One month of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves lipid profiles, glucose levels and blood pressure in overweight schoolchildren with metabolic syndrome
-
Salvador García-López
,
Rosina E. Villanueva Arriaga
Abstract
Background:
This study sought to investigate the effects of omega (ω)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on the lipid profiles and glucose (GLU) levels of overweight (OW) schoolchildren with metabolic syndrome (MS).
Methods:
Thirty-nine OW schoolchildren with MS, including 19 girls and 20 boys, received 1-month of dietary supplementation with gel capsules containing ω-3 fatty acids. Fasting lipid profiles and GLU levels were measured before and after supplementation.
Results:
Both sexes of OW schoolchildren with MS who received daily supplementation with 2.4 g of ω-3 fatty acids for 1 month displayed improved lipid profiles, reduced fasting GLU levels and reduced blood pressure (BP).
Conclusions:
These findings support the addition of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to programs aiming to improve the metabolic status of OW children with MS, although additional research on the longer-term safety and efficacy of this treatment in this population is required.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the stomatology graduates Lucía Vega Arenas and Gustavo Vanegas Hernández for their participation in obtaining anthropometric measurements from the students and the principals of the participating elementary schools.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge funding provided by a grant 34511059 from the Chronic Degenerative Processes (UAM-X-CA-5) Basic Sciences Faculty, Health Science Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University, through the Overweight and Obesity Network (PROMEP-CA; SEP).
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
References
1. World Health Organization. Global prevalence and trends overweight and obesity among preschool children. Available at: who.int/nutgrowthdb/publications/overweight_obesity/en/.Search in Google Scholar
2. Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY. Childhood obesity-2010: progress and challenges. Lancet 2010;375:1737–48.10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60171-7Search in Google Scholar
3. Willows ND, Johnson MS, Ball GD. Prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity in Cree preschool children in northern Quebec according to international and US reference criteria. Am J Public Health 2007;97:311–6.10.2105/AJPH.2005.073940Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
4. Flores LS, Gaya AR, Petersen RD, Gaya A. Trends of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Brazilian children and adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2013;89:456–61.10.1016/j.jped.2013.02.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed
5. Juárez-López C, Klünder-Klünder M, Madrigal-Azcárate A, Flores-Huerta S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce insulin resistance and triglycerides in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2013;14:377–83.10.1111/pedi.12024Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Mori T, Kondo H, Hase T, Tokimitsu I, Murase T. Dietary fish oil upregulates intestinal lipid metabolism and reduces body weight gain in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr 2007;137:2629–34.10.1093/jn/137.12.2629Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Kunesová M, Braunerová R, Hlavatý P, Tvrzická E, Stanková B, et al. The influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and very low calorie diet during a short-term weight reducing regimen on weight loss and serum fatty acid composition in severely obese women. Physiol Res 2006;55:63–72.10.33549/physiolres.930770Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Parra D, Ramel A, Bandarra N, Kiely M, Martínez JA, et al. A diet rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids modulates satiety in overweight and obese volunteers during weight loss. Appetite 2008;51:676–80.10.1016/j.appet.2008.06.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Thorsdottir I, Tomasson H, Gunnarsdottir I, Gisladottir E, Kiely M, et al. Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1560–6.10.1038/sj.ijo.0803643Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Bradberry JC, Hilleman DE. Overview of omega-3 fatty Acid therapies. P T 2013;38:681–91.Search in Google Scholar
11. Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N Engl J Med 1989;320:265–71.10.1056/NEJM198902023200501Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Kremer JM, Jubiz W, Michalek A, Rynes RI, Bartholomew LE, et al. Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:497–503.10.7326/0003-4819-106-4-497Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Lee TH, Hoover RL, Williams JD, Sperling RI, Ravalese J, et al. Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1217–24.10.1056/NEJM198505093121903Search in Google Scholar
14. Knapp HR, Fitzgerald GA. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. A controlled study of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1037–43.10.1056/NEJM198904203201603Search in Google Scholar
15. Simopoulos AP. Executive summary. In: Galli C, Simopoulos AP, editors. Dietary ω3 and ω6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentially. New York: Plenum Press, 1989: 391–402.10.1007/978-1-4757-2043-3_39Search in Google Scholar
16. Marković-Jovanović SR, Stolić RV, Jovanović AN. The reliability of body mass index in the diagnosis of obesity and metabolic risk in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015;28:515–23.10.1515/jpem-2014-0389Search in Google Scholar
17. Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson G, Wareham N, et al. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 western prospective studies. Circulation 2007;115:450–8.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.637793Search in Google Scholar
18. Haim M, Benderly M, Boyko V, Goldenberg I, Tanne D, et al. Decrease in triglyceride level by bezafibrate is related to reduction of recurrent coronary events: a bezafibrate infarction prevention substudy. Coron Artery Dis 2006;17:455–61.10.1097/01.mca.0000224406.60573.8eSearch in Google Scholar
19. Toskes PP. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990;19:783–91.10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00513-6Search in Google Scholar
20. Ciccone MM, Scicchitano P, Gesualdo M, Zito A, Carbonara S, et al. The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in childhood: a review. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2013;8:42–55.10.2174/1574890111308010006Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Ebrahimi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rezaiean S, Hoseini M, Parizade SM, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiol 2009;64:321–7.10.2143/AC.64.3.2038016Search in Google Scholar PubMed
22. Kabir M, Skurnik G, Naour N, Pechtner V, Meugnier E, et al. Treatment for 2 mo with n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces adiposity and some atherogenic factors but does not improve insulin sensitivity in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1670–9.10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1670Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Vasickova L, Stavek P, Suchanek P. Possible effect of DHA intake on body weight reduction and lipid metabolism in obese children. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2011;32(Suppl 2):64–7.Search in Google Scholar
24. Crochemore IC, Souza AF, De Souza AC, Rosado EL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation does not influence body composition, insulin resistance, and lipemia in women with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Nutr Clin Pract 2012;27:553–60.10.1177/0884533612444535Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. Wang C, Harris WS, Chung M, Lichtenstein AH, Balk EM, et al. n-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:5–17.10.1093/ajcn/84.1.5Search in Google Scholar PubMed
26. Nobili V, Bedogni G, Alisi A, Pietrobattista A, Risé P, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Arch Dis Child 2011;96:350–3.10.1136/adc.2010.192401Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27. de Ferranti SD, Milliren CE, Denhoff ER, Steltz SK, Selamet Tierney ES, et al. Using high-dose omega-3 fatty acid supplements to lower triglyceride levels in 10- to 19-year-olds. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014;53:428–38.10.1177/0009922814528032Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
28. Gazi I, Liberopoulos EN, Saougos VG, Elisaf M. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids: the current evidence. Hellenic J Cardiol 2006;47:223–31.Search in Google Scholar
29. Harris WS. N-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(5 Suppl):1645S–54.10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1645SSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
30. López-Alarcón M, Martìnez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J. Supplementation of n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synergistically decreases insulin resistance with weight loss of obese prepubertal and pubertal children. Arch Med Res 2011;42:502–8.10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.06.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed
31. Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:19–30.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32. Jacobson TA. Role of n-3 fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1981S–90.10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1981SSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
33. Lorente-Cebrián S, Costa AG, Navas-Carretero S, Zabala M, Martínez JA, et al. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence. J Physiol Biochem 2013;69:633–51.10.1007/s13105-013-0265-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed
34. Minihane AM, Armah CK, Miles EA, Madden JM, Clark AB, et al. Consumption of fish oil providing amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid that can be obtained from the diet reduces blood pressure in adults with systolic hypertension: a retrospective analysis. J Nutr 2016;146:516–23.10.3945/jn.115.220475Search in Google Scholar PubMed
35. Fernández de la Puebla RA, Fuentes F, Pérez-Martínez P, Sánchez E, Paniagua JA, et al. A reduction in dietary saturated fat decreases body fat content in overweight, hypercholesterolemic males. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2003;13:273–8.10.1016/S0939-4753(03)80031-5Search in Google Scholar
36. Mejía-Barradas CM, Del-Río-Navarro BE, Domínguez-López A, Campos-Rodríguez R, Martínez-Godínez MD, et al. The consuption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulates gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma and hipoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in subcutáneos adipose tissue of obese adolescents. Endocrine 2014;1:98–105.10.1007/s12020-013-9941-ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed
37. Janczyk W, Lebensztejn D, Wierzbicka-Rucińska A, Mazur A, Neuhoff-Murawska J, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids therapy in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2015;166:1358–63.10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.01.056Search in Google Scholar PubMed
