Rare pediatric insulinoma case diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography: insights into endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
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Meliha Esra Bilici
and
Yücel Ustundağ
Abstract
Objectives
In childhood, endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is most commonly associated with congenital hyperinsulinism due to genetic mutations. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, which have an incidence of approximately four cases per million per year, are rare in children. Detecting small lesions is challenging, and clinical suspicion is crucial for early diagnosis. This report aims to emphasize the importance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the clinical approach to endogenous hyperinsulinism. Additionally, a focused literature review was conducted to support the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects discussed in the case.
Case presentation
A 16-year-9-month-old male with no prior medical history was admitted to the emergency department with excessive sweating, speech difficulties, and an inability to wake up, occurring 8 h after a post-training meal. His blood glucose was 35 mg/dL. He had experienced similar episodes previously, resolving with food intake. An extended fasting test revealed hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (glucose: 45 mg/dL, insulin: 15.9 µU/mL, ketone: 0.1). Imaging studies (USG, MRI, CT) failed to detect a lesion. EUS identified a 12 × 9 mm pancreatic body lesion, confirmed as a well-differentiated grade 2 neuroendocrine tumor via fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Laparoscopic enucleation verified the insulinoma diagnosis, with no metastasis or MEN-1 findings. Following surgery, the patient remained asymptomatic with no recurrence of hypoglycemia during a 2-year follow-up.
Conclusions
Insulinoma should be considered in cases of hypoglycemia triggered by fasting or exercise due to its intermittent insulin secretion. Given the small size of the pancreas and the anatomical differences in children, EUS is a highly sensitive diagnostic tool for detecting small pancreatic tumors, such as insulinoma.
Acknowledgments
We sincerely thank our patient and her family for their cooperation and for providing consent for the publication.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from patient included in this study legal guardians, or wards.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: All other authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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