From everyday speech to literary style: The decline of the distant address De in Norwegian during the twentieth century

Primary sources

Bergen City Archive: Arkivet etter Sverre Erichsen A–2653.Search in Google Scholar

Hjemmet no. 30 – 40 1977 and no. 31–41, 2014.10.12968/prtu.2014.1.31.40Search in Google Scholar

The Norwegian National Library, the digital archive from the National Broadcasting (NRK).Search in Google Scholar

Secondary sources

Aasen, Ivar. 1996 [1848]. Det norske Folkesprogs Grammatik [The grammar of the Norwegian folk language], edited by Terje Aarset. Volda: Høgskulen i Volda.Search in Google Scholar

Ahlgren, P. 1978. Tilltalsordet ni. Dess semantik och användning i historiskt perspektiv [The adress word ni. It’s semantics and use in a historical perspective]. Uppsala: Almqvist och Wiksell.Search in Google Scholar

Berg, Adolph. 1945. Fra smitt og smau [From lanes and alleys]. Bergen: Eide.Search in Google Scholar

Berulfsen, Bjarne. 1967. Norsk grammatikk. Ordklassene [Norwegian grammar. The word classes]. Oslo: Aschehoug.Search in Google Scholar

Brøgger, Waldemar (ed.). 1960. Skikk og bruk [Etiquette]. Oslo: J. W. Cappelens forlag.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, Roger & Albert Gilman. 1960. The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed), Style in Language, 253–276. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, Hans Normann & Bjørn Bjørnsen. 1973. Det var en gang en folkeavstemning [Once upon a time there was a referendum]. Oslo: Gyldendal.Search in Google Scholar

Durrer, Lorenz. 2007. Born to be wild: Rockmusik und Protestkultur in den 1960er Jahren. In Martin Klimke & Joachim Scharloth (eds), 1968 Handbuch zur Kultur- und Mediengeschichte der Studentenbewegung, 161–174. Stuttgart & Weimar: Metzler.10.1007/978-3-476-00090-3_14Search in Google Scholar

Førland, Tor Egil & Trine Rogg Korsvik. 2008. Ekte sekstiåttere. [Authentic sixtyeighters]. Oslo: Gyldendal.Search in Google Scholar

Fremer, Maria. 2015a. Men kör såhär, så slipper du göra bort dig. Hur svenskans du-reform återspeglas i reklamfilmer [But drive like this, then you won’t make a fool of yourself. How the Swedish du-reform is mirrored in advertising films]. Språk och stil 25. 88–126.Search in Google Scholar

Fremer, Maria. 2015b. At the Cinema: The Swedish ‘du-reform’ in Advertising Films. In Catrin Norrby & Camilla Wide (eds), Address practice as social action, 54–74. New York & Hampshire: Palgrave pivot.10.1057/9781137529923_4Search in Google Scholar

Gran, Gunnar. 2000. Men radioen var ikke død. NRK i oppbruddstiden på 60- og 70-tallet – Sett fra innsiden [But the radio was not dead. NRK during the change of the 1960s and 1970s, seen from the inside]. Oslo: Norsk rikskringkasting A/S.Search in Google Scholar

Gripsrud, Jostein. 1999. Ukepressens kulturelle og samfunnsmessige betydning. En utredning for Foreningen Norsk Ukepresse [The cultural and public significance of the weekly press. A report from the association of the Norwegian weekly press]. Oslo: Foreningen Norsk Ukepresse.Search in Google Scholar

Gullestad, Marianne. 1985. Livsstil og likhet. Om nærmiljø i byer [Life style and equality. About the living environments in the cities]. Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger & Tromsø: Universitetsforlaget.Search in Google Scholar

Heggstad, Leiv. 1960 [1923]. Norsk grammatikk [Norwegian grammar], 11 edn. Oslo: Norli.Search in Google Scholar

Isosävi, Johanna & Hanna Lappalainen. 2015. First Names in Starbucks: A clash of cultures? In Catrin Norrby & Camilla Wide (eds), Address practice as social action, 97–118. New York & Hampshire: Palgrave pivot.10.1057/9781137529923_6Search in Google Scholar

Jensen, Lars O. 1926. Norsk grammatikk [Norwegian grammar]. Bergen: Beyer.Search in Google Scholar

Jørgensen, Thomas Ekman. 2008. Scandinavia. In Martin Klimke & Joachim Scharloth (eds), 1968 in Europe. A history of protest and activism, 1956–1977, 239–252. New York & Hampshire: Palgrave macmillan.10.1057/9780230611900_21Search in Google Scholar

Klimke, Martin. 2007. Sit-in, Teach-in, Go-in: Zur transnationalen Zirkulation kultureller Praktiken in den 1960er Jahren. In Martin Klimke & Joachim Scharloth (eds), 1968 Handbuch zur Kultur- und Mediengeschichte der Studentenbewegung, 119–136. Stuttgart & Weimar: Metzler.10.1007/978-3-476-00090-3_11Search in Google Scholar

Knudsen, Trygve. 1949. Pronomener [Pronouns]. Oslo: Universitetets studentkontor.Search in Google Scholar

Kragemo, Gerd. 1970. Norsk på ny [Norwegian in a new way]. Oslo: Tanum.Search in Google Scholar

Kretzenbacher, Heinz L. & Doris Schüpbach. 2015. Communities of addressing practice? Address in internet forums based in German-speaking countries. In Catrin Norrby & Camilla Wide (eds), Address practice as social action, 33–53. New York & Hampshire: Palgrave pivot.10.1057/9781137529923_3Search in Google Scholar