38. Groh-Wargo S, Jacobs J, Auestad N, O’Connor DL, Moore JJ, et al. Body composition in preterm infants who are fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Res 2005;57:712–8.10.1203/01.PDR.0000156509.29310.55Search in Google Scholar PubMed
39. Blasseti A, Franchini S, Comegna L, Prezioso G, Chiarelli F. Role of nutrition in preventing insulin resitance in children. J Pediatr Endocrinology Metab 2016;29:247–57.Search in Google Scholar
40. Mushtaq MU, Gull S, Shahid U, Shafique MM, Abdullah HM, et al. Family-based factors associated with overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children. BMC Pediatr 2011;11:114.10.1186/1471-2431-11-114Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
41. Schwartz RP, Hamre R, Dietz WH, Wasserman RC, Slora EJ, et al. Office-based motivational interviewing to prevent childhood obesity: a feasibility study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:495–501.10.1001/archpedi.161.5.495Search in Google Scholar PubMed
42. Wake M, Baur LA, Gerner B, Gibbons K, Gold L, et al. Outcomes and costs of primary care surveillance and intervention for overweight or obese children: the LEAP 2 randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 2009;339:b3308.10.1136/bmj.b3308Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
43. Damsgaard CT, Dalskov SM, Laursen RP, Ritz C, Hjorth MF, et al. Provision of healthy school meals does not affect the metabolic syndrome score in 8–11-year-old children, but reduces cardiometabolic risk markers despite increasing waist circumference. Br J Nutr 2014;112:1826–36.10.1017/S0007114514003043Search in Google Scholar PubMed
©2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- An update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in children and adolescents
- Mini Review
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between mumps during childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Original Articles
- Glycemic variability predicts inflammation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a hospital-based population of Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- One month of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves lipid profiles, glucose levels and blood pressure in overweight schoolchildren with metabolic syndrome
- The outcome of seven patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1
- Increased oxidative stress parameters in children with moderate iodine deficiency
- Relationship between 25(OH)D levels and circulating lipids in African American adolescents
- Endoglin and obestatin levels, cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in children aged 10–18 years
- Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and low-density lipoprotein subfractions after a 2-year treatment with atorvastatin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Genetic characteristics and long-term follow-up of 11 patients with congenital hyperinsulinism followed in a single center
- Pituitary volume in children with growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature and controls
- Case Reports
- A novel insulin receptor mutation in an adolescent with acanthosis nigricans and hyperandrogenism
- Primary hyperparathyroidism may masquerade as rickets-osteomalacia in vitamin D replete children
- Co-existence of phenylketonuria either with maple syrup urine disease or Sandhoff disease in two patients from Iran: emphasizing the role of consanguinity
- Severe malnutrition causing superior mesenteric artery syndrome in an adolescent with Triple A syndrome
- Solving a case of allelic dropout in the GNPTAB gene: implications in the molecular diagnosis of mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- An update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in children and adolescents
- Mini Review
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between mumps during childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Original Articles
- Glycemic variability predicts inflammation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a hospital-based population of Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- One month of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves lipid profiles, glucose levels and blood pressure in overweight schoolchildren with metabolic syndrome
- The outcome of seven patients with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1
- Increased oxidative stress parameters in children with moderate iodine deficiency
- Relationship between 25(OH)D levels and circulating lipids in African American adolescents
- Endoglin and obestatin levels, cardiometabolic risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in children aged 10–18 years
- Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and low-density lipoprotein subfractions after a 2-year treatment with atorvastatin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Genetic characteristics and long-term follow-up of 11 patients with congenital hyperinsulinism followed in a single center
- Pituitary volume in children with growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature and controls
- Case Reports
- A novel insulin receptor mutation in an adolescent with acanthosis nigricans and hyperandrogenism
- Primary hyperparathyroidism may masquerade as rickets-osteomalacia in vitamin D replete children
- Co-existence of phenylketonuria either with maple syrup urine disease or Sandhoff disease in two patients from Iran: emphasizing the role of consanguinity
- Severe malnutrition causing superior mesenteric artery syndrome in an adolescent with Triple A syndrome
- Solving a case of allelic dropout in the GNPTAB gene: implications in the molecular diagnosis of mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta
