Household Disaster Preparedness in New York City before Superstorm Sandy: Findings and Recommendations
-
V. Nuno Martins
,
Hans M. Louis-Charles
Abstract
This study focuses on household disaster preparedness in New York City (NYC) prior to Superstorm Sandy occurrence on October 25, 2012. The purpose of our analysis is to explain the level and patterns of disaster preparedness before a relatively rare natural disaster event occurred and to investigate the factors that influenced the capacity of NYC households to prepare for emergencies and disasters. A random telephone (RDD) survey comprised of 2001 NYC residents across all five boroughs was conducted by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and completed before Sandy struck the City. These data were explored using frequencies, cross-tabs, and factor analysis to build a path model of household disaster preparedness. Findings indicate that household disaster preparedness levels in NYC are high, especially regarding the acquisition of emergency supplies and communication resources. A trust in local government and assistance from one’s social network are the strongest predictors of general household preparedness. Exogenous variables in our model – low income households and those with functional and access needs residents – will be more vulnerable during an actual disaster since they are less able to access communication technologies to search for self-protective disaster information and to communicate their needs during an emergency.
Funding source: US Department of Health and Human Services
Award Identifier / Grant number: HITEP 13000
Funding statement: US Department of Health and Human Services, Grant Number: Grant No. HITEP 13000.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported in part by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through grant 5P01TP000288 and research contract 200-2014-60654 (Jonathan Links, principal investigator) and the Department of Health and Human Services under grant HITEP 130007-01-00 (James Kendra, principal investigator). The data were collected and provided by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The findings and interpretations are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of these agencies.
Appendix 1
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| Disaster Preparedness Index (0–14) | Composite variable that combines the 14 preparedness items listed in the survey: |
| i) at least one location identified outside your home where you plan to reunite with family or friends | |
| ii) at least one out-of-state friend or relative who you and your family can call if you are separated during an emergency | |
| iii) an evacuation plan to exit your home and neighborhood | |
| iv) copies of important documents | |
| v) a list of what medications you take, and at what dosages | |
| vi) extra cash in the house in the event that ATMs and banks are not available | |
| vii) 3 days’ worth of drinking water per person in your house stored | |
| viii) non-perishable foods and snacks | |
| ix) a first aid kit | |
| x) a flashlight | |
| xi) a battery-operated radio | |
| xii) personal care and hygiene items | |
| xiii) a computer device (tablet, laptop, desktop, smartphone) in your home | |
| xiv) one computer device (tablet, laptop, desktop, smartphone) with internet access attached to a working printer | |
| Preparedness Supplies Sub-Index (0–6) | Composite variable that combines 6 variables that were loaded into factor one in the factorial analysis with the preparedness indicators: |
| i) personal care and hygiene items | |
| ii) non-perishable foods and snacks | |
| iii) a battery-operated radio | |
| iv) a flashlight | |
| v) a first aid kit | |
| vi) 3 days’ worth of drinking water per person in your house stored | |
| Evacuation Capability Sub-Index (0–5) | Composite variable that combines 5 variables that were loaded into factor two in the factorial analysis with the preparedness indicators: |
| i) at least one location identified outside your home where you plan to reunite with family or friends | |
| ii) an evacuation plan to exit your home and neighborhood | |
| iii) at least one out-of-state friend or relative who you and your family can call if you are separated during an emergency | |
| iv) copies of important documents | |
| v) extra cash in the house in the event that ATMs and banks are not available | |
| Communication Capability Sub-Index (0–2) | Composite variable that combines 2 variables that were loaded into factor three in the factorial analysis with the preparedness indicators: |
| i) a computer device in your home | |
| ii) one computer with internet access attached to a working printer | |
| Trust in Government Index (3–12) | Composite variable that combines 3 variables that were loaded into factor one in the factorial analysis with social capital indicators: |
| i) the city will respond fairly to your health needs, regardless of race, ethnicity, income or other personal characteristics | |
| ii) the city can respond effectively to protect the health of New Yorkers | |
| iii) the city will provide honest information to the public | |
| Attachment to Place Index (4–16) | Composite variable that combines 4 variables that were loaded into factor two in the factorial analysis with social capital indicators: |
| i) I feel I belong in my community | |
| ii) people in this neighborhood generally don’t get along with each other | |
| iii) my neighbors and I want the same things from our community | |
| iv) very few of my neighbors know me | |
| Network Assistance Index (2–8) | Composite variable that combines 2 variables that were loaded into factor three in the factorial analysis with social capital indicators: |