Kroes, Rob. 1996. If you’ve seen one, you’ve seen the mall. Europeans and American mass culture. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois press.Search in Google Scholar

Lomheim, Sylfest. 1979. Spørsmål til spørjetimen i Stortinget. Ein språkleg analyse av form og funksjon [Questions to the question session at Parliament. A linguistic analyses of form and function] (Agder distriktshøgskole, seksjon for fagoversettere, Skrifter 1). Kristiansand: University of Agder.Search in Google Scholar

Mæhlum, Brit (ed.). 2018. Praksis [Practice] (Norsk Språkhistorie II). Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Mæhlum, Brit & Ernst Håkon Jahr (eds.). 2009. Har vi et ‘standardtalemål’ i Norge? [Do we have a ‘spoken standard’ in Norway?] [Special issue]. In Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift, vol. 27.Search in Google Scholar

Mazzon, Gabriella. 2010. Address terms. In Andreas H. Jucker & Irma Taavitsainen (eds), Historical Pragmatics (Handbooks of Pragmatics 8), 351–378. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110214284.5.351Search in Google Scholar

Mørck, Endre. 2018. Seinmellomalderen [The late middle ages]. In Agnete Nesse (ed), Tidslinjer [Timelines] (Norsk Språkhistorie IV), 293–356. Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Nesse, Agnete. 2008. Bydialekt, Riksmål og Identitet – Sett fra Bodø [City vernacular, standard language and identity – seen from Bodø]. Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Nesse, Agnete. 2014. Lyden av Norge. Språklig destandardisering og nasjonsbygging i NRK radio [The sound of Norway. Linguistic destandardization and nation building in the NRK radio]. Arr – idehistorisk tidsskrift 1. 83–95.Search in Google Scholar

Nesse, Agnete. 2015. Bruk av dialekt og standardtalemål i offentligheten i Norge etter 1800 [The use of dialect and standard in the public sphere of Norway after 1800]. In Helge Sandøy (ed), Talemål etter 1800. Norsk i jamføring med andre nordiske språk [Spoken language after 1800. Norwegian compared to other nordic languges], 89–111. Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Nesse, Agnete. 2016. Kallemann & Amandus: The use of dialect in children’s programmes on early Norwegian radio. In Jacob Thøgersen, Nikolas Coupland & Janus Mortensen (eds), Style, media and language ideologies, 135–160. Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Nesse, Agnete (ed.). 2018. Tidslinjer [Timelines] (Norsk Språkhistorie IV). Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Neteland, Randi. 2014. Koinéforming av industristedtalemål. En sosiolingvistisk studie av språkutviklingen i Sauda og Årdal de siste hundre årene [Koiné formation of dialects in industrial towns. A sociolinguistic study of the linguistic development in Sauda and Årdal the last one hundred years]. Bergen: University of Bergen dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Nevala, Minna. 2010. Politeness. In Andreas H. Jucker & Irma Taavitsainen (eds), Historical pragmatics (Handbooks of Pragmatics 8), 419–450. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110214284.6.419Search in Google Scholar

Nicolay de, Lange. 1910. Fra den snurrige by. Bergensbilleder [From the funny town. Pictures from Bergen]. Bergen: Giertsens forlag.Search in Google Scholar

Paulston, C. Bratt. 1976. Pronouns of address in Swedish: Social class semantics and changing system. Language in Society 5. 359–386.10.1017/S004740450000717XSearch in Google Scholar

Pedersen, Jan. 2007. Cultural interchangageability: The effects of substituting cultural references in subtitling. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 15(1). 30–48.10.2167/pst003.0Search in Google Scholar

Sandøy, Helge. 1998. Talenorm i NRK [Speech standard in the NRK]. In Ruth Vatvedt Fjeld & Boye Wangensteen (eds), Normer og regler. Festskrift til Dag Gundersen 15. januar 1998 [Norms and regulations. Festschrift to Dag Gundersen 15 January 1998], 158–170. Oslo: Nordisk forening for leksikografi.Search in Google Scholar

Solberg, Sissi Porsholt. 1985. Skikk og bruk i selskapslivet [Etiquette in social settings]. Oslo: Cappelen.Search in Google Scholar

Svennevig, Jan. 2012. Språklig samhandling. Innføring i kommunikasjonsteori og diskursanalyse [Linguistic interaction. Introduction to communications theory and discourse analysis]. Oslo: Cappelen akademisk.Search in Google Scholar

Thomassen, Gøril. 1998. “Eg har sett det med egne aua.” Språk, kjønn og troverdighet i lokalpolitikk [“I have seen it with my own eyes”. Language, gender and trustworthiness in local politics]. Trondheim: University of Trondheim MA thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Vatne, Magny. 2003. Men De var ikke død. En analyse av tiltaleformer i to oversatte kriminalromaner [But De was not dead. An analysis of address forms in two translated crime fiction novels]. Oslo: University of Oslo MA thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Venås, Kjell. 1982. Mål og miljø. Innføring i sosiolingvistikk eller språksosiologi [Language and environment. Introduction to sociolinguistics]. Oslo: Novus.Search in Google Scholar

Vinje, Finn Erik. 1998. Talemålsnormering i NRK [Standardization of speech in the NRK]. In Ruth Vatvedt Fjeld & Boye Wangensteen (eds), Normer og regler. Festskrift til Dag Gundersen 15. januar 1998 [Norms and regulations. Festschrift to Dag Gundersen 15 January 1998], 143–157. Oslo: Nordisk forening for leksikografi.Search in Google Scholar