides’ Kriegschronologie und ihr Kontext
  7. IG I3 89 and the Argead Family Tree
  8. Beyond the Constitutions of Marcus: Cassius Dio, Italian ‘Volksrecht’, and the Trouble with Law on the Books
  9. “Non penso sia giusto per un medico ignorare completamente l’ars coquinaria”: la dieta malsana delle élites di Roma imperiale
  10. Promoción municipal, condición estatutaria y flaminado: algunas consideraciones jurídicas sobre los flamines municipales y provinciales en Hispania
  11. Zenobia, the Great Jewish Queen? Re-analysing Zenobia’s Attitude to Monotheism, Judaism and Its Reasonings
  12. Literaturkritik
  13. Michael Streck, Altorientalistik. Einführung, Baden-Baden (Nomos) 2023, 290 S., ISBN 973-3-8487-8197-3 (brosch.), € 29,–
  14. Carolina López-Ruiz, Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean, Cambridge (Harvard University Press) 2021, 440 S., ISBN 978-0-674-98818-7 (geb.), $ 46,–
  15. Chiara Matarese, Deportationen im Perserreich in teispidisch-achaimenidischer Zeit, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz) 2021 (Classica et Orientalia 27), XII, 318 S., ISBN 978-3-447-11594-0 (geb.), € 78,–
  16. Virginia M. Lewis, Myth, Locality, and Identity in Pindar’s Sicilian Odes, New York (Oxford University Press) 2020 (Greeks Overseas), XX, 284 S., ISBN 978-0-19-091031-0 (geb.), £ 96,–
  17. Gianluca De Martino, The Cult of Poseidoniate Hera and the Lucanians in Poseidonia/Paistom. An Ancient Story of Religion and Muticulturalism, Helsinki – Vaasa (Societas Scientiarum Fennica) 2023 (Commentiones Humanarum Litterarum 145), 329 S., ISBN 978-951-653-496-4 (brosch.), € 30,–
  18. Charlotte Schubert, Isonomia. Entwicklung und Geschichte, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2021 (Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 392), VIII, 329 S., ISBN 978-3-11-071796-9, € 139,95
  19. Stefano G. Caneva, The Power of Naming. Studies in the Epicletic Language of Hellenistic Honours, Liège (Presses Universitaires de Liège) 2023 (Kernos Supplément 41), 404 S., ISBN 978-2-87562-358-4 (brosch.), € 30,–
  20. Errington, R. Malcom (Hg.): Die Staatsverträge des Altertums, IV: Die Verträge der griechisch-römischen Welt von ca. 200 v. Chr. bis zum Beginn der Kaiserzeit. Unter redaktioneller Mitarbeit von Isabelle Mossong, München (C.H.Beck) 2020, XXI, 663 S., ISBN 978-3-406-02696-6 (geb.), € 128,–
  21. Julie Bothorel, Gouverner par le hasard: le tirage au sort des provinces à Rome (IIIe s. av. J.-C.–Ier s. ap. J.-C.), Rom (École française de Rome) 2023 (Collection de L’École française de Rome 604), 569 S., ISBN 978-2-7283-1579-6 (geb.), € 36,–
  22. Bradley Buszard, Greek Translations of Roman Gods, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2023, XII, 324 S., ISBN 978-3-11-107179-4 (geb.), € 119,95
  23. Claudio Vacanti, Lucio Elio Seiano. Il potere all’ombra dell’imperatore Tiberio, Rom (Carroci) 2022 (Studi Storici Carocci), 216 S., ISBN 978-88-290-1711-9 (brosch.), € 22,80
  24. Jack W. G. Schropp, Pugna litterarum. Studien zur kompetitiven Geschichtsschreibung in der griechisch-römischen Literaturelite der Kaiserzeit, München (C.H.Beck) 2023 (Vestigia 7), VIII, 439 S., ISBN 978-3-406-80676-6 (geb.), € 78,–
  25. Jonas Osnabrügge, Die epigraphische Kultur an Oberrhein und Neckar in römischer Zeit, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2024, (HABES – Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien 66), 33 s/w Tab., 4 s/w Grafiken, 27 farbige Tafeln, 702 S., ISBN 978-3-515-13556-6 (geb.), € 98,–
  26. Ulrike Babusiaux – Christian Baldus – Wolfgang Ernst – Franz-Stefan Meissel – Johannes Platschek – Thomas Rüfner, Handbuch des Römischen Privatrechts, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 2023, 2 Bd., XCVI, 3707 S., ISBN 978-3-16-152359-5 (geb.), € 629,–
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