| i) I would seek help and advice from other people | |
| ii) I know neighbors or people I can call on if I needed help immediately | |
| Risk Perception Salience (0–3) | Composite variable that measures the capacity of households to identify future emergencies triggered by floods and hurricanes in NYC, their level of concern with these emergencies, and their willingness to evacuate in the case of an imminent flood or hurricane. Questions used to create the variable: |
| i) What would you say is the biggest natural or man-made emergency that you think is most likely to affect New York City in the next year? And what is the second biggest emergency? (a – floods; b – hurricanes) | |
| ii) How concerned are you personally about each of the following natural or man-made emergencies? (a – floods; b – hurricanes) | |
| iii) What is the likelihood to evacuate when a hurricane is approaching? | |
| Perception of Emergencies (0 – No; 1 – Yes) | Dichotomous variable that measures the capacity of households to identify one or more emergencies that were likely to occur in NYC. Questions used to create the variable: |
| i) What would you say is the biggest natural or man-made emergency that you think is most likely to affect New York City in the next year? ii) And what is the second biggest emergency? | |
| Concern with Natural Hazards Index (3–12) | Composite variable that measures the level of concern towards three natural hazards. Questions used to create the variable: |
| i) How concerned are you personally about each of the following natural or man-made emergencies? | |
| a) an earthquake | |
| b) a hurricane or coastal storm | |
| c) a prolonged heat wave | |
| Concern with Technological Hazards Index (2–8) | Composite variable that measures the level of concern towards two technological hazards. Questions used to create the variable: |
| i) How concerned are you personally about each of the following natural or man-made emergencies? | |
| a) prolonged power outage | |
| b) radiation exposure | |
| Concern with Terrorism Index (2–8) | Composite variable that measures the level of concern towards terrorism. Questions used to create the variable: |
| i) How concerned are you personally about each of the following natural or man-made emergencies? | |
| a) a terrorist attack including an explosion or bomb | |
| b) a terrorist attack including chemicals or biological agents such as anthrax | |
| Concern with Biological Hazards (1–4) | Variable that measures the level of concern towards biological hazards. Question used to create the variable: |
| i) How concerned are you personally about each of the following natural or man-made emergencies? | |
| a) a severe flu outbreak | |
| Low Income Household (0 – No; 1 – Yes) | Dichotomous variable that distinguishes households in the lowest quartile income (≤ $20,000) from the remaining (≥ $ 20,000). Question used to create the variable: |
| a) What would you say is your total annual family income before taxes? | |
| Functional & access needs household (0 – No; 1 – Yes) | Dichotomous variable that distinguishes households with residents with functional and access needs from the ones without residents with functional and access needs. Question used to create the variable: |
| a) Is anyone in your household wounded, disabled to any degree, or living with a long-term physical or mental health condition? | |
| Senior Household (0 – No; 1 – Yes) | Dichotomous variable that distinguishes households with one or more seniors (≥65 years old) from the ones without seniors. Question used to create the variable: |
| a) How many seniors over the age of 65 do you currently have living in your household? | |
| Single Mother Household (0 – No; 1 – Yes) | Dichotomous variable that distinguishes households with single mothers from the ones without single mothers. Questions used to create the variable: |
| a) What is your gender? | |
| b) How many children under the age of 65 do you have currently living in your household? | |
| c) Including yourself, how many people of any age currently live in your household? | |
| Physical Vulnerability (0 – No; 1 – Yes) | Dichotomous variable that distinguishes households located within the Sandy inundation areas from the ones located outside the Sandy inundation. Question used to create the variable: |
| a) What is your zip code? |
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Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Pre-Disaster Established Trust and Relationships: Two Major Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Implementing the ICS
- Household Disaster Preparedness in New York City before Superstorm Sandy: Findings and Recommendations
- C2 Agility for Emergency Management: Examining the Katrina and Sandy Responses
- An Analysis of the Emergency Fire Response to the Colorado 2012 Waldo Canyon and 2013 Black Forest Fires
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Full-Scale Exercise of Epidemiologic Capacity for Bioterrorism Response
Articles in the same Issue
- Research Articles
- Pre-Disaster Established Trust and Relationships: Two Major Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Implementing the ICS
- Household Disaster Preparedness in New York City before Superstorm Sandy: Findings and Recommendations
- C2 Agility for Emergency Management: Examining the Katrina and Sandy Responses
- An Analysis of the Emergency Fire Response to the Colorado 2012 Waldo Canyon and 2013 Black Forest Fires
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Full-Scale Exercise of Epidemiologic Capacity for Bioterrorism Response
